赋予地热大地：用地球能量解决气候危机
Summary
由于人类活动的结果，温室气体排放量的增长迅速，因此气候灾难即将到来。为了避免灾难，所有经济部门 - 行业，农业，运输，建筑物和电力 - 首次能源和气候政策解决方案。只有具有韧性和可再生，两党，清洁和可靠的伙伴才能使美国的经济完全脱碳并避免气候变化的毁灭性影响。随着美国清洁能源转型的进行，所有这些部门的任务都有一项能源技术，即对热的热门。
Geothermal is the energy source naturally produced by the Earth. It is a proven technology with decades of utilization across the United States, including New York, Idaho, North Dakota, California, Arkansas, New Mexico, and everywhere in between.
Government agencies and academic institutions have alreadyidentified仅在美国，就足够的未开发的地球能量来满足国家的能源需求，同时也实现了它的能源emissions goals．In fact, the total amount of heat energy in the Earth’s crust ismany times greater than所有化石燃料全球可用的能源。
尽管有这些好处，地热仍代表0.4%在2021年美国公用事业规模的全部发电中1％住宅和商业建筑供暖和冷却市场阻碍地热的是在联邦和州一级缺乏政策关注。地热的资金大大不足，并继续被排除在精力，气候和拨款立法之外。通过充当地热技术政策和部署的主要促进者和协调员，美国政府可以显着加速清洁能源的转化。
Our Empowering the Geothermal Earthshot proposal is a multibillion dollar interagency effort to facilitate the energy revolution America needs to finally solve the climate crisis and complete its clean energy transformation. This top-down support would allow the geothermal industry to fully utilize the power of the free market, commercialize innovation into mass production, and scale technologies.
挑战和机会
Geothermal energy––clean renewable energy derived from the unlimited heat in the Earth––is a proven technologythat can contribute to achieving aggressive climate goals but only if it gets much-needed policy support. Geothermal urgently requires the same legislative and executive attention, policy momentum, and funding that all other energy technologies receive. The Biden Administration as well as Republicans and Democrats in Congress need to lift up the profile of geothermal on par with other energy technologies if we are to reachnet-zero by 2050最终24/7无碳的能量。
On day one of his administration, President Biden charged his国家气候工作队to utilize all available government resources to develop a new target for reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, in April 2021 the Biden Administrationannounced一个积极进取的新温室气体目标：到2030年，2005年的水平降低了50％。为了应对这一挑战，政府概述了四个高优先级目标：
饼图显示了2020年美国经济部门的整个温室气体排放。运输造成27％；电力，25％；行业，24％；商业的;住宅，13％；农业，11％。
- Invest in clean technology infrastructure.
- 助长创造就业机会的经济复苏。
- Protect our air and water and advance environmental justice.
- Do this all in America.
Geothermal energy’s primary benefits make it an ideal energy candidate in America’s fight against climate change. First, geothermal electricity offers clean firm, reliable, and stable baseload power. As such, it easily complements wind and solar energy, whichcan fluctuate and produce only intermittent power．地热能不仅提供了更多的弹性和可再生能源，而且不像nuclear和biomassenergy andbattery存储 - 这样做，没有有害的废物副产品。地热能不依赖于具有不利影响的历史的提取活动（即采矿）environment和Indigenous communities．潜在的能量来源——文字热beneath our feet––is local, is 100% American, and has demonstrated gigawatt-scale operation since the1980s，，，，unlike every other prospective clean energy technology. Geothermal energy offers a technology that we can export as a service provider and manufacturer to the rest of the world to reduce global GHG emissions, increase U.S. energy independence, and improve the country’s economy and national defense.
Additionally, climate change continues to change outside air temperatures and weather patterns impacting building energy consumptions (e.g., heating and cooling), which areexpected to increase．地热加热和冷却通过提供可靠和分布的发电，冬季供暖和夏季冷却来满足这些需求。地热加热和冷却为产生有害碳和甲烷排放的其他经济部门提供解决方案。
开始net-zero by 2050––and eventually to 24/7 carbon-free energy––is a community problem, a public sector problem that affects America’s public health, economic survival, and national security. We can get here if geothermal is provided the same opportunities that the government has afforded all other energy technologies.
