筹码和科学资金更新:2023财年综合,20024财年预算都在短短数十亿美元
有关更多图表,请参见PDF。
国会通过筹码与科学法(P.L. 117-167)2022年以两党投票,这是出于几个问题和政策目标的动机。一个主要的总体主题是全球在知识经济中以及美国在美国的地位的竞争。更广泛地说,国会还试图提高联邦机构投资研发以为国家挑战创造解决方案的能力。为此,该法案采取了远远超出半导体的一系列政策步骤:为联邦技术企业提供战略重点,创建投资美国工人和地区的计划,扩大资金工具包,并授权整个频谱的R&D授权提升,。
但是也不是2023财年合并拨款法也不是拜登政府的2024财年预算请求已经设法跟上该法案中建立的代理资金承诺。2023财年的综合资金距离国家科学基金会,能源部科学办公室和国家标准技术研究所的授权目标近30亿美元。2024财年对这些机构的要求超过50亿美元(请参见下图)。
该报告提供了这些机构的帐户和计划的详细细分,并将当前资金水平与筹码和科学授权的资金水平进行了比较。该报告旨在作为决策者和倡导者的参考和资源,作为2024财年的拨款周期。
筹码和科学背景
如上所述,在下面更全面介绍,Chips和Science采取了多种步骤来加强美国的科学和技术企业。该法案中的概念性通过线是建立关键技术重点领域和第10387节所定义的社会挑战,如下表所示。尽管这不是联邦研发企业的唯一优先事项,但这些重点领域提供了一个框架来指导某些投资,尤其是新的NSF技术局的投资。
这些关键技术领域也与筹码和科学指示的科学与技术政策办公室和国家科学技术委员会的长期战略制定有关。国防部的关键技术清单上也出现了一些技术领域。
>>关键技术重点领域>> | |
AI,机器学习,自主权* | 高级通信和沉浸式技术* |
高级计算,软件,半导体* | 生物技术* |
Quantum information science* | 数据存储和管理,分布式分类帐,网络安全* |
机器人技术,自动化,高级制造 | 先进的能源技术,存储,工业效率* |
Natural / anthropogenic disaster prevention / mitigation | 高级材料科学* |
*也与OUSD(R&E)识别的国防关键技术领域有关 |
|
>>社会 /国家 /地理战略挑战>> | |
U.S. national security | Climate change and sustainability |
制造业生产率 | 获得教育,机会,服务不平等 |
劳动力发展和技能差距 | |
改编自H.R. 4346,秒。10387 |
尽管大部分重点都放在半导体上,但本报告中涵盖的活动构成了芯片和科学的“和科学”部分。虽然这里并不是所有规定的完整指数,但值得记住筹码和科学授权的各种活动,这些活动跨越了一些广泛的领域,包括:
- Fundamental science以及由联邦实验室,大学和公司的科学机构资助的好奇心驱动的研究。Chips和Science涵盖了多个学科,但特别强调了物理科学,数学和计算机科学以及工程学。近几十年来,这些学科中的几个在联邦投资组合中急剧下降。
- Use-inspired research, translation, and production.Elements of CHIPS and Science sought to expand the ability of federal agencies to make strategic investments in emerging technologies, move new advances through the innovation chain, and work with external partners to enable the manufacture of new technologies and strengthen supply chains.
- 区域创新。A major element of the above is emphasis on expanding the geographic footprint of federal investment, most notably through the new Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs program. The program received $500 million out of an authorized $10 billion in the FY 2023 omnibus.
- STEM教育和劳动力。The Act expands or creates numerous programs to foster STEM skills, opportunity and experience among students and young researchers, including through entrepreneurial fellowships, student and educator support, and apprenticeships and worker upskilling initiatives.
