Technology & Innovation

签证面试弃权之后

05.11.23 | 10 min read | Text by杰里米·诺伊费尔德(Jeremy Neufeld)Amy NiceDivyansh Kaushik

概括

Covid-19-19通过中断美国领事馆和外国职位的运营,通过导致收集的费用崩溃以及较紧张的人员配备挑战来削减领事服务的收入,从而严重受损国务院(DOS)处理能力。为了应对能力降低的响应,国务院利用其权力放弃了面对面的访谈,以在保护国家安全的同时,使用其可用资源进行有效处理签证。即使在Covid-19作为正式的公共卫生紧急情况下结束后,其对签证处理能力的影响也将持续。在2022年,有48%的非移民签证被签发了面试豁免,这是使全球人才流动性恢复活力的重要组成部分。当前的签证访谈豁免政策应保持到位,直到美国签证处理完全篮板,并应成为国务院持续努力制定国家领事政策的永久性特征,以减轻风险并避免积压。

由于处理能力降低,扩大面试豁免的使用扩大

国会授权采访豁免,使国务院能够将其稀缺资源集中在潜在威胁上。国务院最初对谁必须进行“个人出现”,并根据1952年《移民和国籍法》被放弃。1Before the September 11th attacks, personal appearance waivers were relatively common,2但是9/11后的政策指南最初是在2003年在法规中编纂的,将豁免的使用限制在某些情况下。3国会在2004年的《情报改革与恐怖主义预防法案》中编纂了这些限制,该法案为所有14至79名申请人提供了面对面的面试要求,但在特定情况下除外。4Namely, DOS can offer waivers for the in-person interview requirement to applicants renewing visas (who have already had interviews) and for designated low-risk applicants.5

国会留给国务院的2004年国务院豁免当局包含三个组成部分。首先,在某些情况下,当申请人“提出不需要面试的国家安全问题”的某些情况下,个人领事官员可能会放弃面对面的访谈。其次,国务卿可能会在符合国家利益的情况下放弃采访。第三,签证服务副助理秘书有权在“由于不寻常或紧急情况的结果必要时,都可以放弃面试。6

在Covid-19之后,国务院从战略上利用这些豁免来解决增长的积压。在大流行开始时暂时暂停签证处理后,DOS于2020年7月恢复了有限的签证处理。但是,有限的容量导致了明显的积压和等待时间。许多因素导致了冗长的积压:

  1. 领事馆和使馆的中断行动:许多领事馆因封锁措施和健康风险而暂时关闭或在大流行时期的服务缩放。这导致延迟在正常功能恢复时螺旋形成巨大积压的应用程序。
  2. 收入减少:作为基于费用的机构,领事服务失去了与正常运营相关的收入。削减员工和资源使该机构的每个官员的案件更高。
  3. 大流行之前的资源有限:甚至在Covid-19之前,美国领事馆和使馆的资源不足以有效地处理重大的处理需求。与大流行有关的破坏加剧了这个问题。
  4. 申请量增加:随着疫苗广泛使用,全球旅行恢复。延长时间后重新团聚的家庭是签证申请量增加的主要贡献者。

The Department of State’s current policies focus on low-risk applicants, namely individuals who: have previously traveled to the United States; have biometrics on file for full screening and vetting; and either are the beneficiary of an approved petition from DHS confirming their eligibility for a visa classification or have already received a Certificate of Eligibility for a visa classification by an institution designated by DOS.