Geothermal Energy: The Forgotten Energy Technology
Today, geothermal power production is at the same developmental stage that oil production was100 years ago．Geothermal power production has been proven at gigawatt scale, but in a limited range of locations where conventional hydrothermal systems are easily accessible. Petroleum drilling in the United States开始1859年，在可见的石油，易于识别并快速访问的地方首先扩展。从那以后的150年中，政府和社会的持续市场支持允许化石燃油经济性not just to continue but to expand through technology innovation. Fossil fuel technologies have matured to the point where engineers regularly drill seven to eight miles underground, drill in deep ocean water, and utilize efficient recovery technologies such assteam-assisted gravity drainage．
Geothermal carries the same potential to drive new technologies of energy production and enable huge increases in energy recovery and output. However, unlike the petroleum industry, geothermal energy has never received comparable and effective policy support from the federal and state governments to drive this needed technology development, innovation, and deployment. As a result, the geothermal industry has been left behind in the United States.
Pie chart of Federal Energy Subsidies between 1950 and 2010, showing a plurality of subsidies going to oil, while only a small sliver to geothermal.
Ironically, the fact that geothermal technologies have a long and successful track record has kept them out of the “new technology” focus that has been central to clean energy transition policy discussions.
Other technologies (e.g., hydro, solar, hydrocarbons, nuclear, biofuels, and wind)receive每年有数数十亿美元，以发展持续，首选和广泛使用的途径，从而产生商业化，可扩展性和利润。但是，类似的投资策略并未专门用于地热能基础设施的发展。
美国需要关键的资本投资才能达到大量未开发的地球能源科学家所确定的，扩大了地热资源的可能性范围，并降低地热钻探和生产的成本。公共投资将促进使用个性化地热热泵（GHP）或地区热系统的供暖和冷却系统等技术。在发电技术中需要大量的公共投资，例如closed-loop，，，，深度热岩石，，，，和enhanced systems(EGS). And of course, public and private investments are needed to help manufacturing and agricultural processes switch from fossil fuels to geothermal.
Investing in Our Future: Empowering the Geothermal Earthshot
Thankfully, investing in America’s energy infrastructure is a priority of our current presidential administration. As indicated in theApril 2021 White House Fact Sheet和supported byExecutive Order 14057和the Department of Energy (DOE)增强的地热大地拜登政府于2022年9月宣布，意识到有必要以协调一致的努力来统治联邦资源。
但是，为了充分实现和建立政府的清洁能源目标，该提案敦促一种整体方法来增强地热部署的能力。这增强的地热大地毫无努力地赋予地热和扩展解决气候危机所需的努力，因为它专注于单一的地热技术，并且仅涉及一个联邦机构。取而代之的是，要利用整个联邦政府的力量的整个地形方法对于在美国的能源景观中产生雄心勃勃，积极和广泛的变化是必要的，并颠覆了当前的化石燃料现状。以下行动计划将迎来地热时代，并确保美国达到其气候目标并完成清洁能源的转化。
行动计划
这Biden Administration must set the targets and the agenda, propose policy and tax support, negotiate for appropriations, and issue regulatory support that allows commercialization and deployment of every possible Earth-powered technology solution. These steps will set up the market conditions for the private sector to commercialize and scale these proven technologies and new innovations.
Creating policies and programs to support geothermal applications and technologies will accelerate the clean energy transformation and end our dependence on hydrocarbons. The U.S. government can usher in a new age of clean, renewable, and local energy through a combination of innovation, programs, and institutionalization. These are outlined in the recommendations detailed below.
Recommendation 1.Empower a Holistic Geothermal Earthshot
这Biden Administration should build upon and broaden the增强的地热大地to reduce the cost of EGS by 90% to $45 per megawatt hour by 2035. The administration should set a target for geothermal heat pumps and district thermal systems to reach 35% of U.S. energy consumption by 2035 and electricity generation to reach 10% of energy consumption by 2035. These objectives are in response to the administration’s carbon reduction goals for 2030 and 2050. To begin this initiative, President Biden––joined by the Secretaries of Energy, the Interior, Commerce, Defense, and Agriculture, as well as special climate and environment envoys and advisors and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator, among others—should formally usher in a reimagined and holistic Geothermal Earthshot that leverages a whole-of-government approach.
