Wildland Fire Policy Recommendations
火是一个自然而正常的生态过程，但是今天的大火有grown in intensity和成本，导致对人和财产的更多破坏。气候变化和我们过时的政策回应正在扩大这些负面影响。
在美国，联邦政府负责野外消防管理的责任。联邦实体管理开处方的烧伤和野火的公共土地，支持野火反应，并对火的影响进行研究。认识到这项工作只会增长，Bipartisan Infrastructure Lawauthorized theWildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission发展和交付一系列全面的新政策建议to Congress focused on how to “better prevent, manage, suppress, and recover from wildfires.”
About the Wildland Fire Policy Accelerator
In response to委员会呼吁投入， 这Federation of American Scientists launched a荒地消防政策加速器采购和发展旨在改善我们在火中生活的行动政策思想。这项工作与罗盘， 这California Council on Science and Technology (CCST)， 和Conservation X Labs，他们在加速器主题和连接方面为感兴趣的社区带来了深厚的专业知识。
Participants come from academia, the private sector, nonprofits, and national labs, and bring expertise across fire ecology, forestry, modeling, climate change, fire intelligence, cultural burning, and more. The Accelerator followed the approach of the FASDay One Project提供结构化的培训、支持和波利奇y expert feedback over several months to help participants refine their policy ideas. In the Accelerator’s second phase, a subset of these contributors will publish full memos on FAS’s website with more information about their policy recommendations.
目录
Landscapes and Communities
Create Federal Indemnity Fund to cover accidental damages from cultural and prescribed fire
克里斯·阿德兰（Chris Adlam），俄勒冈州立大学博士
几千年来，西方的森林从根本上是通过部落使用火的形状，而不同的部落采用了独特的文化火传统。不幸的是，现在，土著文化消防从业者被劝阻，不愿对私人和公共森林进行文化烧伤，因为他们担心在极少数情况下，文化大火意外逃脱了计划的界限，他们对损害赔偿负有责任。为了允许文化消防从业者努力恢复我们的森林，联邦政府必须保护他们免于对他们所执行的公共服务的风险承担个人责任。类似的程序也是如此被提出开处方的火; cultural burning should be equally protected and benefited by any Fund that is created.
Congress should establish and fund a Federal Cultural and Prescribed Burning Indemnity Fund to encourage wildfire prevention initiatives and to protect both fire practitioners and landowners from losses incurred from responsibly conducted cultural or prescribed burns that spread beyond their intended range.
需要与其他治疗相关的处方和文化燃烧，以减少燃料负荷并恢复依靠娱乐，工业和饮用水的森林健康。燃料处理对于降低灾难性野火的成本也至关重要，灾难性野火的成本估计使2021年至2022年的损害赔偿和紧急响应工作估计为145亿美元。
在全国范围内，规定的烧伤在经验上都是绝对安全的。根据美国森林服务局局长兰迪·摩尔（Randy Moore）的说法over 99.84% of prescribed fires on USFS land occur as planned。在对南部大平原南部规定的烧伤的另一份评论中，研究人员发现了类似的发现，less than 1% of prescribed burns escape。Similar studies have not been conducted to analyze the empirical safety cultural burns, but surveys of relevant research did not uncover an example of an escaped cultural burn. However, the fact that risk cannot be completely eliminated weighs on practitioners and decision-makers, restricting their use of controlled burning. In the event that damages result from a burn, the Fund would seek to minimize the disruption caused by these damages by ensuring that all affected parties would be quickly and fully compensated. By creating this funding structure, landowners would no longer be dependent on individual acts of Congress to receive compensation, as victims of the隐士的峰/小牛峡谷火did.
In the past year, states have begun to create similar funds after observing the need to support fire practitioners. California recently created the规定的火灾索赔基金and funded it with $20 million. However, a federal fund is needed to provide coverage on a larger scale, with a scope and financial scale that is not possible for individual states.
建议
To ensure that Cultural Fire Practitioners across the nation are covered, Congress should consider the following actions:
- 在联邦机构内部建立联邦文化和规定的燃烧赔偿基金（例如FEMA，该基金也管理消防与安全（FP＆S）赠款）保护消防人员和土地所有者免受负责任地进行的文化或规定燃烧而造成的损失，这些燃烧的范围超出了预期的范围。
- 每年适当的资金由指定联邦机构（例如FEMA）管理。每年，剩余的资金都可以转移到第二年，也可以作为资助进一步的文化和规定的烧伤而支付。
- 直接FEMA（或其他指定的代理机构）为文化燃烧和规定的烧伤创建基线总过失标准，该标准将用于确定索赔的有效性。为了获得该基金，各州将需要责任标准，以保护消防从业人员的水平，以满足联邦基线总体过失标准所概述的最低要求。该基金将涵盖由逃脱的文化大火和规定的大火造成的索赔，这些大火是通过尽职调查计划和实施的，燃烧器将涵盖燃烧器严重疏忽的索赔。
- Direct FEMA (or other designated agency, as appropriate) to work with Tribal Nations and organizations to develop eligibility criteria that ensure that Cultural Fire Practitioners, as defined by federal definitions, are always covered by the Fund, regardless of the laws of the state in which they are operating.
- 直接管理机构，以确保部落国家和组织领导和监督基金的管理。
我们建议国会将FEMA视为该基金的主要管理员，因为它管理了防火和安全（FP＆S）赠款，这是对消防员赠款（AFG）计划的援助的一部分，并且由于其火灾后灾难援助任务。美国农业部森林服务局或内政部是该基金的其他潜在管理人员。为了鼓励州投资，该基金可能需要一定金额后的各州匹配资金。
该基金可以与区域特定定义的开发“文化消防从业者。”这些文化消防从业者的定义应在部落国家和组织领导的过程中发展。还应注意确保文化消防从业者可以在燃烧时不需要不必要的情况下获得基金 - 这会损害其文化传统或为他们的工作增加难以控制的监管负担。
为了进一步保护文化消防从业人员they carry out vital public services, Congress could also provide Cultural Fire Practitioners with coverage under theFederal Torts Claims Act，，，，similarly to how Tribal contractors, employees, and volunteers are classified as federal employees for the purpose of FTCA coverage. In the past, Tribal medical or law enforcement personnel have received coverage after taking over programs previously administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the Bureau of Indian Affairs. As policy reforms allow Tribal Cultural Fire Practitioners to practice cultural burns with less interference from the BIA, FTCA coverage would become increasingly beneficial and necessary.
通过创建这项基金，国会将支持从事危机前线和最受火灾威胁的社区工作的消防从业者。
Directly fund Tribes to create and implement land stewardship initiatives
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士
Across the United States, Tribal nations and organizations have the knowledge and will to lead cultural and prescribed burns. Unfortunately, they are consistently limited by (a) insufficient funds, and (b) burdensome regulatory requirements that often prove overly burdensome to comply with. These two issues are connected. Tribal practitioners are often unable to obtain federal grants for land stewardship purposes because they do not have the capacity to find and apply for them, to compete with state agencies and organizations in the application process, and to comply with the grant requirements, which can conflict with Cultural Fire traditions in fundamental ways.
国会应直接向部落国家和部落领导的组织进行酌情资金，以减少火灾危害，以减少部落竞争赠款所需的行政能力。这些资金将由区域部落联络员驱散，他们将收集并利用当地演员的意见来指导赠款。
Tribal governments and organizations require direct grant funding to exercise their sovereignty in a rightfully unencumbered manner. When Tribal governments and organizations are provided with adequate funding and are able to direct its usage, Cultural Fire Practitioners (CFPs) are able to design cultural fire projects that fit their unique traditions and local plant communities contained within their lands. In addition, by giving Tribes greater discretion over funds, the federal government would a) decrease the regulatory burden on Tribes, and b) provide greater recognition of cultural burning as a uniquely valuable form of land restoration and place-based knowledge, instead of categorizing the practice as an often-overlooked subset of prescribed burning.
最重要的是，直接资金将使部落政府和组织能够将关键能力从时间密集型的行政任务转移到管理其祖先土地上。部落可以扩大消防从业者的劳动力，治疗更大的土地领域，并更好地保护重要的自然和文化资源。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Commission a study conducted collaboratively with Tribal nations and organizations to explore financial mechanisms to deliver consistent, direct funding to Tribal Nations and organizations for Cultural Fire purposes. Potential mechanisms could include a federal endowment or a dedicated tax.
- 指导该研究以确保CFP可以轻松获得提议的资金机制获得资金。
- Once the appropriate financial mechanism is identified, employ regional Tribal liaisons to direct the funding to Tribes and to receive input from local communities and CFPs. The liaisons would help to create two-way communication channels that empower local voices in a funding process that has been historically top-down.
By drawing upon the expertise of communities and Cultural Fire Practitioners, the Tribal liaisons would be able to target funds to groups and landscapes that have the greatest need, ensuring that federal resources are utilized in an effective manner each year.
It is time for the federal government to recognize the deep expertise of Tribes in fire management. By giving Tribes greater influence in determining the use of funds for preventative and mitigative activities, Congress would bring funding structures in line with the rightful sovereignty of Tribes, and it would protect communities and natural resources across the country by clearing the path for more beneficial fire.
在《国家环境政策法案》（NEPA）中为文化燃烧创建一个分类排除
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士; Chris Adlam, PhD, Oregon State University
最初的陈述目的之一国家环境政策法1969年是“促进努力，以防止或消除对环境和生物圈的损害，并刺激人类的健康和福利。”文化和规定的燃烧直接促进了这一目标。不幸的是，当前对NEPA的解释要求文化消防从业者（CFP）在对联邦或部落信托土地上燃烧之前对繁重的环境影响声明进行繁重的环境影响声明，这通常阻止部落甚至试图在这些地方燃烧。由于部落土地由联邦政府持有信任，因此CFP还必须遵守旨在管理联邦行动的NEPA法规。这种安排限制了部落的主权，并施加了不适当的负担。
为了使NEPA的实施符合其目的，NEPA应认识到文化燃烧是我们在美国自然环境的背景条件的一部分。部落有几个世纪以来，都利用了这些文化燃烧的做法，管理美国境内容易发生的景观采取措施来保护古代野外城市界面在里面Southwest. Through this long history, cultural burning has fundamentally influenced what we consider to be our human environment today. For that reason, cultural burning should be classified as a categorical exclusion.
