在消除叙利亚的化学武器之前,必须找到叙利亚的化学武器

BySeptember 17, 2013

现在,世界上大多数(包括美国)的大部分地区似乎都松了一口气,因为取消叙利亚可怕的化学武器(CW)库存取得了肯定的进展,从而避免了(至少目前)没有人真正想进行的军事罢工。叙利亚政府已宣布,它将很快加入该组织禁止化学武器(OPCW)。加入OPCW将立即触发叙利亚发表书面声明的义务,以识别其当前拥有的CW的数量和类型。有了历史作为指导,我们可以安全地预测这将是不完整和不准确的声明。即使叙利亚完全打算就其CW库存清洁,也是如此。这是良好意图可能会出现问题的地步。这里的问题是没有人真正信任叙利亚。在过去的20年中,伊拉克和利比亚的经验使这种不信任的后果得到了帮助。

它从来没有足够消除已声明的CW。必须消除所有(或至少99%)的CWS,以确信已消除威胁。获得“信心”是一个非常昂贵且通常很长的过程。就伊拉克而言,这意味着联合国调查人员(UNSCOM)必须花费7500万美元,仅需在伊拉克境内的任务中每年旋转几百名员工(在头5年中)由各个国家提供的支持)。更糟糕的是,在2003年和2004年,美国花费了9亿美元来派遣伊拉克调查小组的1,500名成员进行了15个月的调查,这基本上说,伊拉克曾经曾经有效地拆除了联合国团队和IAEA的WMD计划。在这里有速度与成本比率相比 - 如果您想更快的决心,请准备付出巨大的钱并部署很多人。由于这两项努力,世界上大多数人现在都接受了伊拉克是免费的WMD的想法。

利比亚提供了另一个例子。十年前,利比亚的领导人Muammar Gaddafi希望变得清洁。然而,在他去世后,发现了一大批未划分的化学芥末酱。这是为什么有必要对地面调查进行彻底进行的另一个例子,以确信已经将所有CW舍入围。这两种经历的教训是,它从不便宜。

When performing a WMD investigation in preparation for elimination of weapons, the experienced professionals know that the first job is to understand the system that built the weapons in the first place. In a CW program there is, by definition, a large bureaucratic structure with several layers of personnel performing missions such as raw materials acquisitions, design, equipment procurement, manufacturing, management, financing, safety assurance, storage, transportation and so on. There is not just the CW (rounds) to worry about, but delivery mechanisms (launchers) too. Dissecting the workings of a nation’s WMD infrastructure requires unending document reviews, interviews and re-interviews, and hours of facility inspections (Note: all of this means citizens of some country are going to have boots on the ground).

最后,必须考虑系统的所有方面,然后在检查员可以确定库存的潜在大小之前进行审核。只有这样,调查人员才能有效地提出正确的问题,直到数字匹配为止。这种方法的另一个好处是,检查员还可以拆除进一步生产的手段,从而消除了CW计划快速再生的可能性。虽然这听起来像是一项艰巨的任务,但归根结底,这是给惠特(Whit)提供高级决策者(或总统)问题的肯定答案的唯一方法。“我们现在已经明白了吗?”

在执行调查任务时,调查人员必须对叙利亚人有杠杆作用。换句话说,为了有效,调查人员必须具有迫使叙利亚人合作的机制。就1990年代的伊拉克而言,这意味着如果不遵守遵守情况,军事罢工的可靠威胁。最终,伊拉克迫使这一问题导致了1998年的沙漠狐狸轰炸运动。在叙利亚,同样的情况可能会在叙利亚发挥作用,这意味着旨在避免空袭的协议都可能不是。但是,正如利比亚案向我们展示的那样,威胁也可能是关闭新的收益(例如经济合作或解除制裁)。无论哪种情况,国际社会都必须存在可靠的政治意愿,以支持调查员的努力,这也将为执行者带来经济成本。

现在我们知道它多么困难和昂贵的is to find all the CWs, let’s examine the costs of eliminating them. First there is the cost of rounding up the weapons and preparing them for destruction. One would expect the stockpiles to be moved to one or two consolidation sites – hopefully in a secure part of the country or, if the legalities can be worked out, a nearby country. This will be tougher in Syria’s case as there is currently a hot civil war going on. This will only add to the expense. Convoys can also become targets and that adds another dangerous dimension to the process. Once the rounds are consolidated, there is the issue of destruction of the weapons in a way that prevents release of toxins into the environment. If the experiences of Russia and the United States are any guide, finding and then eliminating Syria’s CWs stockpiles could eventually run into the billions. To dispose of these weapons in the correct manner will turn out to be much more expensive than punishing the Assad regime with a few airstrikes. While some of the war-weary Pentagon brass will be relieved by this, the Office of Management and Budget surely will not be.

克里斯·比德威尔is the Senior Fellow for Nonproliferation Law and Policy at the Federation of American Scientists.

Categories:化学武器