Recommendation 2.Institutionalize and Coordinate Earth Energy Support
Create the Office of Earth Energy (OEE) at DOE through the president’s annual budget proposal. The OEE’s mission will be to coalesce federal and state governments, familiarize the public, and support all types of Earth-powered energy technologies.
- Model the OEE after the DOE’sOffice of Nuclear Energy(ONE) andOffice of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management（OFECM）
- Inaugurate an Assistant Secretary for Earth Energy to oversee OEE who will report to the DOE’s Undersecretary for Science and Innovation
- Establish three deputy assistant secretaries (DAS) for:
- Low temperature (i.e., direct heat/GHP-GSHP/agriculture/industry)
- Power generation (i.e., enhanced, advanced, conventional)
- Technology R&D (i.e., super hot rock)
- Structure OEE to have branches promoting and supporting Earth-powered systems and solutions by economic sector: industry, agriculture, transport, buildings, and electricity
- OEE年度拨款不少于17.8亿美元用于运营，研究，开发，示范和部署（此资助水平与OEE建模的DOE的其他能源办公室相当）
- 加强现有的焦点Geothermal Technologies Officeto be an EGS-specific branch of the power generation DAS within the OEE
现有DOE办公室如OFECM提供proven template from which to model OEE. Geothermal’s potential to address the climate crisis and become a significant part of the cooling/heating and electricity mix in the United States requires significant growth of support within the federal government. The organizational structure of the federal government is imperative to spearhead geothermal development. Raising the awareness and profile of geothermal within the government requires higher-level offices and more senior-level personnel supporting, evaluating, and studying the industry. The three DAS subject-matter designations represent the three overarching applications of geothermal technologies.
Interagency coordination should be led by a Senior Director for Earth-Powered Energy within the National Security Council (NSC). Programs and initiatives involve executive agencies and offices, including DOE, Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of the Interior (DOI), Office of Science and Technology Policy, Office of Management and Budget, NSC, Domestic Policy Council, Department of State, and EPA, among others.
Recommendation 3.Accelerate Geothermal Innovation
以下创新加速器的概念可以帮助解锁技术障碍，并释放私营部门的思维，以扩大地热能应用的影响力。所需的基本研究属于三个广泛的类别：简化现有的地热能源开发并降低风险，技术创新，以支持大规模扩展地球的潜在范围和总能量，以及技术改进，以优化每个地球能源应用。
例如，需要工作以降低地热井来降低技术风险和可预测性，以使地热钻探如今可预测且可重复，就像今天的石油和天然气井一样。降低风险和更大的可预测性对于私营部门的投资支持至关重要。
Commercial and residential heat pumps and district heating systems need R&D support to improve deployability in urban settings and to maximize both heating and cooling efficiency.
Enhanced geothermal systems—those that expand traditional hydrothermal power generation to less permeable locations—have received modest public sector support for several decades but need greater and more focused application of technologies that were developed for oil and gas during the fracing expansion.
实现大规模可扩展性地热能means developing technologies that can operate well beyond traditional hydrothermal system locations. Closed-loop and other advanced geothermal technologies promise access to energy anywhere there is heat, but all are currently at the earliest stages of their technology lifecycles and operating without major public sector research support
所有这些用例都将受益于共同的，政府资助的研究工作，共享创新和最佳实践的访问权以及明确的商业化途径。
(A) Propose in the president’s annual budget a geothermal bureau, program, or focus area within theAdvanced Research Projects Agency-Energy(ARPA-E) dedicated to promoting all types of geothermal innovations, from low- to high-temperature cooling/heating and electricity applications. ARPA-E “advances high-potential, high-impact energy technologies that are too early for private-sector investment.” Use this program to support research into new or expanded ways to use Earth energy that are too early or speculative for private sector investment and bring them to the point of commercialization.