- 研究设施和仪器在全国各地的国家实验室和大学中,包括现代化老化基础设施,尖端用户设施的建设以及中等尺度研究基础设施项目的赠款。
Agency Fiscal Aggregates
在总体中,CHIP授权三个研究机构 - 国家科学基金会(NSF),能源科学院(DOE Science)和国家标准技术研究所(NIST) - 在2023财年获得224亿美元。最终的综合商在总计中提供了196亿美元,总计27亿美元或12%的缺口。
如表1所示,芯片授权最大的缺口是NSF的20亿美元,比目标低17%。NIST的拨款实际上超过了1.03亿美元的授权,但该数字包括3.95亿美元的专用标记。不包括专用标志,NIST Topline拨款占13亿美元,比授权低于2.92亿美元或19%的短缺。请注意,表1中的数字包括NSF的10亿美元补充拨款 - 构成2023财年的全年同比增长,以及2700万美元的NIST补充拨款。
白宫要求2024财年的总计217亿美元:28亿美元或比2023财年的综合水平增长15%(包括指定和补充支出),但仍有51亿美元或比筹码的筹码和科学授权低19%。同样,NSF将受到低于授权目标的最大失误。
Agency Breakdowns
国家科学基金会
NSF is at the core of the CHIPS and Science goals in manifold ways. It boasts a long-term track record of excellence in discovery science at U.S. universities and is the first or second federal funder of research in several tech-relevant science and engineering disciplines. It also seeks to boost the talent pipeline by engaging with underserved research institutions and student populations, supporting effective STEM education approaches, and providing fellowships and other opportunities to students and teachers.
Chips和Science还扩大了NSF推动技术,创新和高级制造的能力,增强了工程研究中心(例如工程研究中心)和融合加速器等现有的创新计划,并使用了区域创新引擎等新活动。
如表2所示,NSF的2023财年拨款(包括10亿美元的补充支出)下跌了20亿美元或低于筹码和科学目标,而2024财年的请求则低于43亿美元或低于2024财年的28%。拨款,授权和请求之间的其他详细信息和比较。
Research & Related Activities (R&RA).R&RA is the primary research account for NSF, supporting grants, centers, instrumentation, data collection, and other activities across seven directorates including the new Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP) directorate. R&RA can likely absorb substantial additional funding: the agency must routinely leave thousands of high-scoring grant proposals on the table for lack of funding. For instance, in FY 2020 alone, NSF had to leave over 4,000 proposals ranked “Very Good” or better unfunded. These amounted to $3.9 billion in total unfulfilled award funding. A brief look at specific line items within the R&RA account are below.
- 核心研究局。Most R&RA funding is channeled through the six research directorates focusing on biology, computing and information science, engineering, geoscience, math and computer science, and social science, as well as integrated and international programs. These directorates play a foundational role in fostering U.S. scientific disciplines, including several that are germane to CHIPS technology priorities. Congress typically – and wisely – does not provide appropriations by individual directorate, and instead appropriates a lump sum for R&RA that is then allocated by the agency, though appropriators do sometimes specify funding amounts for line items or research topics. Accordingly, most of the R&RA authorization in CHIPS and Science is unspecified with two exceptions: $55 million for mid-scale research infrastructure projects, which was fully funded in the FY 2023 omnibus; and the TIP Directorate, covered below. Excluding these elements, core R&RA funding received $6.9 billion in the FY 2023 omnibus, about5.91亿美元或低于授权水平的8%。请求中的核心R&RA资金 - 再次不包括小费和中尺度基础设施 -8.46亿美元或低于授权水平的10%。
- 技术,创新和合作伙伴关系局(提示)。((FY 2023 funding: $880 million, $620 million below authorization; FY 2024 OMB request: $1.2 billion, $2.2 billion below authorization). NSF TIP was formally established in the CHIPS and Science Act to support translational, use-inspired, and solutions-oriented R&D and to deploy novel funding modes to accelerate innovation. Authorizers set a TIP funding target of $1.5 billion in FY 2023 and $3.4 billion in FY 2024, representing by far the most ambitious appropriations targets in the bill. FY 2023 funded was allocated by the agency rather than Congress, which should continue its practice of lump-sum appropriations for R&RA mentioned above. The FY 2024 TIP request is billions short of the authorized level yet also seeks the largest increase of any NSF directorate. Within TIP, CHIPS authorized $6.5 billion over five years combined for regional innovation engines and innovation translation accelerators and $125 million over five years for NSF entrepreneurial fellows, along with test beds, scholarships, R&D, and other activities.
