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第5章

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

A.简介

1. Various statutory and regulatory provisions, including 22 U.S.C. 2767 (Authority of the President to Enter into Cooperative Projects with Friendly Foreign Countries)(参考B),10 U.S.C.2350a(合作研究与发展项目:盟国)(reference a)和国防部指令5530.3(参考EE)要求必须在协议备忘录(MOA),谅解备忘录(MOU)或其他同等国际协议中规定国际合作计划的安排。

2。This chapter will not cover the ramifications of international agreements except as they relate to information security, foreign disclosure and technology transfer. For a thorough understanding of international agreements relating to cooperative research and development programs, refer to DoD Directive 5530.3 and the DoD International Agreement Generator Computer software program maintained by the Navy International Programs Office. For a similar understanding of LOAs and international agreements relating to coproduction programs, refer to the current edition of the SAMM(参考DD)

3.本章也不涵盖外国军事销售。美国政府提供出售外国政府或国际组织国防文章和服务的手段的实施信(LOA)不是国防部指令5530.3的国际协议。因此,国务院和国防部都将LOA视为合同,而不是国际协议。

B.定义

某些定义对于理解国际协议过程至关重要。因此,在这里为读者提供了方便。

1.International Agreement.An international agreement is:

A。与一个或多个外国政府(包括其机构,工具或政治细分)或国际组织达成的任何协议:

(1)由任何国防部的人员或国务院或美国政府的任何其他部门或任何其他部门的代表签署或同意;

(2)表示其当事方受到国际法约束的意图;

(3) Is denominated as an international agreement or as an MOU, MOA, memorandum of arrangements, exchange of notes, exchange of letters, technical arrangement, protocol, note verbal, aide memoir, agreed minute, contract, arrangement, statement of intent, letter of intent, statement of understanding or any other name connoting a similar legal consequence.

b。上面符合第1.A.款标准的任何口头协议。

C。A NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) under the NATO Mutual Support Act(reference yy)这提供了对军事设备,弹药,物资和商店的相互支持或交叉服务,或者提供国防服务的相互渲染,包括培训。

2。谈判。以任何方式或要约的沟通代表美国,国防部或代表其任何官员或组织要素,向外国政府的代理商或代表(包括其机构,工具或政治机构或政治机构)细分)或国际组织的详细信息,以至于接受这种立场或要约的接受将导致国际协议。

A。“谈判”一词包括任何此类沟通,即使受到负责当局的后者批准的条件。该术语还包括提供协议草案或其他文件草案,接受该协议将构成协议,以及对任何标题为“协议”的任何美国或外国政府或国际组织草案的讨论。

b。该术语不包括未讨论未讨论文件草案的初步或探索性讨论或日常会议,只要进行讨论或会议以了解传达的观点不会,也不应在法律上或其他方面绑定或提交任何方面。另请参见第3章,E.6。,错误印象。

3。Agreements Having Policy Significance.政策重要的协议包括那些协议:

A。指定披露机密信息,技术共享或工作共享安排,军事设备的合并或抵消承诺的披露,这是研究,开发,测试,评估或生产国防文章,服务或技术的国际合作协议的一部分。

b。Because of their intrinsic importance or sensitivity, would directly and significantly affect foreign or defense relations between the United States and another government.

C。从本质上讲,国防部长办公室(OSD)或外交层面需要批准,谈判或签名。

d。将制定美国目前在现有的共同安全或其他辩护协议或安排中未承担的安全承诺,这会增加美国对外国政府或地区的辩护的义务。

C.政策和程序

1.国际协议的典型类型是协议备忘录(MOA)和理解备忘录(MOU)。考虑与外国政府或国际组织一项国际协议一项倡议的人应寻求适当的总法律顾问或员工法官辩护人的指导。

2。The Under Secretary of Defense (Policy), (USD(P)), has the responsibility within DoD for authorizing the negotiation and conclusion (signing) of all categories of international agreements. The USD(P), in DoD Directive 5530.3, has delegated some of this authority to other officials within the Department of Defense.

3。DoD Directive 5530.3 authorizes various DoD Component officials to approve negotiations and the conclusion of certain categories of international agreements. This authority does not relieve the officials from the coordination requirements of the Directive, however. Moreover, the USD(P) reserves approval authority for all proposed agreements having policy significance as described in subsection B.3. above. These agreements involve, among other things, international cooperation in RDT&E or production of defense articles, services or technology and which specifically involve either:

(a) Disclosure of classified information.

(b) Technology-sharing or work-sharing arrangements.

(c) Coproduction of military equipment.

