野外消防政策建议
火是一个自然而正常的生态过程，但是今天的大火有强度生长and cost, causing对人和财产的更多破坏。气候变化和我们过时的政策回应are amplifying these negative effects。
在美国，联邦政府负责野外消防管理的责任。联邦实体管理开处方的烧伤和野火的公共土地，支持野火反应，并对火的影响进行研究。认识到这项工作只会增长，Bipartisan Infrastructure Lawauthorized theWildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commissionto develop and deliver一系列全面的新政策建议致力于国会，重点是“更好地预防，管理，抑制和从野火中恢复”。
关于野外消防政策加速器
响应委员会呼吁投入，，，，the Federation of American Scientists launched a荒地消防政策加速器to source and develop actionable policy ideas aimed at improving how we live with fire. This effort is in partnership withCOMPASS，，，，theCalifornia Council on Science and Technology (CCST)， 和保护X实验室，他们在加速器主题和连接方面为感兴趣的社区带来了深厚的专业知识。
参与者来自学术界，私营部门，非营利组织和国家实验室，并在火灾生态，林业，建模，气候变化，消防情报，文化燃烧等方面带来了专业知识。加速器遵循FAS的接近Day One Project在几个月内提供结构化培训，支持和政策专家的反馈，以帮助参与者完善他们的政策思想。在加速器的第二阶段中，这些贡献者的一部分将在FAS网站上发布完整的备忘录，并提供有关其政策建议的更多信息。
Table of Contents
Landscapes and Communities
Create Federal Indemnity Fund to cover accidental damages from cultural and prescribed fire
克里斯·阿德兰（Chris Adlam），俄勒冈州立大学博士
几千年来，西方的森林从根本上是通过部落使用火的形状，而不同的部落采用了独特的文化火传统。不幸的是，现在，土著文化消防从业者被劝阻，不愿对私人和公共森林进行文化烧伤，因为他们担心在极少数情况下，文化大火意外逃脱了计划的界限，他们对损害赔偿负有责任。为了允许文化消防从业者努力恢复我们的森林，联邦政府必须保护他们免于对他们所执行的公共服务的风险承担个人责任。类似的程序也是如此被提出开处方的火; cultural burning should be equally protected and benefited by any Fund that is created.
国会应建立和资助联邦文化和规定的烧毁赔偿基金，以鼓励野火预防措施，并保护消防从业者和土地所有者免受负责任地进行的文化或处方烧伤所造成的损失，这些燃烧范围超出了预期的范围。
Prescribed and cultural burning, in tandem with other treatments, are needed to reduce fuel loads and restore the health of forests that are relied upon for recreation, industry, and drinking water. Fuel treatment is also essential to reducing the cost of catastrophic wildfires, which cost the United States an estimated $14.5 billion dollars in damages and emergency response efforts from 2021 to 2022.
在全国范围内，规定的烧伤在经验上都是绝对安全的。根据美国森林服务局局长兰迪·摩尔（Randy Moore）的说法超过99.84％的USFS土地处方大火发生。在对南部大平原南部规定的烧伤的另一份评论中，研究人员发现了类似的发现，less than 1% of prescribed burns escape。尚未进行类似的研究来分析经验安全文化燃烧，但是相关研究的调查并未发现逃脱的文化燃烧的例子。但是，不能完全消除风险的事实使从业者和决策者限制了他们对受控燃烧的使用。如果烧伤造成损害，该基金将通过确保所有受影响的各方都将得到迅速而充分的补偿来最大程度地减少这些损害赔偿造成的破坏。通过建立这种资金结构，土地所有者将不再取决于国会的个人行为，以获得赔偿隐士的峰/小牛峡谷火做过。
在过去的一年中，各州在观察到支持消防人员的必要性后开始创造类似的资金。加利福尼亚最近创建了规定的火灾索赔基金and funded it with $20 million. However, a federal fund is needed to provide coverage on a larger scale, with a scope and financial scale that is not possible for individual states.
建议
To ensure that Cultural Fire Practitioners across the nation are covered, Congress should consider the following actions:
- 在联邦机构内部建立联邦文化和规定的燃烧赔偿基金（例如FEMA，该基金也管理Fire Prevention and Safety (FP&S) Grants) to protect both fire practitioners and landowners from losses incurred from responsibly conducted cultural or prescribed burns that spread beyond their intended range.
- 每年适当的资金由指定联邦机构（例如FEMA）管理。每年，剩余的资金都可以转移到第二年，也可以作为资助进一步的文化和规定的烧伤而支付。
- Direct FEMA (or other designated agency, as appropriate) to create a baseline gross negligence standard for cultural burns and for prescribed burns that will be used to determine the validity of claims. To gain access to the Fund, states would need liability standards that protect Fire Practitioners at a level that meets the minimum requirements outlined by the federal baseline gross negligence standards. The Fund would cover claims caused by escaped cultural fires and prescribed fires that were planned and implemented with due diligence, and the burner would cover claims that result from gross negligence by the burner.