（b）创建一个新的风险投资实体，通过积极投资与地热有关的技术来加速地热创新的商业化。在现有的In-Q-Tel在推动国家安全技术开发方面非常成功的组织。这将是一个新的风险投资资金实体，重点是将地球电力技术创新商业化，从美国政府资助的研发计划（例如，上述ARPA-E项目）以及探索技术解决方案，以解决对整个政府，行业尚未解决的问题的技术解决方案，社会对于应对气候变化至关重要。
(C) Create a public-private Geothermal Center of Excellence (GeoExcel) at a DOE national lab. A sustained and robust public-private research program is essential for innovation, and many agencies leverage private sector investment through publicly funded centers of excellence. Currently, geothermal research is conducted haphazardly and incoherently across U.S. government agencies and DOE national labs such asIdaho National Lab，，，，桑迪亚国家实验室，，，，Lawrence Berkeley Lab，，，，U.S. Geological Survey，，，，National Renewable Energy Lab，，，，布鲁克黑文国家实验室，，，，Argonne National Lab，，，，National Energy Technology Lab，，，，和many更多的．To augment research within its national lab apparatus, DOE should establish GeoExcel to develop the technology necessary to produce low-cost geothermal power, cooling/heating, and mineral recovery such as lithium, manganese, gold, and silica. GeoExcel would also conduct education outreach and workforce development. GeoExcel would be a multibillion-dollar public-private partnership competitively awarded with multiyear funding. It would interact closely with one or two DOE national labs as well as federal, state, regional, and municipal government agencies, research universities, community college, nonprofits, and the private sector.
Recommendation 4.Create Earth Energy-Specific Programs and Policies
总统的预算应提出以下计划，资金和监管建议，并通过国会拨款或迁移授权立法资助或授权。可以通过更新规则和法规来实现一些建议。
程序化：DOE演示项目
这基础设施投资和就业法(IIJA)拨款200亿美元用于演示projects, including those for hydrogen, direct air capture, and large-scale carbon capture. This funding provides vital capital to incentivize, commercialize, and scale public-private partnerships using the benefits of the free market to build major infrastructure projects that will expand clean energy and advance the energy transformation. The IIJA did not direct any funding specifically for geothermal technologies; yet geothermal provides the critical clean firm and renewable baseload energy that complements intermittent technologies, can be coupled to produce green hydrogen, and empowers direct air capture infrastructure. As part of its criteria for selecting applications for demonstration project funding, Congress should clarify and/or DOE should expressly include and announce that geothermal technology will receive significant demonstration appropriations funded through the IIJA.
Funding: Risk Mitigation and Management
新技术的商业投资取决于风险评估。从新的地热企业中删除风险将有助于更快的商业规模部署，并且随着越来越多的项目完成，风险较低。建议在DOE的OEE中提供20亿美元的风险缓解基金，专门针对地区冷却/供暖和电力钻探和勘探项目。这个地热风险缓解基金将提供贷款，以支付一部分（即60％）的钻井成本（如果地热场的发展不成功，可以转换为赠款）。为了最大程度地减少损失，可以收取溢价，以确保基于风险的积极回报，并设定覆盖井的总井和限制损失的货币索赔。
This risk mitigation and management structure has been successfully implemented for geothermal projects in Kenya, Iceland, and Costa Rica, countries in the top five of geothermal energy production per capita. To further reduce risk, the OEE should only consider projects that have already completed some exploratory drilling. Before administering commercial debt financing, the OEE should also require these projects to receive concessional risk mitigation support prior to advancing with additional drilling, district cooling/heating system construction, or power plant construction.
Funding: Rural Development
提议4.5亿美元Department of Agriculture Rural Development补助计划,转变农业和印度河trial cool/heat applications from burning fossil fuels to Earth energy generation. This funding can be used to decarbonize over two million cooling and heating systems used in the agricultural sector in rural America. Agricultural activities such as food processing, pulp and paper manufacturing, vegetable dehydration, dairy processing, aquaculture, greenhouses, processing sugar, and much more can transition to the clean energy economy.
资金：社区发展
Propose a $750 million grant program to be implemented by theDepartment of Commerce Economic Development Administration．Grants will be made for high- and low-temperature geothermal developers to partner with municipalities, electric or energy cooperatives, community choice aggregators, and public utilities servicing America’s communities to develop geothermal resources. This funding level could generate between 375 and 500 megawatts of electricity to power between 280,000 and 375,000 households or over 3,500 megawatts of cooling/heating energy and decarbonize two to three million households and commercial businesses around the country. It is important that the clean energy transition equitably and justly empower rural American communities along with urban and suburban communities.