(d)抵消承诺。

4.国防部指令5530.3还要求协调安全规定,以涉及可能涉及CMI,机密技术或机密材料与副代表释放国防部长(政策)政策支持(DTUSD(P)PS),在对外国政府或国际组织做出任何承诺之前。这是为了确保安全规定与国家和国防部披露政策是一致的,并且它们与相关的国际安全协议一致(请参阅第3章,C。和G.节)。国防部指令5230.11(reference ff)禁止披露机密信息或承诺这样做,以等待适当的披露当局的披露决定。(有关CMI披露以外的其他事项,请参见DOD指令5530.3。)

5.一项协议的支持者必须要求授权在开始谈判之前,从拥有批准该协议的官员的协议中进行谈判(RAN)。

6.从安全性和技术控制的角度来看,在乘坐包装的各种文档中,最重要的是TA/CP。它的目的是三倍:

A。协助官员披露授权,以做出有关CMI和CUI潜在披露的决定。

b。协助开发谈判指导和指示。

C。协助开发披露授权书(DDL)的代表团。

在第3章中讨论了安全协议。在第8章中详细讨论了TA/CP和DDL。

7。谅解备忘录。OSD采用了自动化的国际协议发电机(IAG)。该发电机存储,更新和组装某些协议的标准规定。这些规定是按类型和国家(IES)起草国际协议的基准。发电机包括在特定协议中选择一项规定的政策和理由。海军国际计划办公室(电话(703)604-0152)是数据库的执行代理。

8。Reviewing International Agreements

A。主管人员必须审查国际协议。国防部总法律顾问办公室和国防部(审计长)的办公室必须审查所有协议。如前所述,ODTUSD(P)PS必须审查所有涉及机密信息或具有安全性的协议。安全,外国披露和技术转让人员应仔细审查所有国际协议的以下文章(部分):

(1) Definition of Terms and Abbreviations. The IAG provides a list of the most commonly used terms and their definitions. The use of the terms should be consistent throughout the agreement; care must be exercised when modifying them to avoid unintended interpretations in other sections of the agreement.

(2)目标。本文简要说明了项目打算实现的目标。这里令人担忧的是,在适用的披露政策下,很容易承诺可能不允许的事情。该目标还应与支持拟议协议和TA/CP的法律备忘录兼容。

(3) Management. The provisions of this article could inadvertently authorize the project management to transfer or otherwise dispose of U.S. CMI or CUI in a manner contrary to U.S. law or policy, that is inconsistent with other articles of the agreement, or that exceeds the delegated authority of the project manager.

(4)合同规定。该协议的本文应要求项目管理,参与政府或承包商允许的任何合同都包含适当的规定,以征收合同,并分包文章有关披露和使用计划信息的规定- 方销售和转让。

(5)披露和使用程序信息。本节中的主要关注点是关于政府和承包商的披露和使用的重点,开发了背景信息(在该计划的绩效中使用但未产生的信息)和前景信息(该计划在计划的绩效中产生的项目信息)。关于第三方销售和转让的文章应该交叉引用,以确保未经参与者事先书面同意,使用的规定不会导致第三方转移。必须特别注意确保本文与《安全性》文章中的规定不矛盾。

(6)受控的未分类信息。担心的是本文中的规定必须:

(a) Limit the use of CUI to the uses specified in the article on Disclosure and Use of Project Information.

(b)限制访问需要认识的人。

(c)将CUI的转移限制在第三方销售和转让协议规定中所述的转移。

(d)要求禁止进一步披露,除非发起人同意其释放,并且根据立法规定将未经授权的释放或可能释放通知发起方。

(e)提供信息的识别和标记。

(f)确保承包商在法律上必须根据适用的法律和法规控制CUI。

(7)访问场所。令人关注的领域是,当事方必须授权访问,提供安全许可认证并需要知道,要求访客遵守主机的安全程序,并将提供的信息处理为提供给访客政府的信息。应指定要​​求访问的渠道和/或特殊程序。应建立反复访问的授权,以促进交流并排除需要紧急访问的需求。

(8)安全性。本文必须介绍以下几点:

(a)CMI的使用,传输,存储,处理和保护。

(b) The transfer of CMI via government-to-government channels or by methods agreed to by each of the Parties' Designated Security Authority (DSA). Provision must be made for marking the CMI with the classification level, country of origin, conditions of release and the identification of the program.

(c)禁止将CMI释放给第三方,除非协议规定,除非发起人首先以书面形式同意。

(d)报告已知或怀疑的未经授权的披露或妥协以及向信息发起人通知的报告。

(e)在第三方控制或影响下,承包商访问。

(f) The appointment of a person at each government or contractor facility where CMI is to be used to exercise the responsibilities for protecting CMI.

