2021 ANNUAL REPORT

Message from the CEO

DEI Statement

核信息项目

Defense Posture Project

Project on Government Secrecy

Defense Budget

非扩散法

Biological Weapons Convention

国会科学政策倡议

Organs Initiative

High-Skilled Immigration Initiative

Emerging Technologies Initiative

Technology Policy Accelerator

政策制定

政策实施

人才中心

第一天社区

Fundraising and Development

FAS了解民主化的决策过程的重要性，正在整合并扩大其在整个组织工作中的现有多样性，公平和包容性（DEI）承诺。

Hiring practices have been reformed to ensure that a diverse set of candidates are interviewed for all open positions, and that future job postings always include salary ranges. Similarly, FAS is continuously working to amplify young, diverse voices in the policy community through an organization-wide internship program.

我们工作的关键支柱旨在使研究和决策过程民主化。因此，我们希望增加参与度并提高代表性不足的科学政策声音的形象，并规范和体现该领域的公平劳动实践。

As a member of theGender Champions in Nuclear Policyprogram, FAS has taken steps to reduce bias and improve accessibility in our hiring practices, diversify our board and senior research staff, and ensure equity across the organization.

The核信息项目provides the public with the best unclassified information about the status and trends of the world’s nuclear weapons arsenals, and advocates for responsible reductions in the numbers and operations of nuclear weapons to reduce nuclear dangers. The Project has a long and proven record as one of the most widely referenced and reliable sources for providing such information to the news media, lawmakers, scholars, expert institutes, and grassroots organizations. The Project seeks to empower the public debate with new and reliable information to better challenge government nuclear secrecy, promote responsible reductions in the role of and reliance on nuclear weapons, save billions of dollars by reducing excess and redundant forces, and make greater strides towards responsible deep cuts—and eventually the elimination—of nuclear weapons.

In 2021, Project DirectorHans Kristensen和Project ManagerMatt Korda继续在原子科学家公报上发表的核笔记本系列的双月制作，共同撰写了World Nuclear Forcesoverview in the SIPRI Yearbook (which was covered in a record 1,900 online news articles or broadcasts in the first five days alone, including in Reuters, ABC, France24, and Deutsche Welle), and the Project’s webpage showing the“Status of World Nuclear Forces” continuedto be the go-to resource on nuclear matters for policymakers, advocates, journalists, activists, and the public. In addition, the Project worked with FAS Marketing and Communications Manager Kate Kohn to revamp the Nuclear Information Projectweb pages为了提高其可读性和互动性。

全年，核信息项目继续打破有关核武器的主要新闻报道。7月，项目工作人员通过披露了新疆东部的第二枚中国导弹席洛田的存在，成为全球头条新闻。结合以前的发现，项目人员评估了中国似乎正在建造大约250个新的导弹筒仓，这是中国核武库最大的扩张。该项目的研究出现在New York Times(including as the top story on日常), in addition to stories inCNN,英国广播公司,Associated Press,The Economist,The Wall Street Journal,Newsweek, and dozens of other high-profile media organizations. The discovery also appeared to have been confirmed by both the国务院as well asU.S. Strategic Command。

Additionally, the Nuclear Information Project conducted deep dives into particular nuclear weapons topics in order to influence the public and political debate in advance of the Biden administration’s upcoming Nuclear Posture Review. One Nuclear Information Project report,“Siloed Thinking: A Closer Look at the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent,”reviewed the fundamental role of ICBMs in U.S. nuclear strategy and examined the Pentagon’s justifications for pursuing an ICBM replacement program. The report was widely covered by national, local, and international media––including守护者,Politico,Daily Beast,奥马哈世界先驱,Democracy Now!,Der Spiegel––and its findings were included in Senator Ed Markey (D-MA) and Congressman Ro Khanna’s (D-CA)ICBM Act。

Over the past year, theDefense Posture Projecthas worked hard to inform the new administration’s nuclear weapons policies. In January, Project Director Dr.Adam Mountpublished a report with then-Carnegie Endowment for International Peace fellow Pranay Vaddi on an integrated approach to deterrence. The report, “一个集成的方法来威慑姿态,” argued that the new administration should not separate its review of nuclear weapons policy from its review on defense policy in general, but develop an integrated concept of deterrence.

