
概括
所有美国人都无法平等地进入公共和积极的运输。由于缺乏足够的基础设施和用于公共交通和骑自行车,步行和滚动的主动模式的可靠服务,因此美国人通常必须依靠个人车辆来上班,学校和其他活动。在过去的两年中,国会为公平的基础设施,公共交通升级以及减少了整个美国运输的温室气体污染分配了数十亿美元。运输部(DOT)及其机构应采用创新和合作伙伴关系,以继续在全国范围内增加活跃和公共交通。该点应要求资助授予申请来讨论跨机构合作,与住房和城市发展部(HUD)合作来组织奖品比赛,鼓励公私合作伙伴关系(P3S),并与环境保护署(EPA)合作(EPA))通过减少温室气体资金为过境计划授予金钱。
Challenge and Opportunity
从历史上看,美国运输投资的重点是扩大和开发个人车辆旅行的高速公路。因此,45%的美国人无法获得可靠且安全的公共交通工具,可以使几乎一半的一半的一次性车辆永久存在。EPA报告说,运ReportsReports输占29% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions,这些排放中有58%来自轻型汽车。个人车辆的全国性排放量很大,具有短期和长期的气候影响。
在绿色公共和活动中的投资应该是DOT从个人车主主导的社会过渡并与Biden Adminissmation符合“goals到2035年,到2050年,到2035年的100%干净电网和净零碳排放量。”公共和主动运输基础设施包括公共汽车系统,轻轨,巴士快速运输,自行车道和安全的人行道。在公共和积极运输中的投资应用于使现有公共交通工具(例如公共汽车)振兴的结合;改善和扩大公共交通,以更可靠,可以使用更多用户;建造自行车道;开发社区拥有的自行车共享计划;并创建安全的步行走廊。
In addition to reducing carbon emissions, improved public transportation that disincentivizes personal vehicle use has a variety of co-benefits. Prioritizingpublic and active transportationcould limit congestion on roads and lower pollution. Fewer vehicles on the road result in less tailpipe emissions, which “can trigger health problems such as aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses, including pneumonia and bronchitis。”对于数百万居住在高速公路附近和拥挤的道路附近的人来说,这一点尤其重要。
交通拥堵也可以为Amer财务成本ican households; theInriz全球交通计分卡报告称,交通拥堵在2022年花费了81ReportsReports0亿美元。这些费用包括车辆维护,燃油成本和“损失时间”,所有这些都可以通过可靠且可访问的公共和主动运输来减少。此外,美国公共交通协会报告说每个ReportsReports投资1美元在公共交通中,产生了5美元的经济回报,以储蓄的时间来衡量,交通拥堵的减少和业务生产力。因此,通过投资公共交通,社区可以看到空气质量,经济和健康的改善。
公共交通主要在地方和州一级进行管理;目前,结束6000local and state transportation agencies provide and oversee public transportation in their regions. Public transportation is funded through federal, state, and local sources, and transit agencies receive funding from “乘客票价和其他运营收据。”联邦公交管理局(FTA)通过赠款和贷款和帐户15% of total income for transit agencies, including 31% of capital investments in transit infrastructure.Local and state entities often lack sufficient resources to improve public transportation systems because of the uncertainty of ridership and funding streams.
Public-private partnerships can help减轻其中一些资源限制是因为合同可以使私人合作伙伴能够运营公共交通系统。从联邦到市政一级的多个机构之间的地区和国家合作也可以帮助减轻公共交通发展的资源障碍。地方和州机构不必独自工作以改善公共和积极的运输系统。
以下建议为各级政府的运输机构提供了一条途径,以增加公共和积极的运输,从而为他们所服务的社区带来社会,经济和环境福利。
行动计划
Recommendation 1. The FTA should require grant applicants for programs such as the Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and Equity (RAISE) to define how they will work collaboratively with multiple federal agencies and conduct community engagement.
根据国家运输脱碳的蓝图FTA员工应优先考虑成功展示合作伙伴关系和协作的授予申请人的资金。例如,可以通过社区成员和组织的过境基础设施项目的支持来证明这一点。还可以通过让申请人为参与拟议项目的每个机构报告明确的目标,角色和责任来证明协作。FTA应该:
- Develop a rubric for evaluating partnerships’ efficiency and alignment with national transit decarbonization goals.