Current guidelines on implementing NEPA include a categorical exclusion for “Prescribed burning to reduce natural fuel build-up and improve plant vigor,” as long as the project does not require the use of herbicides or over 1 mile of low standard road construction (DOE NEPA指南）。此外，《基础设施投资与就业法》明确排除“establishing and maintaining linear fuel breaks” for the purpose of wildfire risk mitigation under specific circumstances.
这following recommendations represent several pathways for Congress to encourage cultural burning. By implementing one or all of these measures, Congress would begin the process of recognizing burning as a sovereign right for Tribes (similar to hunting and plant gathering) and therefore exempt from permitting.
建议
To these ends, Congress should consider:
- 采取法定作用将文化燃烧排除在详细的环境分析之外，并认识到文化燃烧是景观自然基线状况的一部分。
- 另外，直接联邦机构考虑为文化燃烧创建分类排除。
- 将部落政府和组织委派给制定许可程序并颁发部落信托土地许可证的权力。
- 利用联邦对“文化消防人”和“文化火”的定义，以帮助提供哪些活动被视为文化燃烧的指南。另外，由部落国家和组织的代表组成的工作组可以制定特定于地区的准则。
- 建立了一个专门的，受过专门训练的NEPA从业人员团队，以处理允许文化燃烧的允许能力，并为部落提供有关如何导航NEPA对土地管理活动的指导。
通过提出这些建议，国会将实施《国家环境政策法》符合其最初的目的，并对全国社区的地面产生积极影响。
法律上定义“文化消防从业者”和“文化火”来鼓励文化燃烧
Raymond Gutteriez, Member of Wuksachi Band of Mono Indians
Cultural Fire Practitioners (CFP) have the knowledge, experience, and willingness to help lead the restoration of more sustainable fire regimes to their ancestral homelands. However, they are currently dissuaded from carrying out cultural burns for a variety of reasons including fear of liability, burdensome regulations, burn bans, and resource constraints. In addition, Cultural Fire Practitioners receive limited support from the federal government for their important work.
As an important first step in encouraging cultural fire, Congress should direct the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Department of the Interior (DOI) to develop regionally-specific definitions of ‘cultural fire’ and ‘Cultural Fire Practitioner’ through a process led by Tribal governments.
Currently, the federal government does not adequately recognize cultural fire, despite its deep-rooted traditional significance for Tribal Nations and its potential benefits for forest and wildfire management across the country. Because of this缺乏认可和其他障碍，许多CFP无法执行其文化火传统。那些继续实施文化大火的人不得不在联邦支持最少和更高的个人风险下运作。此外，他们被迫显着改变其传统和实践，以适合为规定的烧伤而设计的现有法律程序和定义。这些因素已经结合起来，使文化燃烧在联邦，部落和州土地上难以实施。
建议
为了提供启用和支持文化燃烧所需的适当法律框架，国会应该：
- Direct USDA and DOI to participate in a process led by Tribal governments and Tribally-led organizations to develop regionally-appropriate definitions of ‘cultural fire’ and ‘cultural fire practitioner’. These definitions would differentiate cultural fire from the separate risk reduction strategy that is prescribed burning. Cultural burning includes diverse purposes that are not captured under current definitions of prescribed burning, including preservation and stewardship of culturally relevant plants and animals.
- Ensure that definitions include all Tribal entities, not just federally recognized Tribes.
- Direct agencies to consider how these definitions can be used to address barriers for cultural burning.
- Explore opportunities to use this definition to support cultural burning.
这se definitions will create a legal foundation that can be used to expand the role of cultural burners and ease restrictions, in a manner similar to that of California’s own legislation defining cultural burning (CA SB 332; CA SB 926; CA AB 642). In tandem with adopting a formal definition, California implemented a gross negligence standard that limited the financial liability of CFP who take appropriate precautions before a fire.
Federal agencies can explore opportunities to use the definitions to support cultural burning. For example, federally recognized CFPs could be provided with exemptions from having to obtain formal National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) qualifications and/or from the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) environmental assessment process. The federal government could also support creation of an easily accessible federal indemnity fund that provides support to cultural burners.
通过对这些定义进行编纂，联邦政府将迈出关键的一步，以提高文化消防人员作为土地管理和降低野火风险的关键合作伙伴的可见性和地位。
扩大范围和资金Tribal Forest Protection Act of 2004
Raymond Gutteriez, Member of Wuksachi Band of Mono Indians
Under theIndian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975and theTribal Forest Protection Act (TFPA) of 2004，部落能够对由USFS管理和BIA管理的土地提出和执行项目（称为638个项目），该土地（i）边界或与印度信托土地相邻，（ii）对火灾，疾病或其他威胁构成。部落森林或牧场或其他需要土地修复活动。不幸的是，很少有人提出或实施638个项目，这在很大程度上是由于缺乏资金及其有限的范围，其中包括拥有与联邦管理土地相邻的土地的部落。
国会应为“ 638”项目提供专门的资金，并将TFPA的范围扩大到包括部落国家的祖先家园。
颁布了上述638法律，以促进“最大程度的印度参与政府”，但以目前的形式以此目标失败。“没有针对638个项目拨款或授权具体资金”的事实阻碍了该倡议（USFS）。取而代之的是，预计将从其他资金来源获得用于联邦土地活动的资金来源，这通常需要高额的行政负担才能竞争和获得。此外，许多部落没有资格参加638个项目，因为它们不拥有与国家森林相邻的土地，即使这些国家森林土地是其祖先家园的一部分。
建议
We recommend that Congress consider:
- Appropriating dedicated funding for 638 projects. By creating a dedicated source of funding for this class of project, Congress would help to protect national forestlands by encouraging risk reduction and restoration activities on federal lands.
- 扩大了638个项目的资格范围，包括部落国家和部落组织的祖先家园。
In addition, these changes can be paired with other efforts to expand Tribal authority and ability to plan, implement, and review prescribed and cultural burns on federal lands.
Reduce federal subsidies for development that might exacerbate fire risk
麦克斯·莫里茨（Max Moritz），加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校兼职教授
联邦在野火镇压方面的支出有气泡在里面past four decades. Despite these efforts, property damage due to wildfire continues to升级，毁灭性社区，抢劫成千上万的珍贵房屋，企业和聚会场所。
这部分是因为越来越多的美国人在野外生活和工作，在那里他们更容易受到野火影响。在2020年450万户房屋were located in areas of “high or extreme wildfire risk.” To make matters worse, fires on state, local, and private land have加倍in size (on average) since 1991. While decisions about land use and urban planning are made locally, there are important opportunities for crucial guidance at the federal level to help mitigate harm to communities.
国会应指导机构确定联邦资金在何种程度和通过哪些机制来补贴开发的方式，以使火灾风险永久化。
我们在哪里以及如何建立社区可以影响火灾概率在里面broader region surrounding a particular development, crossing administrative boundaries and even state lines.
Money from federal agencies supports development of homes and related infrastructure. Failing to identify and address when and how federal funds may be subsidizing development in wildfire hazard risk areas will continue to exacerbate social and economic losses.
这联邦government should investigate to what extent and through which programs it is subsidizing development in a manner that exacerbates fire risk. Using this information, Congress and agencies can take action through existing mechanisms to support local and regional planning that is both弹性and equitable.
建议
国会应该：
- 创建一个机构间工作组，以确定所有联邦规划，住房，基础设施和缓解/恢复预算，政策和当局影响野火危害地区建造环境并将此信息交付给国会。
Using this information, Congress can consider whether it would be appropriate to take one or more of the following actions:
- 除了在州和地方一级的弹性目标外，还要制定有关构建和采用火灾风险，缓解和管理的特定指南，并考虑野火风险，缓解和管理。这可能包括创建集中式火灾危害图，以及脆弱性的包裹级图（例如，社会经济因素，疏散限制）和可用的缓解选择。
- 在《火灾危害图指南》的指导下，设定了自愿标准的弹性选址和构造标准，以使新的发展更安全，更可生存。这可能包括开发和推荐新的建筑法规，除了特定于景观的缓解策略以及社区疏散准备策略外，还超过了中等或高危险区域的当前火灾标准。
- 要求为基础设施项目的联邦资金接收者符合建筑法规和社区选址标准的一系列火灾的开发标准。
- 社区具有实施联邦标准的各种能力。联邦政府应优先考虑希望符合新的耐火机业发展标准的弱势社区的资金和技术援助，并应考虑到各种缓解选择，从考虑到更安全的地点的发展到有弹性的建筑方法。
如果联邦政府选择对上述任何建议采取行动，则有重要的考虑因素，国会必须牢记。
- Housing demand and equity.In actions on this topic, the federal government must take care not to penalize rural development or development in low-income communities. Housing supply and infrastructure needs must be balanced with fire resilience.
- 现有的立法和先例。如何实施新的联邦指导有立法先例。加利福尼亚立法为1）使用先例fire hazard maps指导建筑法规和2）citing new development为了避免最危险的位置，只要总体可以满足住房需求。
- 危险映射的挑战。A core challenge for these approaches is identifying what portions of landscapes are“hazardous” in the context of fire并以科学一致的方式绘制它。也有联邦立法支持与野火灾难后FEMA搬迁援助有关的火灾风险映射，这可能会增加现有的联邦火灾危险映射工作。
Public Health and Infrastructure
使烟雾管理成为Wildland Fire Management的核心目标
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden
Toxic smoke from wildland fire spreads far beyond fire-prone areas, killing many times more people than the flames themselves and disrupting the lives of tens of millions of people. Despite this, wildfire smoke is often reported and managed separately from other wildfire impacts.
Congress should establish smoke management as a core goal of wildland fire management and create institutional capacity to achieve that goal.