The team conducted interviews over several months with former and future senior administration officials, and then briefed the report to groups at the National Security Council and Department of Defense offices for Nuclear and Missile Defense and Strategy and Force Development. Senior officials reported that the work “has been very influential.” The concept of “integrated deterrence” has since become a major priority for the Pentagon, and senior defense officials have pledged that the Nuclear Posture Review will be “nested” in the National Defense Strategy. Dr. Mount also spoke on the subject at the Institut Français des Relations Internationales and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

The Project also undertook a new initiative to help the new administration define and understand the implications of President Biden’s commitment to declare that the sole purpose of our nuclear arsenal is deterrence of a nuclear attack. Dr. Mountpublished an op-ed on the subject inForeign Policy,随后，从Plowshares Fund获得了一份相关详细报告的资金，该报告直接向各种政府官员以及核姿势审查工作组的会议进行了简报。

Through research and advocacy, theProject on Government Secrecydirected bySteven Aftergood致力于促进公共访问to valuable government information and to reduce the scope of national security secrecy.

The Project provides the public with unique access to essential government records. For example, a 2020 Joint Chiefs of Staff manual on nuclear warfighting (JP 3-72,Nuclear Operations) that the Project obtained this year through the Freedom of Information Act is available on the FAS website, even though it cannot be found in the Pentagon’s doctrinal library. The Project likewise offers the most complete collection of presidential national securitydirectives, reports of theJASONdefense science advisory panel, and other high value documents. As a result, online traffic to the FAS website has grown tremendously, regularly reaching millions of viewers.

This is a year of transition for secrecy policy as the new administration formulates its own approach to openness in government, in many cases rejecting or revising past practices. The President has名义上认可“the highest standards of transparency,” but achieving this remains a work in progress. The Project works with government agency officials and congressional staff to define and advance specific openness goals, such as a fixed limit to the duration of national security classification and an expanded program of open source intelligence publication.

With a grant from Schmidt Futures, the Day One Project has begun work in coordination with the Department of Defense, the Congressional defense committees, and various non-government centers of influence to shape the establishment of a congressional commission to examine the relevance of the DoD’s Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) system and its associated resource allocation processes against the backdrop of the speed at which the 21st-century international security environment is evolving. The goal of this commission will be to broker a lasting political compromise with actionable, bipartisan recommendations that will result in the most comprehensive reform of the PPBE system since the President’s Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, the so-called Packard Commission, and the resulting Goldwaters-Nichols Act of 1986. The benefit to the nation will be a modern military capable of fielding new combat capabilities at pace with the speed of commercial innovation and within the decision cycles of our most determined adversaries.

国防预算项目的重点是在2022年初建立委员会之前，在建立委员会之前完成尽可能多的基础工作。这项工作打算为委员会提供扎实的基础，以开始其研究。Deliverables include, but are not limited to, a slate of commissioner candidates for the consideration of the appointing officials, a slate of candidates for the commission’s staff, a literature review highlighting the various barriers to overcome, and a series of stakeholder engagements and workshops to scope the problems the commission will have to solve.

The非扩散法和Policy Program, led by Senior FellowChristopher Bidwell, has been a major program within the FAS portfolio over the last eight years. During that time, the program has focused on six key areas:

• The role of microbial forensics in attributing the source of a biological outbreak;
• 验证的不扩散合规relates to Iran and the 2015 nuclear agreement, with an emphasis on the intersection of national technical means and growing public technical means;
• The nuanced use of economic sanctions and lawfare in pursuing nonproliferation goals;
• National security threats arising from emerging technologies;
• 在中东国家之间，在敏感的WMD问题上创建了用于准官方对话的空间；和
• The use of insurance as a leverage tool to improve nuclear power plant safety and security.

Of the six areas identified above, the use of economic sanctions and lawfare will likely be the most salient in the near term, as there is a good chance that nuclear discussions between the U.S. and Iran will restart. This year, Chris Bidwell authoredtwo articles inthe原子科学家公告, as well as one in theNational Interest, outlining the challenges to a revised Iranian nuclear deal and the role that banks, insurance companies, and trial lawyers will play in the ultimate outcome.