(g)要求只有适当清理的人需要参与该计划的人才能访问CMI。

(h)提供适用于协议存在的分类级别的说明,其中包含的CMI的分类级别。

(i) A requirement to bind contractors to the provisions of the agreement relating to the CMI.

(j)考虑或要求计划或项目经理开发程序安全指令(PSI)以扩展上述问题或涵盖尚未涵盖的任何领域。金博宝正规网址

(k)对于未分类的计划,一个简单的声明,例如“根据本协议进行的项目(计划)的目的,应在未分类的水平上进行。”或“根据本协议不提供或生成任何分类信息”就足够了。

(9)第三方销售和转会。本文应包含禁止任何计划信息的转让,并从那里开发的产品,未经发起人的书面同意(用于背景信息和材料)或所有当事方的同意(用于前景信息和材料)。必须仔细比较有关披露和使用程序信息和安全性的文章,以确保它们保持一致和兼容。

(10) Participation of Additional Nations. This article requires a conscious decision on the part of the U.S. team as to whether the admission of new members in the future is desirable, given CMI and CUI technology transfer concerns. Among the points to consider are other likely participants, the NDP-1(参考R)限制了这些国家的限制,其记录在保护CMI和CUI方面,以及他们遵守确定的安全要求的意愿。

(11)修正,撤回,终止,生效和持续时间。本文中的重要一点是,当事方在披露和使用项目信息的文章中的职责和权利,受控的未分类信息,安全性,安全性,第三方销售和转让,尽管退出,终止或到期协议。

b b。北约安全法规通常不应该e cited in an agreement unless the following conditions for a "NATO program" are met: the program is commonly funded by a NATO organization; all of the information in the program is authorized for release to all NATO nations; a NATO organization will manage the project, and NATO regulations laws and, not national regulations, apply. The MOU generator data base should be consulted for the appropriate MOU clauses. In those cases when there may be participation by a NATO organization, and both national and NATO rules apply, the PSI should be developed to reconcile differences in procedures.

9.安全与技术转移支持

A。DoD Components should give serious consideration to assigning a security and foreign disclosure expert to the program team for those international programs and projects that will involve the transfer of classified and other critical technology. If such personnel cannot be assigned to the team, they nevertheless must be involved in the development of the program. This should be accomplished early-on to assist in the development of negotiation and disclosure guidance, to participate in the negotiations and to develop security arrangements for the program (see Subsection C.8.).

b。During preparation of the TA/CP, the security or foreign disclosure expert can assist in developing appropriate security and disclosure related negotiating guidance. This guidance should identify those classified and unclassified technologies that will not be shared as well as those that will be shared under the program and whether the sharing is on a limited or restricted basis. The guidance should also address time- or event-phased release of technology, possible provision of some technology in a modified form to protect U.S. interests, and arrangements for technology transfer and protection. The Delegation of Disclosure Letter (DDL) which results from this analysis will form the basis for U.S. disclosures during the life of the project. The TA/CP and DDL are dynamic documents and likely will require updating as a program matures, particularly for those that begin as cooperative research and development programs. Preparation of the TA/CP should commence concurrently with development of the governing agreement. (See also Chapter 8.)

10。Security Arrangements

A。The success of an international program is highly dependent on the efficient flow of information among the participants. Therefore, security and technology transfer representatives from the participating countries should meet as soon as possible to establish information transfer channels and other security procedures. These procedures can be included in the agreement, in an annex, or the program office can be tasked with developing a separate Program Security Instruction (PSI). See also Chapter 9, Multinational Industrial Security Working Group (MISWG) Documents.

b。必须考虑控制参加会议或在该计划期间在美国政府或承包商设施工作的外国代表的程序。外国代表在国防部设施中的存在将要求将控制程序包括在DDL中;对于分配给承包商设施的外国人,根据ITAR需要制定技术控制计划(TCP)(参考C)和ism/nispom(reference aa)respectively.

11.结论的权力

A。在谈判过程结束时,协议的支持者将要求批准(RAC)的授权的授权要求授予授权开始谈判的官员。RAC软件包的内容与RAN软件包基本相同。RAC包和流程的四个方面对安全性,外国披露和技术转让人员感兴趣。

(1) The draft agreement must be carefully examined to ensure that the U.S. negotiating team adhered to the security and technology control guidelines in the approved RAN package and the TA/CP.