这2014年国家凝聚力野外消防管理策略描述了本世纪的愿景：“To safely and effectively extinguish fire, when needed; use fire where allowable; manage our natural resources; and as a Nation, live with wildland fire.自从该战略发表以来进行的重大研究表明，野火烟雾会影响美国各地的人们10,000人死亡and数十亿美元每年经济损失。烟影响exceedtheir corresponding flame impacts; yet, wildfire strategy and资金在很大程度上专注于火焰及其影响。
In order to ensure that all impacts of wildland fire, including smoke, are addressed efficiently and comprehensively, Congress should take actions that establish wildfire smoke management as a core goal of wildfire management.
To ensure that wildland fire smoke is considered as a core wildland fire hazard, Congress should consider amending relevant legislation to specifically account for smoke.
例如，国会可以：
- Amend the职员或者d Act Sec. 102将烟雾列为一场重大灾难。
- 通过2021年野火烟雾紧急声明法。
- Amend theJohn D. Dingell，Jr。Jr.保护，管理和娱乐法案2019年Section 1114 to promote technology to track smoke emissions and impacts, and to extend smoke forecasts to future emissions based on land-management strategies.
- Amend theFederal Land Assistance, Management, and Enhancement Act of 2009（火焰法）3要求在国家凝聚力策略中考虑烟雾。
Current interagency wildfire leadership groups occasionally consider smoke in the context of wildland fire impacts and management. To ensure wildfire strategy discussions always include modern smoke-management considerations, these groups should include agencies with expertise on smoke data and impacts (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Disease Control, National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
Congress should therefore:
- 修改两党基础设施法。70203（b）和《火焰法》3包括烟雾杂货机构在国家凝聚力野外消防战略的发展中。
- 通过新的政策，将烟雾过家机构添加到野火 - 政策合作中，包括国家机构间消防中心，国家野火协调小组， 和theWildland Fire Leadership Council.
为了取得成功，国会还应为同伴建议中描述的烟雾管理计划（此处和此处）分配资金。
促进准备烟雾的社区以挽救生命和金钱
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden
In the US, more and more people are being exposed to wildfire smoke—27 times比十年前，有更多的人经历了极端的烟雾。野火烟雾较高的风险to outdoor workers, unhoused individuals, children, older adults, and people with diabetes or heart disease.
联邦政府可以通过帮助社区准备，识别和应对烟雾事件来公平地挽救生命和金钱。
建议
国会应指定每年6亿美元的野火管理，以为家庭和公共场所筹集资金，以改善烟雾中室内空气质量。
To help communitiesprepare for smoke events：
- 联邦紧急事务管理局（FEMA）应指定空气过滤和气候有资格危害缓解援助grants.
- FEMA的Benefit-Cost Analysis确定授予资金资格的，应考虑减少烟雾暴露的健康益处。
- FEMA should incentivize building community-appropriate, smoke-resistant, multi hazard resilience hubs.
确保社区能够确定潜在的致命烟雾事件，国会应该：
- Direct the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration to define harmful air due to wildfire smoke. Both have definitions of harmful air quality based on constituent particles, but wildfire smoke is more toxic than particles from other sources (for an example law, see加利福尼亚法规第8条第5141.1节）。
为社区提供在烟雾事件中需要采取行动所需的支持，国会应该：
- 通过2021年野火烟雾紧急声明法使FEMA能够为烟雾冲击的社区（包括赠款，设备，物资，人员和资源以及建立烟雾避难所和空中质量监视器）和资源提供紧急援助抽烟。这些行动应与支持长期韧性的努力一起采取行动，并在可能的情况下应提供可用于反复烟雾紧急情况的支持。
- 修改《斯塔福德法》第420条，以自动提供减轻烟雾支持作为常用的一部分消防管理协助grant program.
建立数据基础架构以支持基于烟雾危害的决策
Alistair Hayden, Assistant Professor of Practice, Cornell University; Teresa Feo, Senior Science Officer, California Council on Science and Technology
在2023财政年度，全国施加抗火的支出超过40亿美元，而小于1000万美元分配用于烟雾管理。与烟相比，大火的600：1资金比率未对准经济影响的1：1比率1：100火与烟气死亡的比率。
Data infrastructure critical for minimizing these smoke-related hazards is largely absent from our firefighting arsenal.
Congress should take action to better leverage existing smoke data in the context of wildland fire management and fill crucial data infrastructure gaps to enable smoke management as a core part of wildland fire management.
Some smoke data is already collected, including smoke forecasts for active fires from theInteragency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program以及环境保护局（EPA）的回顾性烟气排放总计国家排放库存(NEI). However, these smoke impacts are considered separately from flame impacts (e.g., structures burned), and are left out of broader wildfire strategy. New authoritative realtime smoke-data tools need to be created and integrated into wildfire management strategy.
建议
To better track health impacts of wildfire smoke,国会应该：
- Direct the CDC to create a retrospective data inventory estimating morbidity and mortality due to smoke for individual wildland fires and publish their findings inNational Interagency Fire Center（NIFC）野火影响摘要。
- Direct the CDC to increase epidemiologist access to theNational Vital Statistics System，，，，to enhance the scientific community’s ability to study possible linkages between smoke and health impacts.
为了更好地将烟数据与其他火灾数据整合在一起，国会应该：
- Expand the NIFC to include smoke in its mission, and rename it as the National Interagency Fire and Smoke Center.
- Direct EPA and CDC to join the NIFC collaboration and place staff at NIFC headquarters.
- Require the expanded NIFC to develop smoke-impact data products, including smoke deaths and smoke-plume footprints, for each fire and publish them alongside common fire data products like structures and area burned.
- Direct NOAA or EPA to create high-resolution daily datasets of wildfire-attributable air pollutants nationwide, make these data available in real-time, and integrate them with the NEI.
为了考虑与烟有关的健康影响，在野外消防管理中的影响，国会应该：
- Direct EPA to define wildfire-specific concentration-response functions for use in estimating health impacts in thebenmap-cetool.
- 指导NIH创建研究中心规模赠款研究野火烟雾的健康影响。指导NIH雇用新员工，为野火管理策略师翻译调查结果。
- Direct the USFS, CDC, and EPA to continue researching the health impacts of smoke from different types of wildland fire (e.g., prescribed burns compared to unplanned wildfires), hiring new staff as appropriate. A more detailed understanding is critical to optimizing prescribed-burn strategy.
- Direct the NIFC, USFS, EPA, and CDC to create models linking parcel-specific landscape management to long-term smoke emissions and resulting health impacts (and hire new staff as appropriate). These models are critical to optimizing location-specific prescribed burn strategies and to evaluating the smoke-related public health tradeoffs of alternative management strategies (e.g., prescribed burn strategies compared to suppression-focused strategies of the past).
这suggested additions would improve national technical ability to increase smoke-related safety, thereby saving lives and reducing smoke-related public health costs.
支持社区弹性枢纽的战略部署，以减轻烟雾影响和其他危害
Lee Ann Hill, Director of Energy and Health, PSE Healthy Energy
暴露于野火可能会有严重的影响关于人类健康，包括更高的呼吸道问题风险，心脏病发作，中风和过早死亡。一个工具社区可以用来建立对烟雾和其他威胁人类健康危害的弹性。弹性枢纽是室内社区空间，旨在解决整体社区脆弱性并促进公共安全，安全和福祉。弹性枢纽还可以通过提供清洁室内空气（包括烟雾紧急情况）的紧急情况来支持社区。
这联邦government can foster holistic community resilience to wildfire smoke impacts and other hazards by supporting the development of community resilience hubs.
Public health guidance and climate adaptation policies should account for the reality that many communities will be exposed to multiple hazards, sometimes concurrently. Rather than address specific exposures (e.g., wildfire smoke or extreme heat) in isolation, policymakers should consider mitigation approaches that will build capacity to prepare for and withstand multiple hazards, including those associated with 1) mitigation strategies (e.g., prescribed fire smoke), 2) extreme weather events (e.g., smoke, extreme heat) and natural disasters, and 3) power outages. Policymakers can prioritize policy interventions that reduce harmful smoke exposures while also expanding broader community resilience to maximize the human health benefit of every dollar spent.
Community resilience hubs equipped with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and powered by distributed clean energy resources can reduce harmful smoke exposures while expanding broader community resilience amid extreme weather events, natural disasters, and grid outages. Local governments across the United States and Canada haveestablished resilience hubs关注灾难和应急响应;飞行员efforts to build resilience more holistically are underway in马里兰州巴尔的摩andNorthern California。
提议2021年野火烟雾紧急声明法在每次宣布紧急情况下，将重点介绍野火烟雾，包括提供“建立烟雾避难所，空气净化器和其他空气监测地点的资源”。联邦降低野火烟雾烟雾成本的努力应考虑投资如何有效地减轻多种危害暴露，从而降低单独专注于野火烟雾并在每次紧急烟雾声明中重新部署资源而降低效率低下。尽管evidence suggests弹性枢纽在社区主导时最有效，联邦政府可以在多危险环境中支持这些社区弹性工具的扩散。
To support these efforts, Congress can take the following steps:
- Require HHS, EPA, and FEMA, in partnership with state and local public health and emergency response agencies and community-based organizations, to assess resilience hub needs and resources requirements and develop a set of best practices for resilience hub design to mitigate exposures associated with wildfire smoke events and other climate-related events.
- 扩大现有的财务资源FEMA危害缓解援助补助计划andEPA在社区建筑赠款计划中的野火烟雾准备to develop resilience hubs aimed at mitigating exposures to a range of hazards and to support deployment for distributed clean energy resources (e.g., solar and battery storage) as part of resilience hub planning and implementation.
- 对于现有或计划的弹性中心，需要在与气候有关的事件，自然灾害和电网中断期间使用中使用的报告，包括一系列指标，例如可及性和公平性。集线器通常已经为公共安全目的收集数据；应将其标准化，并每年报告针对侧重于气候缓解和适应，应急响应以及国会的机构间小组。
Resilience hubs can reduce hazard exposures and strengthen community-level resilience to provide support during extreme weather events, natural disasters, and grid outages. Resources to support interagency coordination, distributed energy resource deployment, and data collection efforts can bolster and inform future and ongoing resilience hub planning and implementation efforts.