2020年3月26日,国务卿庞培宣布,DOS将扩大某些H-2申请人的豁免权,这标志着签证豁免的首次扩展是响应降低的处理能力。2020年8月,Pompeo宣布,如果他们的签证在过去24个月内到期,则允许他们先前持有的同一类别签证的申请人获得面试豁免。在此之前,面试的到期期仅为12个月。2020年12月,即将到期前两天,DOS将其延长至2021年3月底。3月,到期期间再次翻了一番,从24个月到48个月,该政策延长至2021年12月31日。在2021年9月,DOS还批准了2021年剩余时间的豁免权,该签证豁免计划中的F,M和学术J签证的申请人以前签发了签证。

2021年12月,DOS将其当时存在的政策(有一些次要修改)延长到2022年12月。它还通过为H-1,H-3,H-4,L,O,O,O的首次申请人提供了豁免政策。,P和Q签证 - 所有需要DHS请愿裁决的分类 - 如果他们是参加签证豁免计划的国家的国民,并且是通过电子旅行授权(ESTA)的前旅行者。H-1,H-3,H-4,L,O,P和Q签证的申请人也有资格获得豁免,如果以前已发行任何类型的签证(这意味着其生物特征数据已与DOS备份),从未被拒绝签证(除非克服或放弃拒绝),并且只要他们没有明显或潜在的不合格。也可以在不采访的情况下向已获得有效的作为F-1学生或学术J-1计划的交换访问者的申请人或学术J-1计划中的交换访问者的申请人。Moreover, the interview waiver policy that individuals renewing a visa in the same category as a visa that expired in the preceding 48 months may be eligible for issuance without an interview was announced as a standing policy of the State Department, and added to the department’s Foreign Affairs Manual for consular officers. In December 2022, DOS announced another extension of these policies, which are set to expire at the end of 2023.

2023年4月,拜登总统签署了一项决议,结束了大流行发起的国家紧急情况。公共卫生紧急情况将于2023年5月11日到期。

正如政策制定者认为,官方官方紧急情况以外的面试豁免的未来一样,他们应该指出,新的豁免政策是对加工能力的大幅降低而不是直接的公共卫生措施的反应。即使豁免的使用扩大,积压仍然很重要。平均等待时间估计约为100天,高于大流行前等待。即使公共卫生紧急情况已经结束,只要处理延误持续存在,我们仍必须保留当前的面试豁免政策。

面试豁免非常有效

面试豁免已为有效的签证处理做出了积极贡献。最近的数据显示,各种申请人类型的全球等待时间有所下降,包括学生,交流访客,需要DHS请愿书批准的临时工和B-1/B-2访客。7此外,面试豁免对逾期票价的影响最小。

应该指出的是,豁免不是以国家安全或公共安全为代价的。即使放弃访谈,也可以持续进行稳健的筛查和审查协议。保留豁免机制可以有助于在强大的筛查和审查措施和程序工作流程之间取得平衡,这对于有效管理积压案件至关重要。放弃的申请人通常由低风险的个人资料或以前在全面的背景调查后授予签证的申请人,然后根据已经存档的生物识别机构进行了与申请人相同的筛查和审查检查和评论。国家领事职位在不采访的情况下接收签证申请的能力,但不要求帖子对所有可用类别的帖子都这样做,使领事官员可以考虑到特定于国家 /地区的条件。

As the State Department recently noted: “These interview waiver authorities have reduced visa appointment wait times at many embassies and consulates by freeing up in-person interview appointments for other applicants who require an interview. Nearly half of the almost seven million nonimmigrant visas the Department issued in Fiscal Year 2022 were adjudicated without an in-person interview. We are successfully lowering visa wait times worldwide, following closures during the pandemic, and making every effort to further reduce those wait times as quickly as possible, including for first-time tourist visa applicants. Embassies and consulates may still require an in-person interview on a case-by-case basis and dependent upon local conditions.”8

鉴于去年在没有采访的情况下发行了大约一半的非移民签证,因此在公共卫生紧急情况结束后停止采访豁免将对已经不起作的领事劳动力和妨碍全球流动性造成不当压力,就像学术,工业和政府旅行一样正在返回流行前水平。先前照顾几乎一半成功签证应用程序的工作量将增加对一个能够满足日益增长的大流行需求的系统的压力。

面试豁免不会危害安全性

As the State Department explained in 2015, “interview waiver options do not represent a reduced scrutiny of applicants; rather, they are intended to提高通过允许州将更多资源集中在潜在威胁上,签证过程的安全。”