Funding: Tribal Development
Fund a $275 million grant program through the proposed OEE at DOE or the印度事务局（BIA）at DOI to support tribal nations to develop geothermal resources on their lands, such as electricity generation, industrial and agricultural decarbonization, residential and commercial GHPs or district cooling/heating installations, and recreation. This funding could be used to generate up to 183 megawatts of electricity or 1,375 megawatts of thermal energy for use on tribal lands. Native Americans used geothermal resources for thousands of years before European settlement. Today, tribal lands are the backbone of mineral exploitation, agriculture, industry, and power production in America. These OEE or BIA funds will facilitate the clean energy transition on tribal lands using geothermal resources.
Funding: Military Construction
提出了一项26亿美元的计划，用于在美国和国外的军事装置上的分布式地热力和冷却/供暖项目。空军recently selectedtwo military installations to deploy geothermal energy. In an increasingly contested clean energy economy, we should build secure and resilient military infrastructure using local Earth energy technologies directly on military installations.DODcan use the funding to generate a combination of up to 1,733 megawatts of electricity or 13,000 megawatts of thermal energy to offset itsmassive碳足迹来自500 fixed installations， 包括30万建筑物．This investment will help all service branches and DOD reach the Biden Administration’srenewable energy generation goals．This funding begins the vital transformation to secure the energy infrastructure of military installations through energy independence and protect our national security interests at home and abroad. Energy and mineral security are paramount for our national security.
Funding: Smithsonian Institution
Geothermal energy is a story of the forgotten energy technology. Propose $25 million for the史密森尼机构纪念和叙述美国地热能的历史和未来。博物馆熟悉并教育决策者和公众关于美国的过去，现在和未来。华盛顿特区国家购物中心沿线的博物馆的永久展览将有助于促进地热资源向决策者的潜力，就像史密森尼机构所介绍的其他能源技术一样。
资金：劳动力发展和社区大学
这future of the clean energy transformation rests in the education of Americans and a smooth workforce transition of oil and gas professionals into the clean energy economy. Community colleges play a vital role in this transition. Allocate $300 million for the教育部门授予技术和职业计划的赠款，以开发和建立特定于地热的技能和需求为课程。这些地热计划将构建并扩展现有计划，例如钻机机组人员培训计划Houston Community Collegein Texas or cooling/heating apprenticeship programs like those atMercer Community Collegein New Jersey or山麓学院in California. The objective of these grants is to amplify the capabilities of geothermal technologies and deepen the knowledge of professionals who install, sell, market, or manufacture products that could transition to geothermal technologies and away from burning fossil fuels.
资金：转换废弃的石油和天然气井
Expand the authorities of the泄漏地下储罐（LUST）信托基金within the EPA to include the conversion of existing and abandoned oil and gas fields into geothermal wells. The LUST Trust Fund is financed by a 0.1 cent tax on each gallon of motor fuel sold nationwide. Oil and gas wells can be retrofitted or reworked to provide geothermal cooling/heating for low-to-no-carbon direct use opportunities or generate power. Due to the years of development at these sites, the reservoir is well understood, thereby lowering risks and cost of exploration. Alternatively, this program could be a direct grant program funded through the proposed OEE within DOE or through EPA.
Regulatory: Geothermal Permitting Application Processing
Applications to conduct geophysical exploration are currently reviewed by the district office within theBureau of Land Management (BLM)在DOI上，对特定地热项目具有地理管辖权。然而，许多地区办事处都不熟悉地热开发的技术方面，从而在审查过程中造成了重大延迟。为一个由专门的地热团队提供培训材料和标准操作程序的国家办公室资金1500万美元，并为地区办事处提供技术支持，以确保及时审查联邦土地上的地热力和冷却/供暖项目。交叉培训员工的计划还将提高不同机构和办公室之间协调的能力。
Regulatory: Categorical Exclusions for Geothermal Projects
地热资源开发涉及的几项活动没有重大的环境影响，但根据《国家环境政策法》缺乏现有的分类排斥。当不需要临时或新的道路建设时，BLM的法规仅包括一个分类的地球物理探索（43 CFR 4 3250）；但是，它不涵盖资源确认活动。结果，联邦机构需要几个月的时间来批准通过绝对排除在几天内可以做的事情。国会认识到有必要改善地热生产的许可程序，并提出了几项法案以授权分类排除（即，S. 2949，，，，S. 2824，，，，和H.R. 5350).
