根据studyconducted by the Reuters Institute, the largest category of misleading or false claims about COVID-19 were misleading messages about public health policies or authorities. Social media companies have had difficulty combating this misinformation during the pandemic and it has proved devastating. Misleading claims about public health policies have likely阻止the United States from quickly stopping the spread of disease.

To mitigate the current threat of COVID-19 misinformation and prevent future misinformation crises, part of the solution could be for scientists to供应verified information to the public as quickly as possible.

将谷歌、推特和Facebook开放是吗ablishing partnerships with federal agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services to do this? In addition, will your companies commit to establishing transparent and robust reporting mechanisms to facilitate the removal of misinformation from your platforms in the future?

Misinformation from politicians, celebrities, and other prominent figuresaccountedfor about 20% of false claims about COVID-19, but consisted of 69% of total social media engagement with COVID misinformation.

Are your companies planning topartnerwith social media influencers with large followings to support science and public health? If so, how do you plan to set up these partnerships?

Digital citizenship is theconcept美国人应该接受有关技术的足够教育，以便能够从小说中辨别事实并利用互联网平台以公共利益。

教育工作者在灌输数字公民身份和“获得数字学习专业发展方面的公平差距存在甚至在大流行之前。”然后，“在Covid-19期间，不到五分之一的地区投资其联邦教育资金向专业发展，截至2020年9月，不到三分之一针对秋季学校重新开放计划中的教育者培训。”

从您的角度来看，数字公民对美国人的重要性以及联邦政府应该做些什么来提高数字公民围绕数字公民的教育的质量和一致性

Follow-up: What role do your companies have in promoting digital citizenship? Please explain.

关于技术公司的责任有限moderating他们自己的平台。因为大技术正在剥离的liability when it comes to leaving content up or taking content down, the platforms don’t technically have to be accountable for their own content policy moderation practices.

这总体上是多么问题，特别是针对在线影响运营的问题？是否应该采取措施来增加公司在主持您的平台方面的问责制，如果是这样，该怎么办？请解释。

In your view, do the business models of your internet platform firms –deriving商业价值从几乎任何内容的传播中传播出来 - 不愿您的公司保护民主政治进程免受邪恶的参与者的侵害？如何或如何不进行，请描述任何可能必要的改革。

在100多名专家的帮助下，100个问题倡议已有identified与虚假信息传播有关的十个基本问题可以通过利用私营部门实体的数据来回答，以获得社会利益。这些问题范围从确定有助于增加虚假信息的因素，如何放大虚假信息以及虚假信息消费是否会增加在线仇恨言论，激进化和现实生活中的暴力的可能性。

您的公司是否投资于可能有助于回答这些问题的虚假信息的消费和传播的研究？请解释。

似乎有一些争论harmful that 2% of Americans believe the earth is flat, 14% believe in Bigfoot, or a third of Americans endorse some form of阴谋theory(about JFK’s assassination, existence of the Illuminati, etc.). With 5G towers being burned and people dying due to misconceptions about a virus, I would think current events make it plain that the proliferation of false beliefs is a problem.

因此，仅仅为了在这里设定舞台，我想问：我们是否可以同意，错误信息，虚假信息和阴谋理论的传播实际上对社会有害？请解释。

Experts have referred to the洪水的misinformation – particularly regarding globalhealth事件 - 作为一个缺乏血症，，，，forcing them to spend valuable time and resources on countering misconceptions when those resources could be devoted to addressing the health and wellbeing of our citizens. During this pandemic we have also become familiar with the term “super-spreader.” If there was a super-spreader of the infodemic, theresearch将支持在线环境特别肥沃的理由来传播错误信息。

美国是否需要从您的平台中隔离，还是您要采取强大，一致，具体的步骤来阻止不良血症？请解释。

Research conducted by independent scientists – those outside Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc. are increasingly discovering means to prevent or counter the spread of misinformation. For instance, even something as simple as giving people the opportunity to pause and rethink their决定toshare一块在线内容可能是有益的。这只是建议的干预措施，许多学习清楚地表明，“无效”的态度是不正确的。

To what extent is your company investing in funding this important research on building best practices for helping users stop the spread of misinformation into your platforms? For example, what percentage of your budgets go toward funding outside investigations? Please explain.

去年4月，消费者报告进行了ReportsReportsexperiment他们在Facebook平台上购买的广告为冠状病毒广告假病毒。这些广告在播出之前已被消费者报告批准并自愿提取。ReportsReports

其他坏演员没有消费者报告的道德规范，证据表明他们的谎言和错误信息在互联网上传播了很多ReportsReports快点than the rate of the truth. False posts can be seen by millions of viewers – such as with the Plandemic video – before they are removed.