- 直接的FEMA（或其他指定机构，适当的）与部落国家和组织合作，制定资格标准，以确保基金始终涵盖由联邦定义所定义的文化消防从业人他们正在运行。
- 直接管理机构，以确保部落国家和组织领导和监督基金的管理。
我们建议国会将FEMA视为该基金的主要管理员，因为它管理了防火和安全（FP＆S）赠款，这是对消防员赠款（AFG）计划的援助的一部分，并且由于其火灾后灾难援助任务。美国农业部森林服务局或内政部是该基金的其他潜在管理人员。为了鼓励州投资，该基金可能需要一定金额后的各州匹配资金。
这Fund could be paired with the development of regionally specific definitions of“文化消防从业者。”这些文化消防从业者的定义应在部落国家和组织领导的过程中发展。还应注意确保文化消防从业者可以在燃烧时不需要不必要的情况下获得基金 - 这会损害其文化传统或为他们的工作增加难以控制的监管负担。
为了进一步保护文化消防从业者在进行重要的公共服务时，国会还可以为文化消防从业者提供覆盖范围Federal Torts Claims Act，，，，similarly to how Tribal contractors, employees, and volunteers are classified as federal employees for the purpose of FTCA coverage. In the past, Tribal medical or law enforcement personnel have received coverage after taking over programs previously administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the Bureau of Indian Affairs. As policy reforms allow Tribal Cultural Fire Practitioners to practice cultural burns with less interference from the BIA, FTCA coverage would become increasingly beneficial and necessary.
By creating this Fund, Congress would support fire practitioners working on the frontlines of the crisis and the communities most threatened by fire.
Directly fund Tribes to create and implement land stewardship initiatives
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士
Across the United States, Tribal nations and organizations have the knowledge and will to lead cultural and prescribed burns. Unfortunately, they are consistently limited by (a) insufficient funds, and (b) burdensome regulatory requirements that often prove overly burdensome to comply with. These two issues are connected. Tribal practitioners are often unable to obtain federal grants for land stewardship purposes because they do not have the capacity to find and apply for them, to compete with state agencies and organizations in the application process, and to comply with the grant requirements, which can conflict with Cultural Fire traditions in fundamental ways.
Congress should appropriate discretionary funds directly to Tribal nations and Tribally-led organizations for fire hazard reduction in order to decrease the administrative capacity needed for Tribes to compete for grants. The funds will be dispersed by regional Tribal liaisons, who will gather and utilize input from local actors to direct grants.
Tribal governments and organizations require direct grant funding to exercise their sovereignty in a rightfully unencumbered manner. When Tribal governments and organizations are provided with adequate funding and are able to direct its usage, Cultural Fire Practitioners (CFPs) are able to design cultural fire projects that fit their unique traditions and local plant communities contained within their lands. In addition, by giving Tribes greater discretion over funds, the federal government would a) decrease the regulatory burden on Tribes, and b) provide greater recognition of cultural burning as a uniquely valuable form of land restoration and place-based knowledge, instead of categorizing the practice as an often-overlooked subset of prescribed burning.
最重要的是，直接资金将使部落政府和组织能够将关键能力从时间密集型的行政任务转移到管理其祖先土地上。部落可以扩大消防从业者的劳动力，治疗更大的土地领域，并更好地保护重要的自然和文化资源。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Commission a study conducted collaboratively with Tribal nations and organizations to explore financial mechanisms to deliver consistent, direct funding to Tribal Nations and organizations for Cultural Fire purposes. Potential mechanisms could include a federal endowment or a dedicated tax.
- 指导该研究以确保CFP可以轻松获得提议的资金机制获得资金。
- 一旦确定了适当的财务机制，便雇用区域部落联络员将资金引导到部落，并收到当地社区和CFP的意见。联络人将有助于创建双向沟通渠道，以在历史上自上而下的资金过程中增强本地声音。
通过利用社区和文化消防从业人员的专业知识，部落联络人将能够将资金定位于最需要的团体和景观，以确保每年以有效的方式使用联邦资源。
It is time for the federal government to recognize the deep expertise of Tribes in fire management. By giving Tribes greater influence in determining the use of funds for preventative and mitigative activities, Congress would bring funding structures in line with the rightful sovereignty of Tribes, and it would protect communities and natural resources across the country by clearing the path for more beneficial fire.
在《国家环境政策法案》（NEPA）中为文化燃烧创建一个分类排除
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士；克里斯·阿德兰（Chris Adlam），俄勒冈州立大学博士
One of the original stated purposes of theNational Environmental Policy Act1969年是“促进努力将阻止或者eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man.” Cultural and prescribed burning directly contribute to this goal. Unfortunately, current interpretations of NEPA require Cultural Fire Practitioners (CFPs) to undertake onerous Environmental Impact Statements before burns on federal or Tribal trust lands, which often prevent Tribes from even attempting to burn in these locations. Because Tribal lands are held in trust by the federal government, CFPs must also comply with NEPA regulations that were designed to govern federal actions. This arrangement limits Tribal sovereignty and imposes an undue burden.
To bring the implementation of NEPA in line with its purpose, NEPA should recognize cultural burning as part of the background condition of our natural environment here in the United States. Tribes have几个世纪以来，都利用了这些文化燃烧的做法，管理美国境内容易发生的景观采取措施来保护古代野外城市界面在西南。通过这么悠久的历史，文化燃烧从根本上影响了我们当今我们认为是人类环境。因此，文化燃烧应归类为绝对排斥。
最新实施NEPA的指南包括“规定燃烧以减少天然燃料积累并改善植物活力”的绝对排除，只要该项目不需要使用除草剂或低标准道路建设的1英里以上（DOE NEPA Guidelines）。Additionally, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act categoricallyexcluded在特定情况下，“建立和维持线性燃料破裂”是为了减轻野火风险的目的。
这following recommendations represent several pathways for Congress to encourage cultural burning. By implementing one or all of these measures, Congress would begin the process of recognizing burning as a sovereign right for Tribes (similar to hunting and plant gathering) and therefore exempt from permitting.