税收支持：冷却和暖气
Propose a 40% tax incentive for residential and commercial building installation of geothermal heat pumps and extend the lifespan of these incentives through 2050, the date set to reach net zero emissions economy-wide. Additionally, the Biden Administration should publicly clarify or amend《国防生产法》第303条第2022-18号总统裁定to include geothermal heat pumps.
Tax Support: Power
传统上，地热发电是资本密集型的，投资决策在某种程度上取决于税收优惠的可预测性。1978年的通过，最好说明这种趋势Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act（perpa）。这项立法的税收后果为可再生能源供应商带来了更有利的条件和更强大的市场。结果，紫红色允许美国在整个过程中迅速提高其地热能力1980s．
Rapid deployment and growth after the passage of PURPA illustrates the impact of public policy on geothermal innovation and investment. However, renewable energy tax incentives provided in theInflation Reduction Act of 2022had intermittent energy and battery storage in mind when drafted. These tax incentives do not adequately support geothermal power development due to sunset clauses. The president’s budget as well as congressional appropriators and authorizers should extend the availability of the 30% Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and 2.6 cents per kWh for the Production Tax Credit (PTC) using a market approach akin to that proposed in the bipartisanEnergy Sector Innovation Credit (ESIC) Actauthored by Senators Whitehouse (D-RI), Crapo (R-ID), Barrasso (R-WY), Bennet (D-CO), and Hickenlooper (D-CO) as well as Representatives Reed (R-NY) and Panetta (D-CA).
Chart showing eletricity generation capacity from geothermal development in the U.S. from 1970 to 2020. In that time, geothermal generation capacity has grown from 0 megawatts to nearly 4,000 megawatts.
这ITC and PTC are written with intermittent energy technologies in mind. Geothermal requires a tax incentive structure that does not sunset after two or 10 years but rather automatically scales down credits as geothermal technologies’ market penetration ramps up. The ESIC scale down should begin when geothermal reaches 10% market penetration instead of 2%. This empowers the free market to play a major role in commercialization and scaling geothermal technologies and provides much-needed predictability and planning for the geothermal industry. It also ensures taxpayer dollars do not subsidize market-mature technologies as they currently do for all other energy technologies such as hydrocarbon, solar, wind, and nuclear projects.
Conclusion
我们可以在脚下，到处都是地热能。它提供24/7的无碳功率，冷却和加热，可安全，有弹性，本地和美国。利用私营部门的公共部门投资的公私合作伙伴关系可以使地热技术成为可行的碳氢化合物的可行替代品，也可以使温室气体排放的强大解决方案和强大的解决方案。我们必须授权并扩大增强的地热大地通过此行动计划中列出的计划和建议。这样一来，重新构想的整体地热地球就可以通过整个政府方法来利用联邦政府的地位和影响力，从而使自由市场能够以这种势头抓住这种势头来扩展和商业化地热能解决方案。这将扩大迅速的新兴技术，这些技术使得广泛的地球能利用可实现。随着对牢固，可扩展，可再生，稳定的基本负载能量的需求只会变得更加紧迫，这些地热创新使连续，可靠，全球清洁能源的可能性成为现实。
No. Unlike some other clean energy technologies that requirevital mineralsextracted or refinedin authoritarian countries including Russia and China, Earth energy technologies and innovations reduce the clean energy economy’s reliance on these foreign-extracted minerals. Resilience from domestic geothermal energy secures our supply chains, conserves from destruction vital forests and habitats from Brazil to theDemocratic Republic of the Congo，，，，和generates high-paid and sought-after union jobs here in the United States.