Consider modifying the Clean Air Act to incentivize increased use of beneficial fire
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden；华盛顿大学研究科学家Susan Prichard
Recent wildfires have spewed so much toxic smoke across the country that decades of life-saving air-quality improvement under the Clean Air Act (CAA) have beenreversedin many states. The CAA unintentionally aids this reverse by disincentivizing the use of beneficial fire at scales needed to mitigate catastrophic wildfires. Congress should modify the CAA to instead incentivize beneficial fire–prescribed burns, cultural burning, and managed wildfire—to support use at scales needed to mitigate unmanaged wildfires.
Though beneficial fire produces smoke, it is the most effective means to reduce overall smoke output because it mitigates unmanaged wildfires. Proactive application of beneficial fire is planned under specific weather and fuel conditions to minimize impacts to communities, while unmanaged wildfires are unplanned events that often burn under extreme conditions, frequently with significant smoke lasting for weeks.
CAA旨在通过减少包括野火烟雾在内的空气污染来挽救生命和金钱，但目前阻止有益的大火将整体烟雾量最小化。来自计划外野火的烟雾的日子通常被视为CAA不包括司法管辖区污染限制的“特殊事件”。相比之下，有益的大火很少有资格，因此他们的烟雾可以使管辖权超过其污染限制。因此，司法管辖区限制了有益的火灾以达到污染限制，无意间防止在所需的规模上使用火灾。因此，当前的CAA政策将烟雾排放从有益的火灾转移到计划外的野火，这对危险的烟雾影响不成比例。
To incentivize more beneficial fire while leaving intact other life-saving provisions of the CAA, Congress should:
- 定义一个新的“景观排放”类别，其中包含来自有益火和计划外野火的排放。定义与其他主要类别（点源，非点源和移动源）互补的类别，使CAA能够专门管理景观排放。例如，由于火灾造成的污染超出了污染，可能会引起不同的惩罚和激励措施，同时留下现有的规定（按照其他主要类别量身定制）直立。
- 通过修改42美国法规第7619（b）（1）条，将景观排放定义为并非例外。预计野火并不例外，司法管辖区可以通过广泛的有益火灾使用合理地控制野火排放。由于景观排放造成的污染超出了污染，可能会引发与景观相关的处罚，这与现有的CAA处罚不同。
- 将有益的火力定义为合理可用的控制技术（RACT）。RACT是用于控制特定污染物到特定极限的CAA定义。目前尚无RACTS解决野火。
- 要求国家实施计划（SIP）包括有益的大火，并限制SIPS减少有益的火力以达成实现。SIP由污染高于CAA限制的各州撰写，并描述它们将如何达到限制。
鼓励有益火力的政策支持选择何时何地发生烟雾，从而降低了更危险的计划外火和整体烟雾危害的频率。CAA应激励有益的大火；这样做将通过减少空气污染来挽救生命和金钱，这是其预期的功能。
Science, Data, and Technology
Save lives, properties, and ecosystems with real-time actionable fire intelligence
蒂姆·鲍尔（Tim Ball），火球信息技术；Carlton Pennypacker；加州大学伯克利分校；哈里·斯塔特（Harry Statter），前线野火防御
作者是研究小组的一部分FUEGO，，，，that designed a satellite to bridge the intelligence gap described in this proposal.
面对更激烈的大火和肿胀的野生世界界面，确保我们的生活，社区和生态系统，要求政府和公民使用最可靠的情报来源共同努力。紧急管理机构，消防员，公用事业和公众需要对火灾何时开始，火灾的定位，强度的变化以及它们在何处蔓延的实时理解。
国家野外火灾协调集团（NWCG）认识到这是一个严重的未满足的情报需求。创建一个不间断的，高节奏和低的延迟能力来绘制火灾活动，将在本地和国家规模上实时支持响应。情报需求更加紧迫，对于快速开放的火灾或难以观察的火灾，要么是因为飞机不可用，要么无法在当地情况下运行。可以采用收集数据和传播情报的新的，经济高效的方法来应对这一挑战。
美国消防局和USGS应该在建立一个public-private-university-nonprofit partnership to collect, combine, and disseminate actionable information on fire activity for the benefit of firefighters and the public. A key piece of the intelligence system is a new geostationary satellite launched and maintained by the appropriate federal agencies.
细节
在2018年营地大火的前90分钟，缺乏情报挫败了加利福尼亚州天堂镇实行的野火疏散计划。由于大火时期，通常会用来收集情报的飞机没有掌握，也没有其他智能来源。该镇的强制撤离开始只有在镇上建立了大火之后。营地大火，情报挑战以及疏散问题的速度并非独特。
Current satellites used to monitor wildland fires collect infrequent and low-resolution images that are not useful for actionable intelligence. A new geostationary (GEO) satellite constantly watching North America could detect a brush fire the size of a semi-truck and pinpoint its location to within 50 yards. Aircraft and satellites in low-Earth orbit are still required to collect higher resolution data, particularly for smaller and slower-moving fires. Points of critical consequence found at GEO can be investigated further by a low-Earth satellite, then coordinates of interest can be passed to aircraft pilots. The technical details of existing satellites for wildland fire management are compared to a GEO satellite in the appendix.
由新的地理卫星收集的情报应与其他来源合并，以形成综合的情报系统。这需要协调，可能是通过公私 - 大学 - 非营利性合作伙伴关系来实现可行智能的收集，融合和传播，但是该系统的基石必须是地理卫星。此外，跨空间决议和时间尺度收集新数据将对消防科学，火灾建模工作以及缓解消防工作的评估产生重大贡献。
建议
- 美国消防局和USGS应该在建立一个public-private-university-nonprofit partnership to enable collection, fusion, and dissemination of actionable intelligence on fire activity for the benefit of firefighters and the public. The Fire Administration should strongly urge and support cooperative and complementary fire intelligence collection at multiple altitudes and spatial resolutions for operational use and fire science.
- Congress should direct relevant agencies to study the cost of developing, launching, and maintaining a geostationary satellite to enable persistent, high-resolution monitoring of wildland fire activity in the United States. The data should be publicly available for the benefit of the citizens and fire officials.
附录
作者是研究小组的一部分FUEGO，这设计了一颗卫星，以弥合此处描述的这一智能差距。下表将该系统的技术参数与目前用于火灾管理的卫星进行了比较。
| FUEGO | 去中间部门 | VIIRS |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 最小可检测的火 | 2至2兆瓦 | 35兆瓦 | 7兆瓦 |
| Persistence (Seconds between images of the same place on Earth) | 20秒 | 60 seconds | 43000秒 |
| Spatial Resolution Ground Sample Distance (Meters) | 290 | 2200 | 375 |
| Ability to locate a point source within a pixel | 1/10th pixel | none | none |
| 数据延迟 | 90秒 | 300秒 | 12000 seconds |
提高火灾生态学和森林弹性的预测科学
温斯洛·汉森（Winslow Hansen），森林生态学家，卡里生态系统研究所
森林面积和火焚烧increasin严重性g in some forest types in the U.S. Fire suppression, which allows vegetation to accumulate and consequently fuel larger fires, and climate change are contributing to this growing problem. Unprecedented resources are becoming available to address the fire crisis, but the landscape of fire and forest management remains fragmented. Managers and policy makers are being asked to balance competing demands of human safety, fuels management, air quality, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration in the face of tremendous scientific uncertainty about where, when, how, and why ecosystems and fire regimes will change. How can we manage a system when we do not understand how it functions?
Congress should support an ambitious research collaborative为了确保火灾生态学和森林弹性的预测科学迅速发展，以支持解决火灾危机的管理和政策。
认识到火灾危机的严重性，国会分配《减少通货膨胀法案》的“森林管理，规划和恢复”活动的50亿美元，包括危险燃料处理。尽管前所未有，但这项投资足以机械地处理西部森林的一小部分。这意味着经理需要在实施燃料处理并能够跟踪其功效方面具有战略意义。没有任何投资者会向无法定量评估损益的努力投入资金。投资解决火灾危机的策略也是如此。
当今管理决定的后果将在数十年中产生，即森林和火灾制度改变的时间范围。为了追踪朝着更具韧性森林，灾难性的火灾和更安全的人类社区的进步，我们需要工具来确定几乎实时，何时以及如何改变森林。我们还需要方法来评估燃料处理的疗效，以促进更多的弹性森林和灾难性的火灾。实时森林和火灾跟踪还必须无缝地融入长期模型中，以帮助我们预测当今的决策如何影响未来几十年的结果。这种集成的监视和投影系统不存在，但对于决策至关重要。消防生态和森林弹性科学的合作可能会开发出这样的工具。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- 分配资金并指导国家科学基金会与USDA森林服务局，内政部和联合消防科学计划合作，启动了西部美国消防生态和森林弹性科学合作。
We recommend that the USDA Forest Service and Department of Interior:
- 要求管理联邦土地的员工使用通过协作开发的在线工具来计划治疗地点并跟踪治疗的功效。
We anticipate that the collaborative would cost about 100 million dollars over ten years. This funding would support a network of 20 scientific teams across the country and a lead center of excellence that provides synthesis, coordination, amplification, and management. Leaders of this effort should consider ongoing research efforts in relevant disciplines, collaborating where appropriate to ensure efforts are not duplicated.
NSF is the right agency to administer the collaborative because of their deep expertise in funding basic and applied research and because of their success in ambitious large-scale initiatives such as theLong-term Ecological Research Networkand the国家生态天文台网络。NSF has also recently made投资在消防研究中。我们的建议基于这一势头。与USDA森林服务，DOI和联合消防科学计划的合作伙伴关系将加强科学与经理需求之间的联系。如果启动，科学合作培训将为经理和政策制定者提供计划策略的工具，并基于最先进的建模和遥感，并以强大的基础为基础，跟踪联邦投资在主动消防和森林管理中的功效科学。
开发下一代火灾和植被模型，以使气候变化
新墨西哥州大学马修·赫特（Matthew Hurteau）
野火正在以惊喜经验丰富的消防员，当前的模型无法预测不断发展的火灾行为。部分由于气候变化，现有模型无法再现最近的灾难性野火。这意味着现有的火灾和植被模型可能无法预测未来的野火，或者何时可以安全地开处方大火，从而挑战了我们有效抑制野火或减轻其影响的能力。
Congress should establish and fund centers of excellence to develop, maintain, and operate next-generation fire and vegetation models that support wildland fire planning and management.