Are any of the strategies you are investigating or deploying proactive? For instance, such that you are not waiting for a false story to be shared thousands and thousands of times before maybe removing it, but instead are implementing methods to prevent it from showing up on your platforms altogether?

Anumber的学习已经透露，“婴儿潮一代”一代更容易受到在线错误信息的影响。这种更大的敏感性may是到期的降低数字素养水平（即熟悉技术的运作）。干预研究确实表明，提高数字素养 - 包括老年– reduces susceptibility to misinformation, as doesimprovingmedia and scientific literacy.

鉴于研究表明某些人群更容易受到在线错误信息的影响，因此您采取了哪些其他步骤或预防措施来保护这些人免受恶意内容的侵害？请解释。

Research suggests that conservatives are being disproportionately targeted by disinformation. For instance, analysis of the content of the tweets shared by 2,700 Russian troll accounts during the 2016 campaignrevealed他们具有很大的保守内容。在另一项研究中，研究人员追踪了围绕2014年MH17在乌克兰领空的崩溃的虚假信息，发现这一点接触was almost 7 times higher among conservative Twitter users than liberals.

How is this information being used to affect procedures or policies to protect citizens being disproportionately targeted by disinformation campaigns? Please explain.

Research shows that the type of misinformation最有可能传播on your platforms is that which is highly emotional, particularly negative information that indicates there is some sort of looming threat to human life. This research existed before the pandemic. In fact, we had a trial run onvirus-related misinformation在此期间Ebola outbreak。在2016年，在使用社交媒体平台进行选举干预的证据，您的许多平台claimedto be working on ‘fixing’ the spread of misinformation.

What protections were put in place on your platforms in advance of the inevitable spread of misinformation surrounding the COVID-19 virus? And why have those measures, if any, apparently failed?

In the wake of the COVID-19 infodemic, research has found a documented增加in Sinophobia, particularly towards Chinese people, on American platforms like 4chan, but also including Twitter. Fake news sources have also been有效的in increasing other types of hate, particularly Islamophobia.

We also know that extremist groups are continuing to use mainstream platforms to recruit new members,传播hate-based propaganda, organize, or perpetrate attacks. However, social media has struggled to address this harmful messaging. Before the shooting in Kenosha, WI, for example, the event where a militia encouraged followers to bring guns to an upcoming protest was reported to Facebookover 400 times那天,占66%的报告提出,但英足总ReportsReportscebook did not report nor take down the militia’s posts.

您用什么标准来衡量是否应该保留在网站上的充满仇恨，危险的内容？鉴于威胁继续“通过裂缝滑落”，如何改善当前的协议？

除了引人入胜的悲剧，例如大规模枪击事件和纵火被误导的极端分子犯下research不应忽略强调错误信息的更广泛影响。新兴的社会科学研究发现mere exposure阴谋理论减少了对科学的行为，信任和信念，同时增加了对随后错误信息的敏感性。其他研究表明，持续暴露于虚假信息会导致增长fear, anxiety, stress, and racism。

鉴于在线环境有助于暴露于这种轰动性的“信息”中，您在多大程度上觉得自己有责任优先解决此问题，这比到目前为止所做的要多？

Since the 2016 presidential election, social media companies have spentbillions的dollars combating the increased spread of disinformation. However, late last year the German Marshall Fund成立这些新闻媒体在Facebook上定期发布虚假的新闻媒体在2020年的好评，分享和评论水平是2016年的三倍。这种增长还超过了著名的新闻媒体（如路透社和美联社）在网站上收到的订婚。。

扎克伯格先生，鉴于自2016年以来，尤其是在Facebook上，虚假信息的蔓延不断恶化，您打算采取不同的方式来减轻未来的虚假信息的传播？

上个月，Twitter推出了一项新功能来打击错误信息Birdwatch。它依靠Twitter用户自己标记和揭露错误信息。然后，将这些响应评为其他用户的质量和来源的信誉。从这个过程中获得高评分的个体可以提高自己的声誉，因为它是可靠的来源，并在该站点上获得了更大的重要性。

Mr. Dorsey, many sources of disinformation can be very convincingly disguised as legitimate outlets. How can you ensure that the people debunking disinformation through Birdwatch are actually putting forth correct information? In addition, what will Twitter do to prevent bad actors from taking advantage of Birdwatch to further spread disinformation?

The Google News Initiative发射a $3 million fund to combat misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines in January. It plans to support journalistic efforts to fact-check misinformation about the vaccination process with a focus on groups disproportionately exposed to misinformation.

Mr. Pichai, can you give us an update on this project and how Google plans to expand its efforts to address misinformation in the future? What can Congress do to reduce the impact of misinformation on the internet?

Your question could be here!