建议
对于这些目的，国会应考虑：
- 采取法定作用将文化燃烧排除在详细的环境分析之外，并认识到文化燃烧是景观自然基线状况的一部分。
- 另外，直接联邦机构考虑为文化燃烧创建分类排除。
- Delegating to Tribal governments and organizations the authority to craft permitting processes and to issue permits on Tribal trust lands.
- Utilizing federal definitions of “Cultural Fire Practitioner” and “Cultural Fire” to help provide guidelines for which activities are to be considered a cultural burn. Alternatively, region-specific guidelines can be developed by working groups composed of representatives from Tribal Nations and organizations.
- Creating a dedicated and specially trained team of NEPA practitioners to handle surge capacity for permitting for cultural burning and to provide Tribes with guidance on how to navigate NEPA requirements for land stewardship activities.
By carrying out these recommendations, Congress would bring the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act in line with its original purpose and create positive impacts on the ground for communities across the nation.
法律上定义“文化消防从业者”和“文化火”来鼓励文化燃烧
Raymond Gutteriez, Member of Wuksachi Band of Mono Indians
文化消防从业者（CFP）具有帮助恢复更可持续的消防制度的知识，经验和意愿。但是，目前，由于各种原因，他们目前不愿进行文化燃烧，包括担心责任，繁重的法规，烧伤禁令和资源限制。此外，文化消防从业人员因其重要工作而获得了联邦政府的有限支持。
As an important first step in encouraging cultural fire, Congress should direct the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Department of the Interior (DOI) to develop regionally-specific definitions of ‘cultural fire’ and ‘Cultural Fire Practitioner’ through a process led by Tribal governments.
Currently, the federal government does not adequately recognize cultural fire, despite its deep-rooted traditional significance for Tribal Nations and its potential benefits for forest and wildfire management across the country. Because of this缺乏认可和其他障碍，许多CFP无法执行其文化火传统。那些继续实施文化大火的人不得不在联邦支持最少和更高的个人风险下运作。此外，他们被迫显着改变其传统和实践，以适合为规定的烧伤而设计的现有法律程序和定义。这些因素已经结合起来，使文化燃烧在联邦，部落和州土地上难以实施。
建议
In order to provide the proper legal framework needed to enable and support cultural burning, Congress should:
- 指导美国农业部和DOI参加由部落政府和部落领导的组织领导的过程，以开发针对“文化火”和“文化消防从业者”的地区适当定义。这些定义将使文化大火与规定燃烧的单独降低风险策略区分开。文化燃烧包括在当前规定燃烧的定义下未捕获的各种目的，包括保存和对文化相关的动植物的管理。
- Ensure that definitions include all Tribal entities, not just federally recognized Tribes.
- Direct agencies to consider how these definitions can be used to address barriers for cultural burning.
- 探索使用此定义来支持文化燃烧的机会。
这se definitions will create a legal foundation that can be used to expand the role of cultural burners and ease restrictions, in a manner similar to that of California’s own legislation defining cultural burning (CA SB 332; CA SB 926; CA AB 642). In tandem with adopting a formal definition, California implemented a gross negligence standard that limited the financial liability of CFP who take appropriate precautions before a fire.
联邦机构可以探索使用这些定义来支持文化燃烧的机会。例如，可以为联邦认可的CFP提供豁免，不得不获得正式的国家野火协调小组（NWCG）资格和/或《国家环境政策法》（NEPA）环境评估过程。联邦政府还可以支持创建易于获得的联邦赔偿基金，为文化燃烧者提供支持。
By codifying these definitions, the federal government would take a key step in elevating the visibility and status of Cultural Fire Practitioners as key partners in land stewardship and wildfire risk reduction and management.
扩大范围和资金2004年的部落森林保护法
Raymond Gutteriez, Member of Wuksachi Band of Mono Indians
Under theIndian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975和2004年的《部落森林保护法》（TFPA），部落能够对由USFS管理和BIA管理的土地提出和执行项目（称为638个项目），该土地（i）边界或与印度信托土地相邻，（ii）对火灾，疾病或其他威胁构成。部落森林或牧场或其他需要土地修复活动。不幸的是，很少有人提出或实施638个项目，这在很大程度上是由于缺乏资金及其有限的范围，其中包括拥有与联邦管理土地相邻的土地的部落。
国会应为“ 638”项目提供专门的资金，并将TFPA的范围扩大到包括部落国家的祖先家园。
这aforementioned 638 law was enacted to promote “maximum Indian participation in the Government,” but it fails at this goal in its current form. The initiative has been hampered by the fact that “no specific funding was appropriated or authorized for 638” projects (USFS）。Instead, funding is expected to be obtained from other sources of funds for activities on federal lands, which often require prohibitive amounts of administrative burdens for Tribes to compete for and obtain. Additionally, many Tribes are ineligible to participate in 638 projects because they do not possess lands that are adjacent to national forests, even though those national forest lands are part of their ancestral homelands.