(2)必须更新TA/CP,以反映谈判,时间或其他影响所带来的任何更改。

(3) A DDL must accompany the RAC package. It must conform to Parts 3 and 4 of the TA/CP. This DDL will provide detailed guidance regarding the releasability of all CMI and CUI under the agreement and delegate the authority to approve the releases. It will be used to develop conditions and limitations for subsequent export authorizations.

(4)尽管与RAC无关,但应与RAC的开发同时发起PSI的准备,并应启动安全分类指南,以确保其准备工作不会延迟该计划。

b。由于在批准DDL之前,无法承诺或实际发布CMI和CUI,因此必须在协议签署时进行。DDL在第8章中进行了讨论。

12。共同制作和许可生产项目

协同生产和生产许可被介绍duced in Chapter 2. Coproduction or licensed production may be arranged through a government-to-government agreement, or a commercial manufacturing license agreement, or both. In any case, the foreign country receives not only the defense article and its "onboard" technology, it also receives certain manufacturing know-how or technology. This may range from simple assembly of completed components and a few locally produced parts (i.e., "build to print"), to a major manufacturing effort requiring the transfer of U.S. manufacturing data. Therefore, proposed coproduction or licensed production arrangements should receive close scrutiny in the process leading up to a decision to verify the type and sensitivity of U.S. technical data to be released.

b。美国政府对共同制作或许可生产请求的回应也必须在政府内部完全协调,以确保该项目将为美国的最大利益服务。必须解决的具体问题金博宝正规网址包括:

(1)项目的性质和范围和支持理由。

(2)技术转移的含义包括将离开美国的设计和/或制造技术。

(3)CMI披露的含义,可能的NDP例外以及这些异常的范围和局限性。

(4)对美国行业的影响,包括涉及制造项目的主要和分包商及其对项目的看法。

(5)对美国工业基础和其他授权外国生产的影响。

C。Consideration must also be given to the choice of an implementing vehicle for the project. In most cases, the Department of Defense has no preference whether the production is carried out under a government-to-government or commercial program. In some cases it may be in the United States' interest to negotiate and conclude an international agreement or a Letter of Offer and Acceptance to support a commercial or government-to-government project. Among the factors which may warrant such an agreement are:

(1)项目的规模和复杂性(即,将LOA和商业弹药许可证的结合使用;涉及指定为主要国防设备的文章;或该项目被美国政府或行业视为敏感)。

(2)美国政府拥有所涉及的技术数据的权利。

(3)该系统包含分类或其他敏感的组件,并且/或释放分类数据是必不可少的。

(4)有必要进行广泛澄清和划定职责,职责和当局。

(5)潜在的外国参与者要求通过国际协议实施该项目。

(6)需要详细的安全安排。

(7)与其他政府没有安全协议,现有协议可能不适用,也不适当。

d。联合制作或许可生产项目的关键要素是技术数据或技术数据包(TDP)。TDP通常包括技术设计和制造信息,以实现或制造辩护文章或组件,或者可以执行维护或生产过程。美国政府将仅在FMS程序下释放美国政府拥有的技术数据和TDP,以应对外国政府要求该数据的土著防御要求的要求。美国政府还更喜欢在政府到政府的基础上转移其拥有无限或政府使用权的私人技术数据和TDP。但是,它可以允许美国公司拥有技术数据或TDP中的相关权利,以通过出口许可程序传输数据。如果公司获得出口许可证,美国政府将允许直接商业基础转移所有其他未分类的技术数据和TDP。除非它也愿意将技术数据发布给请求政府以生产目的,否则美国政府将不会出于研究目的发布技术数据。

e。必须在发布前对TDP进行编辑,以排除超出该授权发布的信息。

f. TDPs should be marked prominently as to the purpose for which they are to be used in accordance with Chapter 2 above.

13。分销有限的信息

A。DoD Directive 2000.3(参考CCC)requires that all distribution limited information released to a foreign government, whether privately- or Government-owned, classified or unclassified, must be marked with the following restrictions:

(1) "This information shall be accorded substantially the same degree of security protection as such information has in the United States."

(2)“未经美国事先书面同意,不得向另一个国家披露此信息。”

b。当发布可能是私人拥有的技术信息时,标记必须包含以下其他符号:

(1)“在理解可能是私有拥有的情况下,接受了此信息。”

(2)“仅出于信息目的而接受此信息,因此应相应地将其视为在信心中披露。接收者政府应尽最大努力确保不会以任何可能损害权利的方式处理信息因此,私人所有者的专利或其他可能的法定保护。”

(3)“接收者政府必须同意如果希望将此信息用于制造或用于辩护目的或任何其他目的,则必须同意获得美国的事先书面同意。”