气候变化正在扩大易燃的东西。例如，2020小溪大火在加利福尼亚州，已经被甲壳虫侵扰和干旱削弱的森林烧毁，并以如此强度的强度燃烧，以至于当前的运营火灾模型无法再现事件。持续的气候变化使这种极端的火灾行为成为可能。
野火研究界表明，它可以响应基于问题的研究需求Joint Fire Science Programand the National Science Foundation funding of Centers of Excellence (CoE). CoE’s have been created in a variety of topic areas and have demonstrated that supporting hubs of expertise to address specific research areas leads to positive outcomes. Developing five regional CoEs will a) facilitate research collaboration across disciplines, institutions, and regions, and b) provide regional service centers which will develop and run models focused on near and mid-term dynamics at local and event (e.g. treatment unit, wildfire) scales that support land management planning and decision-making. A cross-CoE leadership team will ensure that research and development activities are complementary.
We recommend that Congress:
- Establish and fund five CoE’s housed at academic institutions (southeast, southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, northern/central Rockies).
- 需要制度上的累积量之间的伙伴关系t institutions and federal research institutions (e.g. USFS Research & Development, Department of Energy National Labs, US Geological Survey, etc).
- Mandate and fund the centers to develop and maintain next-generation fire and vegetation models (focused on near and mid-term dynamics at local scales) that are capable of modeling extreme fire behavior and can be operationalized to support planning for wildfire and vegetation management and wildfire suppression. This could include training fire behavior analysts to use models in decision-making.
- Mandate and fund the Centers to operate these next-generation models to support wildfire and vegetation management planning and operations. This could include developing methods and standards for science translation.
这种方法的前进途径可能是在五个地区中的每个地区与合作者一起在一个机构中发起的飞行员，随着研究问题的发展和协作机制的完善，有机会扩展到五个区域中心。
建立五个COE来开发，维护和运营下一代模型每年的成本约为2500万美元，不到2021年联邦野火抑制支出的1％。这些中心可以通过国家科学基金会（NSF）与国防部合作建立和资助。Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program（SERDP）。NSF的位置良好，可以领导这项工作野外火灾预测和管理以及研究collaborations在空间中。
Managing fuels effectively to prevent future catastrophic events requires developing models that account for the new climatic conditions fire managers face, and will allow us to make wildfire management more predictable.
扩大能力以有效的科学家与资源经理之间的合作，以告知森林管理
俄勒冈州立大学副教授Meg Krawchuk
多年来，联邦政府认识到科学家和决策者共同努力解决复杂的野外火灾管理问题的重要性。尽管许多成功的联邦计划都支持此类合作，但机构障碍仍然阻碍了许多富有成果的科学共同制作和沟通努力。
联邦政府应扩大财务和机构的支持，以共同生产野外消防科学和科学传播，以帮助自然资源经理在野火危机的背景下做出基于证据的决策。
According to USGS,共同制作科学项目“专注于科学家和资源经理紧密合作，以生产用于为自然资源管理决策提供信息的可行产品。”更广泛地说，项目和计划级别的科学沟通工作可以提高共同制作的科学和蒸馏文献在决策应用中的影响力和相关性。多年来，土地管理机构多年来，这些方法在Wildland Fire Science and Management领域受到了支持（包括USGS气候适应科学中心andUS Forest Service) and funding agencies (including theJoint Fire Science Program（JFSP）和国家科学基金会）。
但是，研究人员和自然资源经理都报告说资金，能力和机构障碍inhibit coproduced science efforts in wildland fire. For example,财政支持和激励结构（例如，绩效评估标准，奖项和专业认可）通常不足以支持科学家进行长期协作，关系建设的工作，从而可以扩大共同制作的科学的影响力和影响。此外，机构（存在的地方）的计划人员可能缺乏必要的带宽，即有效地将大量的期刊文章提炼为核心“因此，土地管理从业人员需要的结论”将最新的科学与现有管理策略相结合。
解决这些差距和更广泛的科学沟通支持对于最大程度地提高科学研究的潜力，以告知紧迫的森林管理问题并利用成功的共同制作项目的投资至关重要。对野外消防空间中的共同制作和沟通的更多支持将使机构能够确保决策者可以使用“最佳科学”，并可以实现联邦倡议中概述的目标USFS 10-year Wildfire Crisis Strategy，《降低通货膨胀法》，政府的“Year of Evidence for Action，”和“Year of Open Science。”
特别是，国会应该：
- Request information about existing natural resource manager efforts in federal fire agencies to engage with agency and external scientists in decision-making. If appropriate, it should then direct the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to identify critical gaps and capacity needs at these agencies to best utilize evidence-based policymaking in wildland fire management. Their findings should be reported to Congress within the next two years.
- 专用的和指定的资金分配给DOI and USDA for new investment in science integration, including project-specific funding for scientists (delivered through USGS and USFS) and program-wide support for federal USFS managers, the USFS Ecology Program, the协作森林景观修复计划(CFLRP), investment landscapes, and forest collaboratives.
具体而言，美国内政部地质调查局（USGS）和美国农业部森林服务部（USFS）应：
- 扩展对特定项目的共同制作工作的支持：
- Initiate focus panels to work withUSGS气候适应科学中心（CASC）开发一个计划，该计划在逐项项目的基础上为研究人员和从业人员提供资金支持。
- Initiate a focus panel to work with USDA USFS协作森林景观修复计划(CFLRP) and Wildfire Crisis investment landscapes to develop an ongoing funding call to support scientists and practitioners in longer-term integration of fire and climate science into project-by-project and program-wide collaborative activities.
- Expand Program Support for Science Translation:
- Expand the JFSP multi-agency funding initiative to support a broader reach of coproduced wildland fire research, including support for science translation capacity.
- 扩大成功USFS Ecology Programfrom Regions 5 and 6 to all Forest Service regions in the United States and add program staff to existing programs.
- 支持美国地质调查局及扩展项目,协助公关actitioners in applying wildland fire and climate adaptation science to management tasks.
这se investments would total less than the current price tag of existing coproduction work but extend the reach and impact of initial investments.
Launch anOpen Disaster Data Initiativeto bolster whole-of-nation resilience from wildfires and related hazards
Shefali Juneja Lakhina，Wonder Labs
Federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies collect and maintain a range of disaster vulnerability, damage, and loss data. However, this valuable data currently lives on different platforms and in various formats across agency silos, making it difficult to augment whole-of-nation preparedness, response, and recovery from a range of natural hazards, including wildfires, smoke, drought, extreme heat, flooding, and debris flow.
这Biden-Harris Administration shouldlaunch anOpen Disaster Data Initiative这要求联邦，州，地方和部落机构以一致且可互操作的格式系统地收集，共享，监控和报告灾难脆弱性，损害和损失数据。
In the past decade, several bipartisan研究，，，，数据， 和政策reviews have reiterated the need to develop national standards for the consistent collection and reporting of damage and loss data. Recentdisasterand野火研究数据平台和标准提供了优先级，并展示了在数据标准和互操作性上的投资如何使包容性，公平和公正的灾难准备，响应和恢复成果。
这Open Disaster Data Initiative将实现对事件前和事件后数据的纵向监测，以确保多种危害，从而更好地了解级联的气候影响。由公开政府倡议（2016），Fifth National Action Plan(2022), and in the context of theYear of Open Science(2023), theOpen Disaster Data Initiative将在联邦，州和地方政府如何将资金优先考虑，特别是对边缘化社区的优先级优先级。
建议
We recommend the White House and Congress, where appropriate, take the following actions:
- Appoint a White-House level staff position in the Office of Science Technology and Policy to establish theOpen Disaster Data Initiativewith the participation of all relevant federal agencies currently engaged in the management of hydro-meteorological and hydro-geological hazards including drought, extreme heat, wildfires, smoke, flooding, and landslides.
- 问题行政命令promote the development and adoption of national standards for disaster vulnerability, damage, and loss data collection, sharing, and reporting，，，，by all relevant federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as by universities, non-profits, and the private sector.
- 指定FEMA是维持国家灾难损失数据库的国家焦点机构- 一个联合，开放，集成和可互操作的灾难数据系统，可以无缝汇总本地数据，包括研究和非营利数据。FEMA的国家事件管理系统将有能力切割危险任务筒仓，并提供广泛的操作支持和培训对于向联邦，州，地方和部落机构以及非营利利益相关者进行灾难损失会计。
基于最近开发全政府Covid-19-19大流行管理数据平台的经验，建议所有从事Wildland Fire Management活动的联邦机构合作采取以下步骤来启动Open Disaster Data Initiative：
- Undertake a Disaster Data Systems and Infrastructure Assessmentto inform the development of national standards and identify barriers for accurate disaster data tracking, accounting, and sharing between federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as the philanthropic and private sector.
- Adopt national standards for disaster loss data collection and reporting解决有关数据质量，完整性，集成，互操作金博宝正规网址性和可访问性的持续问题。
- Ensure appropriate federal agencywork plans reflect the national data standards，，，，such as for digital and infrastructure planning, requests for proposals, and procurement processes to streamline all future data collection, sharing, and reporting.
- 发展联邦机构的能力准确地收集和分析灾难脆弱性，损害和损失数据，尤其是与人口估计的死亡率和发病率有关，包括野火烟雾。
- Provide guidance, training, and resources to states, non-profits, and the private sector to adopt national disaster data standards和促进无缝上卷的灾害脆弱性ability, damage, and loss data to the federal level thereby enabling accurate monitoring and accounting of community resilience in inclusive and equitable ways.