建议
We recommend that Congress consider:
- Appropriating dedicated funding for 638 projects. By creating a dedicated source of funding for this class of project, Congress would help to protect national forestlands by encouraging risk reduction and restoration activities on federal lands.
- Expanding the range of eligibility for 638 projects to include the ancestral homelands of Tribal Nations and Tribal organizations.
In addition, these changes can be paired with other efforts to expand Tribal authority and ability to plan, implement, and review prescribed and cultural burns on federal lands.
减少联邦的发展补贴，可能会加剧火灾风险
Max Moritz, Adjunct Professor, UC Santa Barbara
Federal spending on wildfire suppression has气泡在过去的四十年中。尽管做出了这些努力，但野火造成的财产损失仍在继续升级，毁灭性社区，抢劫成千上万的珍贵房屋，企业和聚会场所。
This is in part because more and more Americans are living and working adjacent to wildlands, where they are more vulnerable to wildfire impacts. In 2020,450万户房屋位于“高或极端野火风险”的地区。更糟糕的是，在州，地方和私人土地上大火已经doubledin size (on average) since 1991. While decisions about land use and urban planning are made locally, there are important opportunities for crucial guidance at the federal level to help mitigate harm to communities.
Congress should direct agencies to determine to what extent and through what mechanisms federal dollars are subsidizing development in a manner that perpetuates fire risk.
我们在哪里以及如何建立社区可以influence fire probabilities在里面broader region surrounding a particular development, crossing administrative boundaries and even state lines.
联邦机构的资金支持房屋和相关基础设施的发展。未能识别和解决联邦资金何时以及如何补贴野火危害风险领域的发展，将继续加剧社会和经济损失。
这联邦government should investigate to what extent and through which programs it is subsidizing development in a manner that exacerbates fire risk. Using this information, Congress and agencies can take action through existing mechanisms to support local and regional planning that is both弹性and equitable.
建议
国会应该：
- Create an interagency working group to identify all federal planning, housing, infrastructure and mitigation/recovery budgets, policies, and authorities that impact built environments in wildfire hazard areas and deliver this information to Congress.
使用此信息，国会可以考虑采取以下一项或多项措施是否适合：
- 除了在州和地方一级的弹性目标外，还要制定有关构建和采用火灾风险，缓解和管理的特定指南，并考虑野火风险，缓解和管理。这可能包括创建集中式火灾危害图，以及脆弱性的包裹级图（例如，社会经济因素，疏散限制）和可用的缓解选择。
- 在《火灾危害图指南》的指导下，设定了自愿标准的弹性选址和构造标准，以使新的发展更安全，更可生存。这可能包括开发和推荐新的建筑法规，除了特定于景观的缓解策略以及社区疏散准备策略外，还超过了中等或高危险区域的当前火灾标准。
- Require that recipients of federal funds for infrastructure projects meet a set of fire-resilient development standards for building codes and community siting criteria.
- 社区具有实施联邦标准的各种能力。联邦政府应优先考虑希望符合新的耐火机业发展标准的弱势社区的资金和技术援助，并应考虑到各种缓解选择，从考虑到更安全的地点的发展到有弹性的建筑方法。
如果联邦政府选择对上述任何建议采取行动，则有重要的考虑因素，国会必须牢记。
- Housing demand and equity.In actions on this topic, the federal government must take care not to penalize rural development or development in low-income communities. Housing supply and infrastructure needs must be balanced with fire resilience.
- 现有的立法和先例。这re are legislative precedents for how new federal guidance could be implemented. California legislation provides a precedent for 1) using火灾危害地图指导建筑法规和2）引用新的发展为了避免最危险的位置，只要总体可以满足住房需求。
- 危险映射的挑战。A core challenge for these approaches is identifying what portions of landscapes are“hazardous” in the context of fire并以科学一致的方式绘制它。也有联邦立法支持与野火灾难后FEMA搬迁援助有关的火灾风险映射，这可能会增加现有的联邦火灾危险映射工作。
公共卫生和基础设施
Make smoke management a core goal of wildland fire management
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden
荒地大火的有毒烟雾远远超出了容易发生的地区，造成的人数比火焰本身多得多，并破坏了数以千万人的生活。尽管如此，野火烟雾经常被报告并与其他野火影响分开进行。
Congress should establish smoke management as a core goal of wildland fire management and create institutional capacity to achieve that goal.
这2014 National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategydescribes a vision for the century: “To safely and effectively extinguish fire, when needed; use fire where allowable; manage our natural resources; and as a Nation, live with wildland fire.” Significant research conducted since the publication of the Strategy indicates that wildfire smoke impacts people across the United States, causing10,000人死亡and数十亿美元of economic losses annually. Smoke impactsexceed它们相应的火焰影响；然而，野火战略和fundinglargely focus on flames and their impacts.
为了确保所有荒地fi的影响re, including smoke, are addressed efficiently and comprehensively, Congress should take actions that establish wildfire smoke management as a core goal of wildfire management.