FAS正在为《生物武器公约》（BWC）进行科学咨询过程（SAP）进行项目。BWC是禁止整个武器的第一个协议，因此，它旨在确保生命科学和生物技术不会用于军事目的。BWC在防止使用生物武器方面发挥了重要作用。但是，技术的急剧进步，信息的快速交流以及非国家参与者的活动提高了可能影响BWC长期可行性的增殖和安全风险。

The objective of this project is to plan an SAP for the BWC that can provide science-based and politically reliable analyses of developments in science and emerging biotechnologies. The SAP would enable all States Parties to make informed decisions by ensuring that they have impartial technical assessments of developments in science and technology, potential risks for use contrary to the Convention, and potential benefits. FAS organized a series of two-day workshops to spur progress on a scientific advisory process through research and discussions with 40 experts from 25 countries, including all five UN Regional Groups. FAS used the results and outputs from the workshops, along with their research, to craft the Findings from the Workshops, which were submitted by the United States as an official document of the BWC Meeting of Experts on Science and Technology held in Geneva from September 1-2, 2021. The U.S. representative introduced the document, andJenifer Mackby, FAS Senior Fellow, presented the Findings to the Meeting. The Workshops were supported by the Department of State and Open Philanthropy, with assistance in coordination by the InterAcademy Partnership.

Senior Fellow Jenifer Mackby speaking at the Biological Weapons Convention meeting of States Parties in Geneva.

The国会科学政策倡议(CSPI), led by迈克·费舍尔博士, aims to increase the science and technology (S&T) policy capacity of the U.S. Congress by providing the means for scientists, technologists, engineers, and other subject matter experts to contribute nonpartisan, evidence-based information tailored to the priorities of legislative offices, which policymakers then use to build sound public policy agendas.

This year, CSPI established a new model for connecting experts with Congress. In collaboration with Congressman Bill Foster (D-IL), CSPIlauncheda Science Council composed of seven leading experts specializing in infectious diseases, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, social epidemiology, and more. In this model, CSPI gauges the Foster offices’ legislative priorities and supports the Council in providing evidence-based information tailored around those priorities. After the first meeting between the Congressman and the Science Council, the CSPI team published areport在理事会成员与代表福斯特之间的科学交流方面扩展了有关减轻气候变化，减少警察不当行为以及保护台式DNA综合的重要问题。金博宝正规网址

CSPI还组织了S＆T社区的专家，向国会听证会上有关COVID-19大流行，美国领导S＆T的领导层以及错误信息的问题向国会听证会提供信息和问题。金博宝正规网址2021年，CSPI众包120个提出了专家社区的听力问题，并在11 key hearings。A significant portion of these questions were raised in some form by Members of Congress during the hearings and facilitated the formulation of evidence-based policy. Additionally, CSPI launched一个新的网络app for connecting the S&T community with policymakers, engineered by and hosted on POPVOX, a nonpartisan online platform for civic engagement and governing.

CSPI is intent on sharing its learnings and models with the S&T and policy communities, and has published its process for engaging on congressional hearingsinInside Higher Ed。两篇文章s describing CSPI’s work around organizing experts to contribute to congressional hearings and building science councils are in press with the Journal of Science Policy & Governance and the journal Digital Government: Research and Practice.

TheOrgans Initiative, led by Senior FellowJennifer Erickson,focuses on data-driven solutions to the organ shortage that costs33Americans their lives every day, including accountability for the nation’s network of monopoly contractors responsible for organ donation: organ procurement organizations (OPOs) responsible for coordinating organ recovery, and the organ procurement transplantation network (OPTN) responsible for system oversight and technology.

这是40年来的第一次final rule要使OPO对客观数据负责，请在监管审查之后由Biden管理生效March 2021。The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) projects that these bipartisan reforms will lead to more than7,000每年的生命挽救了，专家估计，这也将为医疗保险节省多大$1Bannually through avoided dialysis. Bipartisan leaders of the Senate and House are now calling for the acceleration of reforms as an“urgent health equity issue”given the fact thatCOVID-19damages organs.Patient advocates across the country, includingAlonzo Mourning and Samantha Bee, highlighted the lives at stake in a video produced by the House Oversight Committee.

In May 2021, FAS launched theOPO Innovation Cohort, with 7 OPOs (representing one-sixth of the country) pledging to disclose their data, including 10 years of organ referrals and outcomes broken down by race/ethnicity, as part of a commitment to transparency, accountability, and equity. This commitment was lauded by House Oversight leaders in a两党听证会, with Chair Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) encouraging all organ contractors (OPOs and the OPTN) to disclose their data in the public interest. TheHouse Appropriations Committeeendorsed“swift implementation” of the OPO rule as “an urgent health equity issue,” as well as “all efforts to promote competition for the Organ Procurement and Transplantation work (OPTN) contract, and to use the announced movement of the Division of Transplantation to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health to facilitate coordinated organ donation reforms.” The第一天项目以前曾提出过所有这些改革，以及FAS支持的主要研究，可以找到这些国会行动这里, with a data visualization of system failures这里。