这clean energy transformation brings with it a workforce transition. Geothermal technologies offer displaced fossil fuel workers employment opportunities that respect their professional experiences, maintain their community heritage, and preserve their place-based sense of self. Mechanical engineers, drill rig apprentices, drill supervisors, geophysicists, and project managers from the oil, gas, and coal industries all possess skills and training transferable to geothermal jobs—typically, six-figure salaried jobs.
工人厌倦了从政客，私营部门和政府机构中拒绝“信任我们”他们．这se jobs need to be ready before an individual’s job disappears and not rely on potential tourism or the prospect of relocation to another community.
Geothermal provides solutions to the oil and gas workforce as it transitions to a clean energy economy and protects the integrity and honor of rural American communities once prominent in the fossil fuel economy such as Eddington in Maine, Page in Arizona, Colstrip in Montana, River Rouge in Michigan, St. James in Louisiana, and Winfield in West Virginia. All of these communities have hadenvironmental and public healthissues due to hydrocarbons or are experiencing major loss of employment due to closing hydrocarbon-burning power plants.
Rural America is poised to win big in the ongoing clean energy transformation once policymakers harness the vast geothermal potential everywhere under our feet.
Recent heat waves around the world, with record temperatures that threaten food production and even human survival, highlight an important fact: with global warming comes an increasing need for可持续冷却策略．
Traditional air-conditioning removes dangerous heat from buildings and provides life-saving shelter and comfort. Unfortunately, air-conditioning systems worsen two other problems.
First, heat is not so much removed or eliminated as it is moved from one location to another. When a building interior is cooled, that thermal energy is transferred to the exterior surroundings. In dense urban areas, this effectincreases local temperatures，加剧因城市化而已经是热岛的地方的热浪。
Second,air-conditioning requires significant electricity，，，，placing additional stress on electric grids and generation systems that are already struggling to decrease fossil fuel dependence and cope with the electrification needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Thankfully, this increased demand can be partially offset by daytime solar generation. But夜间冷却已成为必要在许多地方。地热技术也可以在这里发挥重要作用。地热（即地面源）heat pumps are far more efficient than their air-source counterparts，，，，especially at high and low temperatures.
A ground-source cooling system can reduce building interior temperatures without heating the surrounding air space. But the capital costs for these systems are high. Public-sector support is needed via tax credits and theDefense Production Act现在激励采用，加上对技术的同时投资，以简化实施并降低成本。
Intermittent energy technologies have proven they can scale and compete with fossil fuels. But wind and solar, along with battery storage, only get us part of the way through the clean energy transformation. These technologies have made enormous strides in cost-effectively replacing fossil fuels for power generation, but their intermittent nature means they cannot get us “the last mile” to total electrification. They also cannot provide scalable and distributed cooling/heating benefits to decarbonize the built environment or agriculture processes that produce harmful emissions by burning fossil fuels.
A report published by a consortium of scientists and led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimate conventional geothermal could provide 100,000 megawatts of electricity in the United States––enough energy to power1600万美国家庭––while the Department of Energy estimates geothermal heating and cooling could reach28 million U.S. households通过使用地热热泵。这些是使用经过验证的技术的保守估计。创新技术将以正确和急需的政策支持将这些估计成倍增长。
由于地热能是一种可靠，无碳且可再生能源的来源，因此它具有广泛的应用程序，可满足美国主要的农业，制造业和商业需求，包括水产养殖种植；乳制品生产；加工纸浆和纸；用于电池，风力涡轮机和太阳能电池板制造的矿物回收；蔬菜加工和干燥；和零碳发电，仅举几例。在第22页中查找更多地热用途Doe的Geovisionreport.
这space economy is enormous, but one of its biggest challenges is tiny: space debris.
这U.S. would need 65,000 miles of pipeline to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Here’s how the Biden Administration can expanding the use of low-emission, composite materials to support a net-zero vision.
氨基酸是必不可少的，但对于大规模生物生产而言是昂贵的投入。联邦资金可以激励可扩展的产量，将这些成本减少一半。
Investing in oxygen as a utility through on-demand infrastructure can improve access and mortality rates globally. Healthcare experts propose how an international coalition led by USAID can transform the medical oxygen marketplaces of low- and middle-income countries to ensure every patient has the oxygen they need.