为了确保Wildland Fire Smoke被视为核心Wildland火灾危害，国会应考虑修改相关立法以专门考虑烟雾。
例如，国会可以：
- Amend the职员或者d Act Sec. 102将烟雾列为一场重大灾难。
- 通过Wildfire Smoke Emergency Declaration Act of 2021。
- Amend theJohn D. Dingell，Jr。Jr.保护，管理和娱乐法案2019年第1114条旨在促进技术以跟踪烟气排放和影响，并根据土地管理策略将烟雾预测扩展到未来的排放中。
- Amend theFederal Land Assistance, Management, and Enhancement Act of 2009（火焰法）3要求在国家凝聚力策略中考虑烟雾。
当前机构间野火领导小组偶尔会在野外火灾影响和管理中考虑烟雾。为了确保野火策略讨论始终包括现代烟雾管理注意事项，这些群体应包括具有烟数据和影响专业知识的机构（例如，环境保护署，疾病控制中心，国家航空和航天管理中心）。
因此，国会应该：
- Amend the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Sec. 70203(b) and the FLAME Act Sec. 3 to include smoke-expert agencies in development of the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy.
- 通过新的政策，将烟雾过家机构添加到野火 - 政策合作中，包括国家机构间消防中心，国家野火协调小组， 和theWildland Fire Leadership Council.
为了取得成功，国会还应为同伴建议中描述的烟雾管理计划（此处和此处）分配资金。
促进准备烟雾的社区以挽救生命和金钱
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden
在美国，越来越多的人受到野火烟雾 -27次比十年前，有更多的人经历了极端的烟雾。野火烟雾higher risks对于户外工作者，未受宠的个人，儿童，老年人以及患有糖尿病或心脏病的人。
联邦政府可以通过帮助社区准备，识别和应对烟雾事件来公平地挽救生命和金钱。
建议
国会应指定每年6亿美元的野火管理，以为家庭和公共场所筹集资金，以改善烟雾中室内空气质量。
To help communities准备烟雾事件：
- 这Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) should designate air filtration and weatherization as eligible for危害缓解援助grants.
- FEMA的利益成本分析，，，，which determines grant funding eligibility, should consider the health benefits of reducing smoke exposure.
- FEMA should incentivize building community-appropriate, smoke-resistant, multi hazard resilience hubs.
To ensure communities are able to确定潜在的致命烟雾事件，国会应该：
- Direct the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration to define harmful air due to wildfire smoke. Both have definitions of harmful air quality based on constituent particles, but wildfire smoke is more toxic than particles from other sources (for an example law, see加利福尼亚法规第8条第5141.1节）。
为社区提供在烟雾事件中需要采取行动所需的支持，国会应该：
- 通过Wildfire Smoke Emergency Declaration Act of 2021使FEMA能够为烟雾冲击的社区（包括赠款，设备，物资，人员和资源以及建立烟雾避难所和空中质量监视器）和资源提供紧急援助抽烟。这些行动应与支持长期韧性的努力一起采取行动，并在可能的情况下应提供可用于反复烟雾紧急情况的支持。
- 修改《斯塔福德法》第420条，以自动提供减轻烟雾支持作为常用的一部分消防管理协助grant program.
建立数据基础架构以支持基于烟雾危害的决策
康奈尔大学实践助理教授Alistair Hayden；加利福尼亚科学技术委员会高级科学官Teresa Feo
National spending on fire suppression exceeds $4 billion in the fiscal year 2023 funding bill, while less than1000万美元分配用于烟雾管理。与烟相比，大火的600：1资金比率未对准经济影响的1：1比率1：100火与烟气死亡的比率。
我们的消防武器库中不存在最小化这些与烟有关的危害至关重要的数据基础设施。
国会应采取行动以更好地利用野外火灾管理的背景下利用现有的烟数据，并填补关键的数据基础设施差距，以使烟雾管理成为Wildland Fire Management的核心部分。
Some smoke data is already collected, including smoke forecasts for active fires from the机构间野外消防空气质量响应计划以及环境保护局（EPA）的回顾性烟气排放总计National Emissions Inventory(NEI). However, these smoke impacts are considered separately from flame impacts (e.g., structures burned), and are left out of broader wildfire strategy. New authoritative realtime smoke-data tools need to be created and integrated into wildfire management strategy.
建议
To better track health impacts of wildfire smoke,国会应该：
- Direct the CDC to create a retrospective data inventory estimating morbidity and mortality due to smoke for individual wildland fires and publish their findings inNational Interagency Fire Center（NIFC）野火影响摘要。
- 指导疾病预防控制中心以增加流行病学专家的访问权限国家生命统计系统，，，，to enhance the scientific community’s ability to study possible linkages between smoke and health impacts.
To better integrate smoke data with other fire data,国会应该：
- 扩展NIFC以将烟雾纳入其任务中，并将其重命名为国家机构跨烟雾中心。
- 指导EPA和CDC加入NIFC合作，并在NIFC总部安置员工。
- 要求扩大的NIFC为每次火灾开发烟雾影响的数据产品，包括烟雾死亡和烟雾足迹，并将其与常见的火灾数据产品一起出版，例如结构和燃烧区域。
- 直接NOAA或EPA创建全国性野火抗捕集空气污染物的高分辨率日常数据集，使这些数据实时可用，并将其与NEI集成。
为了考虑与烟有关的健康影响，在野外消防管理中的影响，国会应该：
- 直接EPA定义野火特异性浓度响应函数，用于估计健康影响BenMAP-CEtool.