这Open Disaster Data Initiative将需要预算和能力承诺，以简化灾难数据收集并共享，以增强至少三个社会和环境成果的全部国家灾难弹性。第一的，该计划将实现增强的数据共享和信息协调among federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as with universities, non-profits, philanthropies, and the private sector. Second,the Initiative will allow for longitudinal monitoring of cascading disaster impacts on community well-being and ecosystem health，包括更好地了解灾难如何影响贫困率，住房趋势，地方经济发展以及流离失所和移民趋势，尤其是在社会和历史上的边缘化社区中。最后，Initiative willinform the prioritization of policy and program investments for inclusive, equitable, and just disaster risk reduction outcomes,特别是在社会和历史的边际ized communities, including rural communities.
Develop a federal framework to measure and evaluate the socio-ecological impacts of wildfire
加州大学伯克利分校的副专家Leana Weissberg；加州大学伯克利分校的项目气氛董事肯·亚历克斯（Ken Alex）
In the face of the wildfire crisis, federal agencies must work together to ensure that historic investments reach their full potential to protect people, property, ecosystems, and cultural resources. At present, federal agencies lack a comprehensive framework for evaluating wildfire’s socio-ecological impacts and efforts to mitigate them. While the importance of evaluating wildfire impacts is widely recognized and smaller scale efforts are underway, agencies don’t currently have a coordinated data sharing and reporting strategy for wildfire impacts.
We propose that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) convene federal fire agencies to develop a consistent and regionally appropriate framework for assessing the socio-ecological impacts of wildfire using metrics, benchmarks, and evaluation criteria.
当前的联邦机构收集，报告和评估Wildland Fire的影响的努力是分散和孤立的。在某些情况下，存在传达重要信息的数据集（例如火灾严重性和火灾后碎片流评估），但没有系统地报告。在其他情况下，孤立地报告了代表野火影响的一个方面的数据，从而限制了它们在决策中的使用。例如，关于烧毁的英亩和野火排放的数据很少与普查数据相结合，以估计野火的公共卫生影响。
为减少火灾风险投资达到历史最高峰levels, a systematic approach to evaluating and mitigating wildfire impacts is critical. By synthesizing and reporting data otherwise produced and evaluated in isolation, a more comprehensive framework will improve our collective understanding of the totality of wildfire impacts, where impacts are most severe, where they are ecologically beneficial, and how they evolve.
参与野外消防管理的联邦部门和机构已经承认使用最佳科学和衡量绩效的重要性。作为两个领先的联邦消防实体，美国森林服务局和室内部门认识到有必要使用最佳的科学来进行优先设置。此外，来自其他联邦消防实体的战略规划文件确定了对新的需求绩效措施和仪表板（DHS）公平灾难恢复和改革的气候威胁信息交付(DOC) for improved outcomes in underserved communities. The proposed framework would create connected governmental initiatives and resources to reduce redundancy, build a more complete understanding of wildfire’s socio-ecological impacts, and ensure coordinated and comprehensive reporting on progress toward impact mitigation. All federal departments and agencies whose work touches wildland fire should be involved in this effort, including: DHS, DOC, DOE, DOI, DOT, DHS (including the CDC and NIH), USDA, EPA, and NSF.
We recommend that Congress take the following steps to implement this framework:
- 要求OMB协调联邦消防机构来开发概述的框架，并在可能的情况下整合了现有的数据收集，野火结果跟踪以及在联邦，州和地方一级的治疗优先级工作。
- 要求OMB根据其协调的框架指标，基准和评估标准的协调报告来开发一个流程来评估机构，并确定适当的评估间隔。
- Allocate funds as appropriate from the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act to begin the coordination process and instruct agencies to develop budgetary requests for remaining needs within one year of the beginning of their coordination.
成功的框架将需要资金进行协调（人员配备，数据收集工作，范围的数字基础架构要求和报告）以及实施（扩大数据收集和构建数字基础架构）。每个部门的一名GS-13和三名GS-11员工组成的团队每年将花费约3至330万美元。或者，框架发展可以利用术语长度人员，例如U.S. Digital Service。
高级UAS提高野火抑制的安全性和效率
Daniel Wholey, Rain Industries
Uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) have diverse uses in wildland fire management, including real-time fire mapping, delivering supplies to responders, conducting backburns and prescribed fires, and even providing artificial rainfall for fire suppression. Congress has directed the Department of Interior (DOI) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to expand the use of UAS in wildland fire management operations through legislation such as the Dingell Jr. Act.Security concerns在2020年培养的成长暂时停止了现有的UAS计划，并阻碍了该技术的开发和整合。
国会，DOI和USDA应充分恢复《小丁格尔法》中概述的UAS计划的实施，并包括新的资金机会，以促进国内UAS技术的开发，以应对Wildland灭火和其他管理需求。
美国的消防机构有效地使用小型UA进行开处方的火灾和野外火灾映射。尽管小型UAS为消防机构提供了重要的价值，但我们认为目前未充分利用的大型UA可以显着提高火灾映射和抑制工作的安全性和效率。其他小组已经证明了更大，更先进的UA在野火管理和响应中可以发挥的作用。在2018年California National Guard used an MQ-9 Reaper这是一个遥远的大型UAS，可实时绘制野火，并将实时视频发送到运营设施，从而提供关键的情境意识。洛克希德·马丁和卡曼demonstrated cargo and water drops from the K-MAX helicopter.雨工业[作者丹尼尔·沃利（Daniel Gully）受雇于雨工业（Rain Industries）]正在与第三方早期检测网络集成，并自动化大型UA，以迅速对Wildland Fire Dignition响应。
这Dingell Jr Act指示DOI和USDA扩展UAS计划，并评估包括大型UA的新技术，包括大型UAS，以加速UAS在部门运营中的部署和集成。该法案的实施在2020年特朗普政府时受到质疑接地无人机担心敏感数据已发送给中国制造商，中国政府可以在那里访问它。自从此挫折以来，已经在几个方面取得了进步。doi有效地解除了无人机操作2022年12月的禁令。最近的拨款中有超过6亿美元用于准备和抑制，其中一些可用于推进UAS计划。
Given mandates from Congress and the continuing security concerns associated with foreign UAS technology, we believe that the solution is to expand domestic research, development, and production of large UAS for wildfire management operations.
建议
DOI and USDA should resume implementation of the Dingell Jr. Act and include an initiative to promote domestic research, development, and production of large UAS, such as helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft, for wildfire management operations, particularly suppression. This initiative should include innovative funding mechanisms such as奖杯，，，，milestone-based payment programs, and小型企业创新研究（SBIR）和小型企业技术转移（STTR）。
国会应确保该计划的适当资源，根据联邦航空管理局（FAA）的估计为3000万美元FY22-26 National Aviation Research Plan。
劳动力
Establish a Tribal ranger program to fund permanent land stewardship opportunities for Tribal communities
克里斯·阿德兰（Chris Adlam），俄勒冈州立大学博士
Due to historic disenfranchisement and current socioeconomic conditions, many members of Tribal Nations currently lack the resources and time needed to steward their ancestral lands in the same manner as generations before them have done for millenia. This lack of opportunity为部落社区带来了负面结果，，，，including compromised forest health on ancestral lands, entrenched poverty on reservations, and the erosion of vital, intergenerational Traditional Ecological Knowledge.
国会应将资金分配给部落国家和部落领导的组织，以创建和定义计划，以建立澳大利亚的土著游侠计划或者加拿大的土著监护人计划，，，，that provide stable funding for long-term employment opportunities, training, and equipment for Tribes to carry out land stewardship activities, including cultural burns, post-fire monitoring, and ecological restoration.
加拿大和澳大利亚的计划为部落国家和组织成员创造了长期和短期就业机会，他们有助于发展致力于恢复和野火缓解的劳动力。这些计划授权土著群体促进土地有效管理，建立持久的关系并更好地转移代际知识。例如，澳大利亚的土著游骑兵团体reported several broader benefitsfor the long disadvantaged areas communities they operate within, including “safer communities, strengthened language and culture, an ability to find meaningful employment, increased respect for women, and more role models for younger people.” Similar programs in Australia have seenreturns on investment of upward of $3.50 per $1.00 invested。
通过遵循这些成功的模型，联邦政府可以为部落国家和组织创造经济上有益的机会，使其在其祖先土地上管家森林。该计划可以集中于长期机会，以最大程度地利用基于地点的，代际知识和智慧的好处。美国部落游骑兵计划有可能通过保护野外城市界面社区和基础设施，维护分水岭和空气质量，并为土著参与者，其社区及其其他环境中的其他社区提供经济利益，从而提供高投资回报。他们服务的。
建议
We recommend that Congress consider:
- Allocating funds to Tribal Nations and organizations to design and lead a national Tribal Ranger program, in amodel similar to that of the Canadian Indigenous Guardians program（与原住民，因纽特人和梅蒂斯共同开发）。
- Funding can be used by Tribal Nations and organizations to create a process for Tribal Nations and organizations to determine the eligible entities and eligible activities that may be funded through the program, and for Tribal Nations and organizations to form a working group to design and lead a regular application process, or other distribution process, to disburse funds.
- Guaranteeing a permanent funding stream for the program through the creation of an endowment that would regularly disburse funds for eligible projects.
Tribes and Indigenous-oriented organizations could also decide to utilize the program and its funding to create apprenticeship programs (such as those recommended here) focused on conserving and implementing place-based knowledge to steward ancestral lands. If necessary, this program could be launched as a pilot project with additional funds allocated at a later date.