STEM教育。The Directorate for STEM Education houses NSF activities across K-12, tertiary education, learning in informal settings, and outreach to underserved communities. CHIPS and Science authorized multiple individual programs including:
- Graduate Research Fellowship Program(2023财年资金:3.22亿美元,低于授权的9400万美元; 2024财年的请求:3.8亿美元,低于授权的7400万美元)。该计划为从事STEM职业的学生提供了绝佳的机会,同时寻求扩大参与。
- Robert Noyce Teacher Fellowship Program((FY 2023 funding: $69 million, $5 million below authorization; FY 2024 OMB request: $77 million, $3 million below authorization). The fellowship provides stipends, scholarships, and programmatic support to prepare and recruit highly skilled STEM professionals to become K-12 teachers in high-need districts. The CHIPS and Science Act aims to increase outreach to historically Black colleges and universities, minority institutions, higher education programs that serve veterans and rural communities, labor organizations, and emerging research institutions.
- 网络科目(2023财年资金:8600万美元,高于授权的1600万美元; 2024财年OMB请求:7400万美元,高于授权的200万美元)。网络科普斯旨在解决网络安全教育工作者和研究人员的短缺,并通过资金奖学金来换取联邦劳动力,以换取联邦服务时期的少数资金授权水平的少数计划之一。
- Centers for Transformative Education Research and Translation:This new program is intended to pursue multidisciplinary R&D into education innovations. under-resourced schools and learners in low-resource or underachieving local educational agencies in urban and rural communities.
Cross-Cutting Investments in Key Technology Focus Areas.几项NSF投资与上述第10387节中优先级的关键技术领域和社会挑战有关。其中一些的突破来自NSF预算辩护。这些研究活动的资金分布在所有NSF局中。
能源部科学办公室
科学办公室(SC)是物理科学中最大的资助者,包括化学,物理和材料,所有这些都助长了芯片和科学的技术优先事项。除了资助诺贝尔奖基础研究和大规模科学基础设施外,该办公室还资助了劳动力开发,使用使用启发的研究以及用户设施为每年提供数以万计的用户提供工具使用这些服务来推动突破。SC资助的R&D的三分之二以上是在国家实验室进行的。SC还支持学生和教师的劳动力发展和教育活动,以扩大技能和经验。
As seen in Table 4, the FY 2023 omnibus topline for SC was $802 million or 9% below the authorized amount, while the FY 2024 OMB request was $741 million or 8% below the FY 2024 authorization – and indeed even fell below the FY 2023 authorization, similar to NSF’s request. Most programs would see only moderate funding increases, with fusion clearly prioritized.
- 高级科学计算研究(ASCR)资助AI,计算科学,数学和网络的研究。在筹码和科学重点中,ASCR将开始建立一个专用的量子网络以及其他研究,测试床和2024财年的应用。芯片授权的量子网络基础设施在2024财年为1亿美元,量子硬件和研究云的访问权限为3150万美元。2024财年。Chipsand Science还授权计算科学研究生奖学金,为2024财年1650万美元。
- 基本能源科学(BES),最大的SC计划支持基本科学学科与多个芯片技术领域的相关性,包括材料,微电子,AI等,以及广泛的用户设施和新颖的计划,例如Energy Earthots。芯片和科学的重点包括与人工光合作用(2024财年授权的1亿美元)和储能(2024财年授权的1.2亿美元)有关的研究和创新枢纽。它还授权每年5000万美元用于煤炭丰富的美国地区的碳材料和储存研究。2024财年的要求优先考虑预算增长,以支持该计划的X射线光源和中子来源。
- 生物学和环境研究(BER)支持生物系统科学的研究,包括基因组学和成像,以及地球系统科学和建模。BER计划通常会看到2024财年的最小变化,并为生物制备研究虚拟环境提供了适度的资金来扩展到包括低剂量辐射研究,芯片和科学优先领域。
- 融合能源科学((FES) supports research into matter at high densities and temperatures to lay the groundwork for fusion as a future energy source. Following the breakthrough at the National Ignition Facility, the FY 2024 request ramps up commercial development and places industry partnerships – including technology roadmapping for a fusion pilot project as highlighted in CHIPS and Science – and establishment of four new fusion R&D centers among its fiscal priorities. It also seeks to largely sustain support for international ITER project.