- 指导NIH创建研究中心规模grants to study health impacts of wildfire smoke. Direct NIH to hire new staff to translate the findings for wildfire management strategists.
- 指导USFS，CDC和EPA继续研究不同类型的野生火灾（例如，与计划外的野火相比，处方烧伤）对烟雾的健康影响，并符合适当的方式雇用新员工。更详细的理解对于优化规定的燃烧策略至关重要。
- Direct the NIFC, USFS, EPA, and CDC to create models linking parcel-specific landscape management to long-term smoke emissions and resulting health impacts (and hire new staff as appropriate). These models are critical to optimizing location-specific prescribed burn strategies and to evaluating the smoke-related public health tradeoffs of alternative management strategies (e.g., prescribed burn strategies compared to suppression-focused strategies of the past).
这suggested additions would improve national technical ability to increase smoke-related safety, thereby saving lives and reducing smoke-related public health costs.
Support strategic deployment of community resilience hubs to mitigate smoke impacts and other hazards
Lee Ann Hill, Director of Energy and Health, PSE Healthy Energy
暴露于野火可能会有严重的影响关于人类健康，包括更高的呼吸道问题风险，心脏病发作，中风和过早死亡。一个工具社区可以用来建立对烟雾和其他威胁人类健康危害的弹性。弹性枢纽是室内社区空间，旨在解决整体社区脆弱性并促进公共安全，安全和福祉。弹性枢纽还可以通过提供清洁室内空气（包括烟雾紧急情况）的紧急情况来支持社区。
这联邦government can foster holistic community resilience to wildfire smoke impacts and other hazards by supporting the development of community resilience hubs.
公共卫生指导和气候适应政策应解释以下事实：许多社区将面临多种危害，有时是同时发生的。政策制定者应考虑缓解方法，而不是解决特定的暴露（例如野火烟雾或极端热量），而应考虑缓解方法，这些方法将建立准备和承受多种危害的能力，包括与1）缓解策略（例如，规定的火烟），，2）极端天气事件（例如，烟雾，极端热量）和自然灾害，3）停电。政策制定者可以优先考虑减少有害烟雾曝光的政策干预措施，同时还扩大了更广泛的社区韧性，以最大程度地利用每花费的美元的人类健康益处。
Community resilience hubs equipped with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and powered by distributed clean energy resources can reduce harmful smoke exposures while expanding broader community resilience amid extreme weather events, natural disasters, and grid outages. Local governments across the United States and Canada have既定的弹性中心关注灾难和应急响应;飞行员efforts to build resilience more holistically are underway inBaltimore, Marylandand北加州。
这proposedWildfire Smoke Emergency Declaration Act of 2021在每次宣布紧急情况下，将重点介绍野火烟雾，包括提供“建立烟雾避难所，空气净化器和其他空气监测地点的资源”。联邦降低野火烟雾烟雾成本的努力应考虑投资如何有效地减轻多种危害暴露，从而降低单独专注于野火烟雾并在每次紧急烟雾声明中重新部署资源而降低效率低下。尽管evidence suggests弹性枢纽在社区主导时最有效，联邦政府可以在多危险环境中支持这些社区弹性工具的扩散。
To support these efforts, Congress can take the following steps:
- 与州和地方公共卫生以及紧急响应机构以及基于社区的组织合作，需要HHS，EPA和FEMA，以评估弹性枢纽需求和资源需求，并开发一套最佳实践，以减轻与暴露相关的弹性中心设计野火烟雾事件和其他与气候有关的事件。
- 扩大现有的财务资源FEMA危害缓解援助补助计划andEPA在社区建筑赠款计划中的野火烟雾准备为了开发旨在减轻一系列危害的曝光，并支持分布式清洁能源资源（例如太阳能和电池存储）的部署的弹性枢纽，这是弹性集线器计划和实施的一部分。
- 对于现有或计划的弹性中心，需要在与气候有关的事件，自然灾害和电网中断期间使用中使用的报告，包括一系列指标，例如可及性和公平性。集线器通常已经为公共安全目的收集数据；应将其标准化，并每年报告针对侧重于气候缓解和适应，应急响应以及国会的机构间小组。
Resilience hubs can reduce hazard exposures and strengthen community-level resilience to provide support during extreme weather events, natural disasters, and grid outages. Resources to support interagency coordination, distributed energy resource deployment, and data collection efforts can bolster and inform future and ongoing resilience hub planning and implementation efforts.
考虑修改《清洁空气法》以激励增加对有益火的使用
康奈尔大学公共与生态系统健康系实践助理教授Alistair Hayden; Susan Prichard, Research Scientist, University of Washington
最近的wildfires have spewed so much toxic smoke across the country that decades of life-saving air-quality improvement under the Clean Air Act (CAA) have beenreversed在许多州。CAA无意间通过拒绝在减轻灾难性野火所需的尺度上使用有益的火力来有助于这种逆转。国会应修改CAA，以激励有益的火灾，处方烧伤，文化燃烧和野火，以支持减轻无管理的野火所需的尺度上的使用。
尽管有益的火灾会产生烟雾，但它是减少整体烟雾输出的最有效手段，因为它可以减轻未管理的野火。计划在特定的天气和燃料条件下积极应用有益的火灾，以最大程度地减少对社区的影响，而未受管理的野火是计划外的事件，通常在极端条件下燃烧，经常持续数周。
这CAA aims to save lives and money by reducing air pollution, including wildfire smoke, but it currently discourages the beneficial fire that minimizes overall smoke output. Days with smoke from unplanned wildfires often qualify as “exceptional events” that CAA excludes from a jurisdiction’s pollution limits. In contrast, beneficial fires rarely qualify, so their smoke can make a jurisdiction exceed its pollution limits. Jurisdictions therefore restrict beneficial fire to achieve pollution limits, unintentionally preventing fire use at the needed scale. Current CAA policy therefore shifts smoke emissions from beneficial fires to unplanned wildfires, which disproportionately contribute to hazardous smoke impacts.
