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Compliance with the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC)August 3, 2010

国务院本周国务院发布了有关特定国家“遵守武器控制，不扩散以及裁军协议和委员会的遵守”报告的未分类版本（此后称为合规报告）。本报告的一部分涵盖了生物和毒素武器公约（BWC，又名BTWC）的合规性问题。金博宝正规网址合规性报告表明，BWC的州政党和签署者处于合规性：埃及，印度，伊拉克，利比亚和巴基斯坦。

Transport of Laboratory Personnel Exposed to Dangerous Pathogens, MDJuly 23, 2010

马里兰州一个NBIC设施在英国《金融时报》。德特里克(来源:我们基于“增大化现实”技术my Corps of Engineers) The Federal Register published a notice today from the Department of Health and Human Services detailing the transport of potentially infected laboratory workers at the new National Interagency Biodefense Campus (NIBC) in Ft. Detrick, MD. The campus hosts researchers from a variety of agencies, including the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), and the National Institute of Health’s (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID),which conduct research in Biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories. Such laboratories are required to work with dangerous pathogens, such as Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Ebolavirus sp (Ebola).

Anthrax outbreak in Ugandan HippopotamusesJuly 9, 2010

Dead hippopotamus in Lake George, Uganda. (Source: New Vision) In late June, 30 hippopotamuses died of anthrax in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, a popular safari location. These hippopotamuses likely contracted Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, from spores that had been lying dormant in the lake shore soil for 6 years, originating from an anthrax outbreak in 2004 which killed approximately 300 hippos. Because B. anthracis spores are hardy and can survive for decades in the soil, proper disposal of infected carcasses is very important to control future outbreaks. The New Vision reports that the State Minister for the Animal Industry in Uganda, Major Rwamirama, recommended that the carcasses should be moved and the infected areas sprayed – the article did not mention with what. Major Rwamirama also mentioned that burying the carcasses was expensive, ~$440 per carcass, and unreliable, since burial does not kill the hardy spores.

Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize in AfricaJune 18, 2010

黄曲霉电子microsco下看到pe. (Credit: Cornell University Dept. of Animal Sciences) 2.3 million bags of maize are contaminated with aflatoxins this year in Kenya, according to afrol News. Aflatoxins are produced by the Aspergillus species of fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and are highly carcinogenic and damaging to the liver. This natural outbreak in Kenya has made a large portion of “maize unfit for human and livestock consumption and trade, to the dismay of the millions of small-scale farmers that depend on the crop for food and income.” Government officials in Kenya are offering to buy the contaminated maize in effort to keep it off the market. Aflatoxin contamination cannot be seen without the aid of UV light, leading some farmers to doubt that their crops are contaminated. With the aid of a black light, one can see the presence of the B1 and B2 aflatoxins, which fluoresce blue, and the G1 and G2 aflatoxins, which fluoresce green.

未来治疗：免疫调节2010年6月9日

Septic Infection (Credit: CDC) Instead of strictly offensive measures (e.g. antivirals, antibiotics, and siRNA treatments), scientists are developing ways to improve our own natural defense against pathogens, our immune system. This can be done both by enhancing immune function and preventing immune overreactions. Enhancing the Immune System A study released last month found a way to protect mice from deadly doses of Yersinia pestis (plague), Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis), Brucella abortus (brucellosis), and Francisella tularensis (tularemia). All of these agents are Select Agents and possible bioweapons agents. Researchers from a branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) branch in Montana were able confer this protection by enhancing the immune response in mice, priming it to fight an infection.

Future Treatment: siRNA2010年6月9日

Penicillin WWII Advertisement. (Credit: Schenley Laboratories, Inc., Lawrenceburg, Indiana) During 1940s, penicillin, the first commercially available antibiotic, was hailed as a “wonder drug.” Penicillin helped make WWII the first American war where infection was not the major cause of death. But by the 1950s, antibiotic resistance became widespread. Scientists were engaged in a veritable arms race, constantly modifying and developing new classes of antibiotics to beat resistance while bacteria, literally generations ahead, continued to defeat their advances. The same story is true for antivirals, such as Tamiflu (oseltamivir). Multidrug-resistant bacteria and viruses are an increasing problem, especially in hospital settings. Scientists are now looking to develop new methods, beyond standard antibiotics and antivirals, to combat bacterial and viral diseases. Within the past month, many new treatments have been discussed, including the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA).

“博士死亡” - 南非的生物与化学武器计划的头脑May 28, 2010

Cape Town, South Africa Credit: NASA The South African chemical and biological warfare program, called “Project Coast,” was established in 1981 under the apartheid regime, violating the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention of 1972. The project’s researchers studied Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Vibrio colerae (cholera), salmonella and Botulinum toxin, in addition to a variety of chemical agents, such as MDMA (ecstasy), PCP, muscle relaxants and nerve agents. Unlike the chemical agents, the biological agents were not produced on a large scale and were neither weaponized nor meant for combat. Instead, the program focused on using biological agents for assassination of those who challenged the government. The agents produced were used by the South African Defense Force and police. The secretive Project Coast had no civilian and extremely limited military oversight. Only the former head of Project Coast, Dr. Wouter Basson, knew the agents being studied, how they were used and how much they cost. Dr. Basson was nicknamed “Dr. Death,” and allegedly arranged the killing of many political dissidents. In one case, he arranged for the South West African People’s Organization’s (SWAPO) water supply to be contaminated with V colerae, killing 200 people. Court testimonies indicate that Dr. Basson directed work on contraceptives, with the intent to deliver them to unknowing individuals. Project Coast ended in 1993 due to diplomatic pressure from the United States and the United Kingdom.

Craig Venter的合成基因组：未来的生物安全问题？May 25, 2010

Colonies of the transformed Mycoplasma mycoides bacterium. Credit: J. Craig Venter Institute J. Craig Venter of the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) in Rockville, MD announced last week that his team was able to successfully create a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically assembled, man-made genome. This breakthrough discovery in the emerging field of synthetic genomics raises some concern in the biosecurity community and prompted President Obama to call for “… a study of the implications of this scientific milestone, as well as other advances that may lie ahead in this field of research” at the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues held on Thursday, May 20, 2010.

Unauthorized Brucellosis Experiments, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMay 21, 2010

病理生物学科学教授，Gary Splitter，DVM博士，被暂停BSL-1上方的实验室工作，直到2013年，因为未经授权的工作是在2007年与他的研究生的Brucella抗生素耐药菌株进行的。由于这项工作打破了联邦法规，因此被罚款40,000美元。布鲁氏菌细菌会引起疾病的布鲁氏菌病，该疾病是人类长期的非特异性发热性疾病，伴随着寒冷，汗水，头痛，疲劳，肌痛（肌肉疼痛），腹痛（关节疼痛）（关节疼痛）和厌食症。威斯康星州杂志报道说，UW-Madison生物安全委员会ReportsReports成员Splitter博士否认对他的研究生实验的了解 - 但电子邮件记录表明其他情况。

Position Filled: Outreach Coordinator for BiosecurityMay 5, 2010

美国科学家联合会的生物安全计划正在扩大。职位名称：生物安全的外展协调员地点：华盛顿特区的薪水：与经验相称，慷慨的福利教育：与生物科学相关的博士学位，在与科学相关领域的管理经验至少5年；硕士学位具有丰富的经验。业务和营销经验高度期望。描述：FAS生物安全计划正在寻找一种聪明，充满活力，驱动和风度翩翩的个人来促进和开发虚拟生物安全中心（VBC），这是一个基于创新视频，多媒体和社交网络工具，以革新