通过这项倡议，联邦政府将正确地认识并提升了土著从业者的角色，他们长期以来一直在强烈地保持着深深的专业知识，但一直被边缘化。因此，该计划将是纠正数百年来迫害和缺陷森林管理的重要一步。
扩大野火缓解和健康森林的军团计划
Irva Hertz-Piccioto, Professor and Director, Environmental Health Sciences CenterUniversity of California, Davis
我们森林中的死和生病的树木和浓密的营养碎片是加油megafires and magnifying their frequency, intensity, and destructiveness. Fire suppression alone hascost自2012年以来，美国每年在15亿至45亿美元之间。抑制费用仅占野火全部成本的一小部分，其中包括经济，基础设施，生态系统，健康和其他成本。解决此问题将需要通过野外消防劳动力大量增加全国的森林健康，尤其是那些接受缓解和韧性的劳动力。
为了应对日益增长的野火挑战并参与野外消防职业，国会和联邦消防机构应扩大并更好地利用美国各地的Corps计划模型。
准备应对国家野外火灾挑战的劳动力投资已经在进行中。例如，DOI Office of Wildland Fireand theUS Department of Agricultureare using funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to support a “more permanent workforce capable of fire response and mitigation work on a year-round basis.” Professionalizing the wildland fire workforce to address longer fire seasons and preparing these workers to support mitigation efforts is critical to building a more resilient landscape. However, this alone is not sufficient to meet the magnitude of our forest health problem.
Corps programs can supplement and complement the development of this more permanent workforce and simultaneously accelerate the pace of hazardous fuels reduction on the ground. Across the country, they are already doing so; for example, the加利福尼亚保护军团的林业军团（与美国森林服务局合作）着重于去除杂草丛生和死植被，这是在国家土地上缓解野火的一部分。成员获得相关的认证，为他们的林业职业做好准备。Americorps也有支持的该国多个地区的野地缓解活动，包括雇用veterans， 和providesenvironmental stewardshipopportunities across the US.
鉴于需求的巨大性和减少危险燃料的紧迫性，联邦机构可以并且应该在全国范围内扩大对这些模型的支持。与州机构，非营利组织和社区组织的合作伙伴关系可以利用，以使这些计划更广泛和成本效益。扩展这些计划将实现三个核心目标：1）减少危险燃料的积累2）扩大合格的申请人在联邦和州野外火灾管理和缓解工作中的工作，以及3）通过为他们提供动手动力来丰富青年的生活服务经验对环境和健康有所作为。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Pass legislation that will restore forest health and resilience by allocating funds to expand existing wildland fire mitigation service programs involving partnerships with state, Tribal, territorial, private, non-profit and other entities. These Corps should be modeled after existing successful Corps programs and provide a pathway to more permanent employment, e.g., in wildland fire management.
We recommend that the USFS, AmeriCorps, and DOI work together to:
- 进行分析以确定现有计划的位置（例如Americorps’环境管理programs) could be expanded in geography, scope, and partnerships with states, Tribal and community entities to meet the growing wildland fire mitigation needs. This analysis should include a) scaling up jobs directly carrying out fuel reduction and mitigation activities, as well as b) creating opportunities to prepare participants for careers that provide needed support for those activities, (e.g., strategic and regulatory planning, biomass use coordination).
- 建立原则和流程，以优先考虑对危险燃料缓解兵团计划的支持，以最需要的地理，森林类型和人类社区，灵活性和定期重新评估优先级。
- 建立和扩大足够长的(9-24个月)programs, wherein training can be provided in multiple fuel reduction methods including prescribed burns; removal of dead vegetation; and hand- or mechanical-thinning of small or mid-sized trees. Consider expanding existingapprenticeshipprograms through the Forest Service.
- For all federally supported Corps programs pertaining to wildland fire, incorporate training in土著传统生态知识（TEK）和基于全国各种生态系统中大量火灾经验的实践。
- 招募18岁及以上的人，重点招募来自服务不足的社区的青年。在森林管理，故意火灾，设备使用以及工作场所健康与安全方面提供教育和动手培训。
- Provide personal protective equipment to minimize injuries and training in proper use, as well as food, tents or structures for shelter, equipment, and medical care including transport. Corps members’ compensation should be a minimum of $2500 per month.
- 为了确保实现强大的招聘目标，请参与沟通和营销专家。一种自适应方法应制定策略，以考虑当今一代的特定需求，例如互联网连接。开发新的网络，例如社区大学和专业学校，以吸引各种技能和兴趣的广泛参与者。
Expanded Corps program will dramatically reduce destructive megafires and associated evacuations, provide cleaner air to breathe, and restore forest health across the nation.
它还将赋予一代年轻人的新技能，为他们提供优质的工作，以及与自然的有意义的联系，改善士气和心理健康以及更美好的未来。
Invest in worker-led industries for whole-of-community wildfire resilience
Shefali Juneja Lakhina，Wonder Labs
迄今为止，林业和消防人员的讨论重点是应对联邦和州机构的人员配备和保留挑战。但是，对非正式劳动力能力的巨大但未开发的潜力没有足够的关注。私营企业，小型企业和基于社区的组织，雇用和培训成千上万的非正式工人，包括学生，志愿者，移民，被监禁和受到正义影响的人。促使人们对这一快速增长的非正式劳动力的投资增加了最短，最可持续的途径，以实现国家野火弹性和缓解气候缓解目标。发展多样化的工人领导的森林和消防行业还可以帮助建立以前未知的行业，这些行业在不断变化的气候下适应性且能够响应当地需求。
这Biden-Harris Administration should launch an ‘Investing in worker-led industries for whole-of-community wildfire resilience’ program that supports innovative, future-ready, and tech-forward solutions from private industry, small businesses, and community-based organizations working on the frontlines of wildfire impacts. Over the next five years, at least $250 million should be invested in creating a worker-led forestry and fire industry to address the entire lifecycle of workforce development from education, training, and certification, to building resilient community infrastructure that includes family-sustaining housing, and enabling public health and whole-of-community wellbeing.
一些联邦，，，，状态， 和当地的培训和证明更多林业和消防人员的努力已经在进行中。虽然增加培训和认证是当前劳动力短缺的一个明显解决方案，但recent studiesreveal that addressing barriers related to支付均等，体面的住房，心理健康和职业轨道途径，对于建立强大的和可持续森林恢复劳动力。Yet, addressing these entry points for federal and state agencies will not necessarily lead to place-based, worker-owned, and community-centered solutions that sustaincare for informal sector workers在美国西部的野生世界界面和跨社区中生活和工作的人。支持创建数千个小型商机的创造高路以解决需求和供应方面of the current workforce problem in equitable and sustainable ways.
Building on the正义40指令，有很大的机会投资于大多数影响社区，包括土著社区，农村社区和低收入社区，这些社区容纳学生，志愿者，，，，移民， 和incarcerated workers。This investment will spur new worker-owned and worker-led industries––in wildfire risk assessment, home hardening, defensible space, fuels reduction, prescribed burns, woody mass industries, biofuels, timber, fire detection and response, insurance, smoke management, clean air structures, post-disaster reconstruction, and restoration. Instead of building these industries in siloes, this proposal would spur an interdependent network of place-based, worker-owned small businesses that can contribute to resilient local infrastructure and whole-of-community well-being.
对野火弹性的投资必须被视为公共利益：对国家工人，社区基础设施和当地行业的投资。过去的举措，例如为农场家庭家庭建造负担得起的住房，以及正在进行的倡议，例如塔霍·特鲁克社区基金会的森林期货程序，塞拉森林企业家计划和加利福尼亚的Climate Catalyst Revolving Loan Fund，，，，provide precedents for public-private-people-philanthropic partnerships to bring novel solutions to a cascading crisis. Capital for this program can be blended in ways that enable worker-owned cooperatives to solve the workforce gap equitably, and foster resilient community infrastructure, including family-sustaining housing. This, in turn, can generate new local industries—not only in wood products but also in related products and services that can spur a much larger wildfire resilience economy.
建议
Biden-Harris政府应投资于建立一个新的工人领导的林业和消防行业，该行业支持创建弹性的本地基础设施，并实现整个社区野火的弹性。具体来说，Wonder Labs建议采取以下操作：
建立在好工作挑战， 这U.S. Department of Commerce should pilot entrepreneurship hubs that provide at least $150m in agile capital and mentorship to trained forestry and fire workers to start up small businesses, procure equipment, create resilient local infrastructure, and contribute to multi-scalar wildfire resilience goals。这些枢纽应具有包容性和无歧视性，包括对被监禁和正义影响背景的人。
内政部和农业部应共同投资至少6000万美元，向各种土地和消防管理从业者提供敏捷资本，包括土著消防从业者，牧场主和农民，，，，all who are already contributing to land and habitat restoration on Tribal and private lands, and need investments to scale capacities, equipment, and local infrastructure.
美国森林服务局，国家公园管理局和土地管理局应与美国西部的相关州机构和私营企业合作，为以前被监禁和正义影响的个人创建职业街道，包括小商业机会。Investing at least $25m in piloting such an initiative could enable effective reintegration with communities on release and contribute to greater social, economic, and environmental outcomes. Specifically,learning from the California experience：
- Raise the pay for fire camp workers so people are equitably compensated for their labor and firefighting expertise, and hours worked in prison can contribute to poverty reduction, reintegration, and family-sustaining lives post-incarceration.
- Improve fire camp trainings and certifications including programs for the use of tech-forward tools and devices, at par with training received by local fire districts and state and federal agencies.
- 通过从消防营到林业和消防管理职业的流线型途径，包括通过创新营和技术枢纽，为被监禁和正义影响的人们制度化。
- 支持现有的计划和主要培训师枢纽，以扩展种子资本和指导，以使训练营的工人创办小型林业和消防企业。
建立在平民气候兵团的基础上，土地管理局，包括美国森林服务局和国家公园管理局，应至少投资1500万美元，以共同利用青年领导的林业和消防计划，包括对多样化的年轻黑人，包括持续的宣传土著人民和有色人种（BIPOC），妇女，识别为LGBTQQIA2S+的人，以及在职业培训和资格的各个阶段涉及正义的人。具体来说：
- 基于校园的扩大培训计划以及教育机构与政府，私人和非营利土地管理者之间的伙伴关系，使高中，社区学院，州立大学和职业课程的青年能够获得学分和劳动力资格向当地的野火风险管理工作。通过学校和大学系统获得培训学分将使林业和消防管理更容易作为职业途径，并以技术前卫和未来就业的劳动力大大扩展本地弹性能力。
- 为年轻的BIPOC和与正义的人建立专门的奖学金，以与联邦，州，地方和部落机构进行全年实习和培训，包括最新的野火风险管理技术应用程序和部署。
- 为年轻人提供种子资本和指导，尤其是来自低收入，农村和部落社区，这有助于创办林业和火灾企业，这些林业和火灾企业有助于恢复，地方经济发展以及国家野火的韧性和气候缓解目标。
投资劳动力发展，以赋予土著经验和知识并支持边缘化社区
Ryan Reed, Member of the Karuk Tribe; Indigenous Fire Practitioner; FireGeneration Collaborative; and Kyle Trefny, FireGeneration Collaborative
正如白宫所承认的那样recent guidance，传统的生态知识“历史上在科学社区中被边缘化，并被排除在研究和学术资源，资金和其他机会之外。”野外火领域也不例外：传统的生态土著知识系统已降级为缓解火灾和管理领导的外围，阻止了文化消防从业者在凭证系统中认可的文化火灾经验多年。
这国家野火协调小组should develop curriculum and qualification standards to recognize Traditional Ecological Knowledge systems and take further action to address systemic barriers to participation in the wildland fire management workforce.