To incentivize more beneficial fire while leaving intact other life-saving provisions of the CAA, Congress should:
- 定义一个新的“景观排放”类别，其中包含来自有益火和计划外野火的排放。定义与其他主要类别（点源，非点源和移动源）互补的类别，使CAA能够专门管理景观排放。例如，由于火灾造成的污染超出了污染，可能会引起不同的惩罚和激励措施，同时留下现有的规定（按照其他主要类别量身定制）直立。
- Define Landscape Emissions as not exceptional by amending 42 U.S. Code § 7619(b)(1). Wildfires are expected, not exceptional, and jurisdictions can reasonably control wildfire emissions through widespread beneficial-fire use. Pollution exceedances due to Landscape Emissions could trigger landscape-related penalties, distinct from existing CAA penalties.
- 将有益的火力定义为合理可用的控制技术（RACT）。RACT是用于控制特定污染物到特定极限的CAA定义。目前尚无RACTS解决野火。
- 要求国家实施计划（SIP）包括有益的大火，并限制SIPS减少有益的火力以达成实现。SIP由污染高于CAA限制的各州撰写，并描述它们将如何达到限制。
鼓励有益火力的政策支持选择何时何地发生烟雾，从而降低了更危险的计划外火和整体烟雾危害的频率。CAA应激励有益的大火；这样做将通过减少空气污染来挽救生命和金钱，这是其预期的功能。
Science, Data, and Technology
通过实时可操作的消防情报来拯救生命，财产和生态系统
Tim Ball, Fireball Information Technologies; Carlton Pennypacker; University of California, Berkeley; Harry Statter, Frontline Wildfire Defense
这authors are part of a research group,FUEGO，这设计了一颗卫星，以弥合本提案中描述的情报差距。
面对更激烈的大火和肿胀的野生世界界面，确保我们的生活，社区和生态系统，要求政府和公民使用最可靠的情报来源共同努力。紧急管理机构，消防员，公用事业和公众需要对火灾何时开始，火灾的定位，强度的变化以及它们在何处蔓延的实时理解。
国家野外火灾协调集团（NWCG）认识到这是一个严重的未满足的情报需求。创建一个不间断的，高节奏和低的延迟能力来绘制火灾活动，将在本地和国家规模上实时支持响应。情报需求更加紧迫，对于快速开放的火灾或难以观察的火灾，要么是因为飞机不可用，要么无法在当地情况下运行。可以采用收集数据和传播情报的新的，经济高效的方法来应对这一挑战。
美国消防局和USGS应该在建立一个public-private-university-nonprofit partnership to collect, combine, and disseminate actionable information on fire activity for the benefit of firefighters and the public. A key piece of the intelligence system is a new geostationary satellite launched and maintained by the appropriate federal agencies.
细节
Lack of intelligence in the first 90 minutes of the 2018 Camp Fire thwarted the wildfire evacuation plan that had been practiced by the town of Paradise, California. Because of the time of the fire, the aircraft that would have normally been used to gather intelligence was unstaffed and no alternative sources of intelligence were available. Mandatory evacuation of the town began只有在镇上建立了大火之后。营地大火，情报挑战以及疏散问题的速度并非独特。
当前用于监视野外火灾的卫星收集了不频繁和低分辨率的图像，这些图像对可操作的智能无用。一个新的地静止（GEO）卫星不断观看北美，可以检测到半卡车的刷子大小，并将其位置定位在50码以内。仍然需要在低地球轨道上的飞机和卫星收集更高的分辨率数据，尤其是用于较小和慢的火灾。可以通过低地球卫星进一步研究地理上发现的关键后果点，然后可以将感兴趣的坐标传递给飞机飞行员。将现有用于野外火灾管理卫星的技术细节与附录中的地理卫星进行了比较。
由新的地理卫星收集的情报应与其他来源合并，以形成综合的情报系统。这需要协调，可能是通过公私 - 大学 - 非营利性合作伙伴关系来实现可行智能的收集，融合和传播，但是该系统的基石必须是地理卫星。此外，跨空间决议和时间尺度收集新数据将对消防科学，火灾建模工作以及缓解消防工作的评估产生重大贡献。
建议
- 美国消防局和USGS应该领导建立公私 - 宇宙 - 非营利组织合作伙伴关系，以使消防员和公众的利益使可行情报的收集，融合和传播。消防管理局应强烈敦促和支持合作和互补的消防情报收集，并在多个高度和空间决议上进行操作和消防科学。
- 国会应指导相关机构研究开发，发射和维护地静止卫星的成本，以实现对美国野生火灾活动的持续高分辨率监控。该数据应公开可用，以使公民和消防官员受益。
附录
这authors are part of a research group,FUEGO，这设计了一颗卫星，以弥合此处描述的这一智能差距。下表将该系统的技术参数与目前用于火灾管理的卫星进行了比较。
| FUEGO | GOES Meso Sector | 村 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Detectable Fire | 2 to 2 Megawatts | 35兆瓦 | 7 Megawatts |
| 持久性（地球上同一个位置的图像之间的秒数） | 20秒 | 60 seconds | 43000秒 |
| Spatial Resolution Ground Sample Distance (Meters) | 290 | 2200 | 375 |
| 能够在像素中定位点源 | 1/10th pixel | none | none |
| Data Latency | 90秒 | 300 seconds | 12000秒 |
Advance the predictive science of fire ecology and forest resilience
温斯洛·汉森（Winslow Hansen），森林生态学家，卡里生态系统研究所
在美国的某些森林抑制中，森林地区被烧毁，火灾严重程度正在增加，这使植被积累并因此为大火加油，气候变化正在促成这一日益严重的问题。前所未有的资源已可以解决火灾危机，但消防和森林管理的景观仍然分散。面对人力安全，燃料管理，空气质量，生物多样性保护和碳固存的竞争要求的经理和政策制定者面临巨大的科学不确定性，即生态系统和为什么生态系统和火灾制度将会改变。当我们不了解它的功能时，如何管理系统？
Congress should support an ambitious research collaborativeto ensure the predictive science of fire ecology and forest resilience rapidly advances in time to support management and policy that addresses the fire crisis.