TheHigh-Skilled Immigration Initiativeproduces policy analyses and recommendations at the intersection of immigration and technological innovation that advance the nation’s national security and economic growth. Formerly directed by道格·兰德（Doug Rand）现在由Lindsay Milliken，《移民倡议》带来了一种以数据为导向的移民政策的方法，并特别关注行政行动和长期改革选择的不断变化。

今年，该倡议在领先的法律期刊和智囊团出版物中发表了五项报告，其中包括：金博宝更改账户ReportsReports

• The economic benefits ofreviving the International Entrepreneur Rule;
• Executive actions that the Biden Administration can take toattract international professionals with expertise in artificial intelligenceto the United States;
• Congressional and executive actionsthat can improve the immigration system overall for international entrepreneurs;
• Anexaminationof the American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) fee fund for H-1B petitions and how it can be best used to support domestic STEM education and workforce training programs; and
• The impact ofrecapturing unused green cardsbefore they are lost forever.

该计划的及时研究已用于支持行政部门的政策变化。今年早些时候，拜登政府正式恢复了国际企业家规则, just three months after Doug Rand and Lindsay Milliken found that the rule, if properly implemented, could create up to 1 million jobs over 10 years. The Project’s research also informed two public comments submitted by FAS to the Federal Register. One public comment wassubmitted to the Department of Homeland Securityoutlining how the agency can reduce administrative burdens and other barriers which prevent people from accessing immigration services and benefits. The other was submitted to theDepartment of Labor建议改进其系统，评估外国工人的主要工资水平。

The Initiative also grew its footprint this year within the larger immigration policy community. In July 2021, the Niskanen Center showcased the Initiative’s research on recapturing unused green cards during awebinarmoderated by esteemed immigration attorney Tahmina Watson. To translate recommendations into action, Doug Rand and Lindsay Milliken launched an international entrepreneurship working group with members from leading immigration law firms and policy organizations. The group aims to help connect entrepreneurship stakeholders with the Department of Homeland Security and be a resource for international entrepreneurs who are interested in starting businesses in the United States. Lindsay Milliken also provided insights to the Utah State University Center for Growth and Opportunity’s process to identify upcoming immigration priorities for 2021, and has been invited to contribute again in 2022.

This past year,Emerging TechnologiesFellow Ishan Sharma has led an initiative to secure the future of democracy and human rights against the threats of emerging digital authoritarianism and 21st century surveillance technologies.

As part of the initiative, Ishan interviewed representatives from Palantir Technologies, the ACLU, and over 40 other experts in academia, civil society, industry, law enforcement, and government to identify 15 actionable policy recommendations for the U.S. to lead by example in regulating the development and export of surveillance technologies. The interviews, insights, and recommendations contributed to the publication of a report titled, “A More Responsible Digital Surveillance Future: Multi-stakeholder Perspectives and Cohesive State & Local, Federal, and International Actions。”

In March, the Day One Project launched its Technology Policy Accelerator to identify, develop, and publish a set of technology policy ideas that could be implemented by Congress or the Biden-Harris Administration. The accelerator was a nine-week process designed to guide the cohort of30entrepreneurs, academics, researchers, and technologists to transform an initial idea into a tailored, actionable set of policy recommendations.

Through the Accelerator, the cohort developed their ideas with guidance from policy advisors, met with veteran policymakers to learn more about the nuances of policy implementation, honed their ability to craft actionable policy on the federal level, and built a community with their fellow cohort members. The Accelerator culminated with a showcase featuring several policy presentations from the cohort, complimented by presentations on federal tech policy from Quentin Palfrey, formerly Acting General Counsel at the Department of Commerce, and Cori Zarek, former U.S. Deputy Chief Technology Officer.

This year, the Day One Project continued its efforts to inform the new Administration’s most pressing science and technology policy priorities by publishing close to100 actionable proposalsacross7 policy focus areas.