- High Energy Physics (HEP)studies fundamental particles constituting matter and energy. The FY 2024 request prioritizes the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (LBNF/DUNE) while trimming research overall.
- 核物理学(NP)进行基本研究以了解核物质的特性。NP的2024财年预算几乎是平坦的,布鲁克黑文的电子离子对撞机的资金几乎翻了一番,抵消了其他地方的资金。
Cross-Cutting Investments in Key Technology Focus Areas.与NSF一样,SC提供了有关跨越技术领域投资的数据,其中一些在芯片和科学中优先考虑(表5)。这些投资涉及多个SC计划。
国家标准研究所
While smaller than the other agencies covered here, NIST plays a critical role in the U.S. industrial ecosystem as the lead agency in measurement science and standards-setting, as well as funder of world-class physical science research and user facilities. NIST R&D activities cover several CHIPS And Science technology priorities including cybersecurity, advanced communications, AI, quantum science, and biotechnology. NIST also boasts a wide- ranging system of manufacturing extension centers in all 50 states and Puerto Rico, which help thousands of U.S. manufacturers grow and innovate every year.
As seen in Table 6, the NIST topline in the FY 2023 omnibus was $103 million above the CHIPS-authorized level. However, as noted in the above section, NIST received $395 million in Congressionally directed spending or earmarks in FY 2023, mainly for construction projects. Excluding earmarks, the NIST topline amounted to $1.3 billion, a $292 million or 19% shortfall below the authorization. The FY 2024 request is $20 million below the FY 2024 authorized level, with shortfalls in NIST labs programs and industrial technology.
科学技术研究服务(STR)是NIST的国家测量和标准实验室的说明,该实验室从事网络安全,AI,量子信息科学,高级通信,工程生物学,弹性基础设施和其他领域的各种筹码和与科学相关的活动。Strs还为NIST中子研究中心和纳米级科学与技术中心提供了两个用户设施。除了2024财年对气候弹性基础设施,研究工具和其他主题的投资外,大型筹码和与科学相关的计划还增加了:
- 关键技术研究(增加2000万美元 / 15%):在2024财年,NIST实验室计划将寻求扩大对AI,量子信息科学,生物技术和高级通信的投资。这将使建立AI技术测试台,改善量子计量学并支持量子技术开发,促进生物技术和生物制造过程的快速发展和翻译,并提高下一代通信的测量科学和标准。
- Cybersecurity and Privacy ($20 million / 21% increase):资金将通过NIST国家网络安全卓越中心支持研究,标准发展和解决方案的演示。这些活动将涉及一系列关键领域,包括生物识别技术,密码学,物联网设备等。NIST还将继续支持网络安全劳动力发展。除了上述NIST also requests $4 million for cybersecurity-relevant activities related to trustworthy supply chains.
工业技术服务是基金的总体帐户资助Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership(MEP)和Manufacturing USA Innovation Network。从表6中可以看出,这些计划在2023财年综合中的NIST实验室计划总体上面临的授权短缺要大得多,而2024财年的请求竭尽全力增加其资金。
- Hollings MEP该文将使用2024财政年度增加支持吗l Supply Chain Optimization and Intelligence Network, to be established in FY 2023, and to expand workforce upskilling, apprenticeships, and partnerships with historically black colleges, minority-serving institutions and community colleges.
- Manufacturing USA将在国防和能源部建立的制造创新机构网络中建立测试台,支持一家新的NIST赞助的研究所将在2023财年竞争,并进一步协助小型制造商的原型和新技术规模。
Future Updates
美国科学家联合会将对本报告进行更新,因为2024财年拨款法案在国会过程中进行。
以下是筹码和科学资金在与联邦预算的战斗中塑造的方式。
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