- Create a tiered metrics system within the rubric that prioritizes grants for projects based on collaboration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transit sector.
- 向他们的类别添加类别指导中心on federal-state-local partnerships to provide insight on how they view successful collaboration.
建议2. DOT和HUD应合作进行奖项竞赛,以设计活跃和/或公共交通项目以减少交通拥堵。
住房和运输成本相关并相互影响,这就是HUD是天然伴侣的原因。资金可以来自高速公路信托基金,该DOT有权将其分配给“1%用于携带研究和发展的资金出去 。。。奖杯计划[S]。”
This challenge should call on local agency partners to provide a design challenge or opportunity that impedes their ability to adopt transit-oriented infrastructure that could reduce traffic congestion. Three design challenges should be selected and publicly posted on the Challenge.gov website so that any individual or organization can participate.
奖项竞赛的目标是确定挑战,协作并共享各机构和社区的资源,以设计运输解决方案。竞争将把DOT与地方和区域规划和运输机构联系起来,以征求公众的解决方案,无论是个人,个人团队还是组织。DOT和HUD应该合作设计挑战的选择标准并选择获胜者。每个挑战赢家都将获得25万美元的财务奖励,他们的想法将在DOT网站上安置,作为一个案例研究,可用于未来的计划决策。欢迎提供三个设计挑战的当地机构实施获胜解决方案。
Recommendation 3. Federal, state, and local government should increase opportunities for public-private partnerships (P3s).
开发主动和公共交通基础设施所需的金融投资对于许多机构来说都是障碍。为了解决这个问题,我们提出以下建议:
- 目前,在这50个州中只有36个政策允许使用P3。其余14个州应通过授权使用P3用于公共交通项目的立法,以便它们也可以从这种融资模式中受益并获得联邦P3资助机会。
- 2016年,DOT成立了Build America Bureau,以协助运输项目融资。局管理Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA) program, which provides financial assistance through low-interest loans for infrastructure projects and leverages public-private partnerships to access additional private-sector funding. Currently, only about30% of all loans through the TIFIA are used for public transit projects while 66%用于通行费和高速公路上。地方和区域机构应更多地使用蒂菲亚贷款来资助公共和活跃的公交项目。
- EPA should specify in its Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund guidelines that public and active transit projects are eligible for investment from the fund and can leverage public and private partnerships. EPA is set to distribute $27 billion through the Fund for carbon pollution reduction: $20 billion will go towards nonprofit entities, such as green banks, that will leverage public and private investment to fund emissions reduction projects, with $8 billion allocated to projects in low-income and disadvantaged communities; $7 billion will go to state and local agencies and nonprofits in the form of grants or technical assistance to low-income and disadvantaged communities. EPA should encourage applicants to include public and active transportation projects, which can play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and air pollution, in their portfolios.
结论
这road to decarbonizing the transportation sector requires public and active transportation. Federal agencies can allocate funding for public and active transit more effectively through the recommendations above. It’s time for the government to recognize public and active transportation as the key to equitable decarbonization of the transportation sector throughout the United States.
美国的大多数P3都用于公路,桥梁和道路,但有一些成功的公共交通P3。2018年,洛杉矶市以49亿美元的P3加入了Lax和Lax Integrated Express Solutionsa train system within the airport。This project aims to launch in 2024 to “enhance the traveler experience” and will “result in 117,000 fewer vehicle miles traveled per day” to the airport. This project is a prime example of how P3s can help reduce traffic congestion and enable and encourage the use of public transportation.
In 2021, the Congressional Research Service released a report about public-private partnerships (3Ps) that强调联邦政府可以扮演的角色by making it easier for agencies to participate in P3s.
密歇根州的历史悠久密歇根州保存该计划是美国第一家非营利性绿色银行,该银行为屋顶太阳能或能源效率计划等项目提供资金。
在加利福尼亚加利福尼亚州的替代能源和高级运输融资局“与公共和私人合作伙伴合作,为可再生能源,能源效率以及先进的运输和制造技术提供创新和有效的融资解决方案。
这罗德岛基础设施银行向市政当局,企业和房主提供资金,用于“包括水和废水,道路,道路和桥梁,能源效率和可再生能源,以及棕地修复。”
改善和扩大绿色公共和积极的运输对于公平的运输部门脱碳至关重要:这是政府可以从IRA和IIJA额外进行公共交通资金的资金。
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