Cultural Fire Practitioners face barriers to partnering with the federal fire management workforce and taking on leadership roles, despite decades of knowledge and practice. These barriers not only exacerbate oppression, relegating Traditional Ecological Knowledge as lesser, but prevent otherwise qualified leaders from contributing to current mitigation and management structures.
妇女和长者经常担任土著社区的领导者和老师，导致并传递传统的生态知识。不幸的是，女性完全包容和进步的面部障碍在里面男性主导的野地消防人员。For example, oneForest Service surveyfound that three in four women report having “felt out of place at work because of their gender” and that women in leadership roles “face challenges finding respect.” One third of surveyed Forest Service employees believed that personal characteristics hindered career advancement in wildland fire.
这se systemic barriers must be overcome to create pathways for more inclusive fire management leadership involving Indigenous women and elders, and supporting marginalized groups in the wildland fire space. The国家野火协调小组，它建立了遍布荒地大火的机构的运营，职位和资格标准，应采取进一步的行动来培养野生国家消防劳动力和文化，以反映美国必须提供的全部知识和经验。
建议
为了确保现有的劳动力发展计划纳入土著知识，国家野火协调小组应：
- Identify curricula where local and regional historical and ecological context for fire management can be incorporated, such as NWCG’s S-130 Firefighter Training and the RT-130 Wildland Fire Safety Training Annual Refresher Intent.
- Jointly develop curricula concerning local and regional historical and ecological context for fire management with Indigenous Cultural Fire Practitioners, focusing on ecological aspects of fire, legacies of Indigenous fire stewardship, and consequences of fire exclusion.
- 国会和参与机构应确保分配资金，以补偿文化消防人员对这些努力的贡献。
- Ensure that the new curriculum describes how members of the wildland fire workforce can learn about and implement relevant Indigenous and ecological principles into current practices.
为了消除包容性消防管理工作文化和领导力的系统性障碍，机构应利用其管辖权和国家野火协调小组的管辖范围来：
- 允许文化和规定的燃烧经验和知识用于消防管理认证和资格，并获得抑制火灾经验。
- 与土著文化消防从业者合作，重新评估参加各种处方和文化火灾活动应需要哪些类型的身体健康要求，以及可以开发出哪些其他角色来克服在结构上歧视妇女和长者的参与和领导才能。
- Address sexism, racism, harassment, and homophobia by incorporating elements of each of these into theNWCG L-180 Wildland Fire Servicat中的人为因素training, and ensure that this curriculum is received by all contract crews and other fire camp employees who may not receive similar agency training.
- 对所有机构和合同人员的所有主管都设定了期望，该骚扰或同性恋恐惧症与性别歧视，种族主义和同性恋恐惧症有关的骚扰或行为明确的零容忍政策，并建立了在不担心工作或其他报复的情况下报告不当行为的安全系统。
Support the ecological fire management workforce of the future through investments in education for youth and communities
Ryan Reed, Member of the Karuk Tribe; Indigenous Fire Practitioner; FireGeneration Collaborative; and Kyle Trefny, FireGeneration Collaborative
Wildland Fire不仅会影响野生世界 - 它使生计，物理安全和珍贵的文化资源处于危险之中。尽管存在危险的火灾，但在消防管理政策方面，当地社区通常被排除在讨论和发展之外。在这个差距中，是一个关键的机会：年轻一代渴望促进变革转变以保护其社区和当地土地。
国会应投资于短期内提供训练有素的劳动力以补充机构能力的青年计划，从长远来看，这为消防管理职业提供了途径。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- 分配资金，以在每个教育水平上大量投资于野外消防劳动力发展，，，，including high schools, community colleges, and universities, to prepare young people for proactive fire management and community resilience work at the scale this crisis demands.
- 这se programs can be modeled after the克莱姆森消防老虎and theOregon Conservation Corps，这为年轻人提供了实用的经验和培训，并在规定的文化燃烧，家庭野火准备和社区韧性方面为年轻人提供了培训。
- 资金应专门针对边缘化和最受影响的社区，例如为农村和少数民族人口（即土著和拉丁裔学生以及1890年土地赠款机构）提供服务的学校，以及被认为具有最大的火灾风险，具有低社会经济能力。
- Change the federal summer fire hiring从上一个秋天到春季，最好涉及到大学时代的消防员，他们无法提前半年做出承诺。
- Invest in assisting fire-prone communities in applying for and accessing federal fundsfor fire preparation and mitigation work. Examples include support for access to programs such as theCommunity Wildfire Defense Grants。Necessary job expansions and funding provisions at the local level include funding for grant-writers and program planners and managers, community organizers, etc. These initiatives should prioritize high risk and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, i.e. low-income rural and Tribal communities.
Directly Fund Tribes to Create and Implement Land Stewardship Initiatives
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士
Across the United States, Tribal nations and organizations have the knowledge and will to lead cultural and prescribed burns. Unfortunately, they are consistently limited by (a) insufficient funds, and (b) burdensome regulatory requirements that often prove overly burdensome to comply with. These two issues are connected. Tribal practitioners are often unable to obtain federal grants for land stewardship purposes because they do not have the capacity to find and apply for them, to compete with state agencies and organizations in the application process, and to comply with the grant requirements, which can conflict with Cultural Fire traditions in fundamental ways.
国会应直接向部落国家和部落领导的组织进行酌情资金，以减少火灾危害，以减少部落竞争赠款所需的行政能力。这些资金将由区域部落联络员驱散，他们将收集并利用当地演员的意见来指导赠款。
Tribal governments and organizations require direct grant funding to exercise their sovereignty in a rightfully unencumbered manner. When Tribal governments and organizations are provided with adequate funding and are able to direct its usage, Cultural Fire Practitioners are able to design cultural fire projects that fit their unique traditions and local plant communities contained within their lands. In addition, by giving Tribes greater discretion over funds, the federal government would a) decrease the regulatory burden on Tribes, and b) provide greater recognition of cultural burning as a uniquely valuable form of land restoration and place-based knowledge, instead of categorizing the practice as an often-overlooked subset of prescribed burning.
最重要的是，直接资金将使部落政府和组织能够将关键能力从时间密集型的行政任务转移到管理其祖先土地上。部落可以扩大消防从业者的劳动力，治疗更大的土地领域，并更好地保护重要的自然和文化资源。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Commission a study conducted collaboratively with Tribal nations and organizations to explore financial mechanisms to deliver consistent, direct funding to Tribal Nations and organizations for Cultural Fire purposes. Potential mechanisms could include a federal endowment or a dedicated tax.
- 指导该研究以确保CFP可以轻松获得提议的资金机制获得资金。
- 一旦确定了适当的财务机制，便雇用区域部落联络员将资金引导到部落，并收到当地社区和CFP的意见。联络人将有助于创建双向沟通渠道，以在历史上自上而下的资金过程中增强本地声音。
By drawing upon the expertise of communities and Cultural Fire Practitioners, the Tribal liaisons would be able to target funds to groups and landscapes that have the greatest need, ensuring that federal resources are utilized in an effective manner each year.
It is time for the federal government to recognize the deep expertise of Tribes in fire management. By giving Tribes greater influence in determining the use of funds for preventative and mitigative activities, Congress would bring funding structures in line with the rightful sovereignty of Tribes, and it would protect communities and natural resources across the country by clearing the path for more beneficial fire.
About these recommendations
下面的建议包括针对国会和行政部门的想法。委员会可能希望考虑国会在鼓励或支持此处描述的行政部门变更方面发挥作用；此外，我们计划与包括Wildland Fire领导委员会（WFLC）和白宫野火弹性的机构间工作组在内的行政部门参与者分享这些建议。
有关推荐归因的注释
Note that each of the recommendations below stands alone and is attributed to a specific contributor or team of contributors. The recommendations below不一定反映完整队列的观点。此外，整个建议清单也不一定反映出完整队列的观点，也不构成共识。
Acronyms
CDC：疾病控制与预防中心
国土安全部：国土安全部
文档：商务部
doi：内政部
EPA：环境保护局
FEMA：联邦紧急管理机构
HHS：卫生与公共服务部
NIH：国立卫生研究院
NSF：国家科学基金会
UAS: Uncrewed Aerial Systems
美国农业部：美国农业部
USFS：美国森林服务部
USGS: United States Geological Survey
到2050年，美国将需要65,000英里的管道才能实现净零排放。这是拜登政府可以扩大低排放，复合材料来支持零净愿景的方式。
Amino acids are essential but costly inputs for large-scale bioproduction. Federal funding can incentivize scalable production, cutting these costs in half.
通过按需基础设施将氧气作为公用事业，可以在全球范围内提高访问和死亡率。医疗保健专家提出，由美国国际开发署（USAID）领导的国际联盟如何改变低收入国家和中等收入国家的医疗氧气市场，以确保每个患者拥有所需的氧气。
In an environment where fire seasons are turning to fire years, and summer skies across North America are filled with wildfire smoke from as far away as another coast, the need for scientifically accurate wildland fire policy has never been greater. Over the past several months, COMPASS Science Communication has been working in collaboration with […]