The Day One Project also worked to amplify and disseminate its policy memos through social media, targeted newsletters, Day One workshops, conversations, and strategic policy meetings with interested customers. The Project’s proposals have been featured in outlets such asThe Washington Post, Politico, NPR, Axios, FedScoop,和The Hill和我们的第一天项目Spotlightnewsletter series has engaged more than 2,000 subscribers. Lastly, our team has honed its efforts to advance key ideas with executive and legislative branch policymakers. In August, the Day One Project launched a pre-State of the Union Policy Development process to identify, develop, and compile50 innovative S&T ideas通知拜登总统2022年国情公司讲话。

The Day One Project has also worked to advance the implementation of policy ideas across its science, technology, and innovation policy portfolio.

今年2月,该项目了信to Dr. Eric Lander, President Biden’s Science Advisor (and Day One Leadership Council Member Emeritus), highlighting a set of promising policy ideas sourced and developed from Day One Project contributors. The letter was framed as a response to President Biden’spublic lettersent to Dr. Lander when he was nominated to lead the Office of Science and Technology Policy.

The Project has successfully advanced the implementation of dozens of Day One Project proposals, including:

2021年1月,一天一个项目开始没完g critically about issues facing federal agencies and has since been actively finding ways to help advance top policy priorities through talent. The Day One Project launched its Day One Talent Hub to provide a pathway for federal leaders to access diverse, leading scientific and technological experts interested in a “tour of service” in the federal government. The Talent Hub focuses its efforts on leveraging flexible hiring pathways (such as fellowships and the Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) Mobility Program) to identify and place qualified scientific and technical talent (i.e., fellows) into key roles working inside federal agencies.

Based on insights gleaned from federal leaders, the Day One Talent Hub identified significant demand and opportunity for talent placements across the federal government to advance an expansive scope of priorities. Upon publication of this report, the Day One Talent Hub has so far identified, onboarded, and placed 10 fellows into high-impact roles this year. Fellows have been deployed at or are being recruited to enter the following agencies:

Office of Management and Budget专注于通过扩展新兴的最佳实践来加强政府技术招聘的策略。

教育部门充当数据科学主题专家，利用教育数据为决策和政策创建提供信息。

能源部to support the Undersecretary for Science’s office in driving critical market-based efforts to spur a clean energy revolution.

General Services Administration’s Office of Evaluation Sciences利用基于经验的见解来应对全球健康和大流行恢复中的关键挑战。

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services专注于移民政策与人工智能的交汇处，以促进国家的国家安全和经济增长。

White House Office of Science and Technology作为保护科学，野火弹性，技术政策，能源科学，国家安全等的主题专家。

In addition to placing fellows, the Talent Hub undertook significant efforts to provide technical assistance to federal agencies in better implementing flexible hiring pathways to bring on critical S&T capacity. The Talent Hub team conducted conversations with25+federal agencies and offices to address their talent needs. It also released “Flexible Hiring Resources for Federal Managers,” a guidebook that provides practical information to better leverage available mechanisms to hire scientific and technical talent, including resources and templates to utilize the Intergovernmental Personnel Act Mobility Program and Schedule A fellowship-hiring authority.

This year, the Project launched the第一天社区, a network of330个贡献者参加了第一天的研讨会，书面政策建议和/或担任政策思想的战略顾问。通过社区，贡献者将资源和政策创业机会交换，听取其他成员的成功，并在寻求提高政策思想时提供和请求帮助。

社区具有广泛的专业背景和政策专业知识。一些成员是以前的政策制定者，拥有深厚的网络以及有关如何驾驶政府的知识，而另一些成员则不知道景观或在哪里寻找帮助他们的政策思想的吸引力。该项目的目标是将每个贡献者推向推进其政策思想的创业。

So far, the Project hosted two policymaker Q&As, conducted 20+ consultations with proposal authors to strategize on policy implementation, and shared policy implementation opportunities with the Community on various elements of policy entrepreneurship, such asConcisely Sharing Your Day One Idea和采矿代理预算要求。

raised from
个别捐助者

average donation
数量

in grant funding

不同的资金
组织

The majority of the funding FAS receives (99.59%) is restricted for use of specific projects and initiatives, while unrestricted funding (which only accounts for 0.41% of funding) bolsters the organization’s operational capacity.

The critical work being done at FAS would not be possible without the generous support of its philanthropic partners who continue to believe in the organization’s work and vision for the future.

To carry out and drive this critical work, we have had several new additions to our staff in recent months to advance science, technology, and innovation policy and support critical functions of the organization:

Jordan Mixter,Director of Operations and Strategy

Sara Schapiro,Senior Fellow and Director of Education, Workforce, and Talent

Erica Goldman,Director of Science Policy

Aleksandra Srdanovic,Grants & Development Associate