首先,由于大流行而扩大的采访豁免的使用仅适用于低风险申请人。豁免受到重要的护栏以保护安全。他们没有任何申请人可以使用:以前被拒绝签证;在领事的监视和支持系统(类)中列出;需要安全咨询意见或国家部门的许可;来自他们不是国家或居民的国家申请;或谁是向指定国家赞助商的国家申请的人。此外,他们不能成为任何构成安全威胁的群体的成员,历史上历史上的签证率高于平均水平,或者构成签证欺诈的重大风险。

其次,符合面试豁免的申请人仍需要进行背景调查以及所有非移民所需的所有筛查和审查,包括名称检查和生物识别筛查。

第三,豁免是酌情决定的。如果领事官员怀疑其信誉,或者在标准筛选程序后对其资格有任何其他疑问,领事官员总是可以选择采访申请人。

面试豁免通过允许该部门将其资源部署在最需要的地方,从而最大程度地提高了DOS为给定的处理能力提供的安全性。

建议

Current interview waivers should be extended until at least 80% of non-immigrant visa applicants in categories requiring USCIS petition approval or sponsor-issued Certificates of Eligibility can schedule an interview within three weeks。Existing waivers should not be lifted unless this benchmark for visa processing can be maintained. In 2012, the president established this benchmark as a target for DOS with regard to business and tourist visas. By 2015, the Department successfully brought wait times down with the help of numerous policy changes, including the use of interview waivers. This benchmark provides a reasonable criterion to define unusual or emergent circumstances related to visa processing justifying waivers.

领事管理控制措施应包括领事职位向国务院领事馆事务局使用面试豁免的年度报告。领事职务通常进行少量的lidation studies each year for Visa Services leadership in Consular Affairs. Each consular post should be tasked with reporting: whether the post utilized interview waiver authorities, and the reasoning for when the authorities were employed or not, what efficiencies or hurdles were encountered; and how the targeted use of interview waivers at the individual post can mitigate risks by allowing consular officials to focus attention on country-specific conditions.

Congress should authorize expanded interview waivers beyond the emergent circumstances of reduced processing capacity and task DOS with piloting other policies that would institutionalize efficient visa processing。Waivers are justified under current authority by the unusual circumstance of reduced processing capacity but may be helpful even when processing capacity has rebounded. Congress can and should make clear that it intends the national interest authorities left to the Secretary of State be utilized for the purpose of keeping processing times down. Congress can also help DOS pilot remote interviews for those lowest risk applicants that remain ineligible for interview waivers or in countries where interview waivers are not an appropriate response for country conditions. Combining interview waivers with remote interviewing authority would allow the State Department to better choose how to deploy its resources while also maintaining thorough screening and vetting through biometrics. Institutionalizing more certain and predictable timing on visa applications would help ensure the U.S. is attractive to international talent that is key to keeping the country competitive.

Conclusion

尽管据报道大流行状况的改善,但签证积压仍在全球外交任务中构成重大挑战。应允许国务院广泛而灵活地使用领事资源来收集和审查筛查和审查结果,并在不安排访谈的情况下完成所有处理要求。这将使部门能够为寻求进入该国的合格个人提供更多及时的选择。在Covid-19-19-199官方到期后,保持面试豁免使专家可以专注于需要更深入审查的基本案例,从而增强了我们移民系统的安全性。

Lifting COVID-related restrictions does not automatically imply that all embassies or consulates will be able to immediately manage pre-pandemic levels of visa applications. Adjusting staffing resources and infrastructure could take time, especially when considering additional constraints from dealing with limited operational capacities. In these cases, visa interview waivers can help alleviate undue stress on embassy operations while providing flexibility to consular officers.

1
ina 222(e)
2
CRS,“Monitoring Foreign Students in the United States: The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS).”
3
68 FR 40127
4
ina 222(h)
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
7
See IFP,签证困境。
8
dos,“延长针对某些非移民签证申请人的面试豁免,”2022年12月23日。