Recognizing the severity of the fire crisis, Congress分配《减少通货膨胀法案》的“森林管理，规划和恢复”活动的50亿美元，包括危险燃料处理。尽管前所未有，但这项投资足以机械地处理西部森林的一小部分。这意味着经理需要在实施燃料处理并能够跟踪其功效方面具有战略意义。没有任何投资者会向无法定量评估损益的努力投入资金。投资解决火灾危机的策略也是如此。
当今管理决定的后果将在数十年中产生，即森林和火灾制度改变的时间范围。为了追踪朝着更具韧性森林，灾难性的火灾和更安全的人类社区的进步，我们需要工具来确定几乎实时，何时以及如何改变森林。我们还需要方法来评估燃料处理的疗效，以促进更多的弹性森林和灾难性的火灾。实时森林和火灾跟踪还必须无缝地融入长期模型中，以帮助我们预测当今的决策如何影响未来几十年的结果。这种集成的监视和投影系统不存在，但对于决策至关重要。消防生态和森林弹性科学的合作可能会开发出这样的工具。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- 分配资金并指导国家科学基金会与USDA森林服务局，内政部和联合消防科学计划合作，启动了西部美国消防生态和森林弹性科学合作。
We recommend that the USDA Forest Service and Department of Interior:
- 要求管理联邦土地的员工使用通过协作开发的在线工具来计划治疗地点并跟踪治疗的功效。
We anticipate that the collaborative would cost about 100 million dollars over ten years. This funding would support a network of 20 scientific teams across the country and a lead center of excellence that provides synthesis, coordination, amplification, and management. Leaders of this effort should consider ongoing research efforts in relevant disciplines, collaborating where appropriate to ensure efforts are not duplicated.
NSF is the right agency to administer the collaborative because of their deep expertise in funding basic and applied research and because of their success in ambitious large-scale initiatives such as the长期生态研究网络和National Ecological Observatory Network。NSF最近也制作了投资在消防研究中。我们的建议基于这一势头。与USDA森林服务，DOI和联合消防科学计划的合作伙伴关系将加强科学与经理需求之间的联系。如果启动，科学合作培训将为经理和政策制定者提供计划策略的工具，并基于最先进的建模和遥感，并以强大的基础为基础，跟踪联邦投资在主动消防和森林管理中的功效科学。
Develop next-generation fire and vegetation models for a changing climate
新墨西哥州大学马修·赫特（Matthew Hurteau）
野火正在以惊喜经验丰富的消防员，当前的模型无法预测不断发展的火灾行为。部分由于气候变化，现有模型无法再现最近的灾难性野火。这意味着现有的火灾和植被模型可能无法预测未来的野火，或者何时可以安全地开处方大火，从而挑战了我们有效抑制野火或减轻其影响的能力。
Congress should establish and fund centers of excellence to develop, maintain, and operate next-generation fire and vegetation models that support wildland fire planning and management.
Climate change is expanding what is flammable. For example, the2020小溪大火在加利福尼亚州，已经被甲壳虫侵扰和干旱削弱的森林烧毁，并以如此强度的强度燃烧，以至于当前的运营火灾模型无法再现事件。持续的气候变化使这种极端的火灾行为成为可能。
这wildfire research community has demonstrated it can respond to problem-based research needs as evidenced by the successful联合消防科学计划以及卓越中心（COE）的国家科学基金会资助。COE是在各种主题领域中创建的，并证明，支持专业知识的枢纽以解决特定的研究领域会带来积极的成果。开发五个区域COES将a）促进跨学科，机构和地区的研究合作，以及b）提供区域服务中心，该中心将开发和运行重点是本地和事件的近期和中期动态（例如，治疗单位，Wildfire）支持土地管理计划和决策的规模。一个跨科技领导团队将确保研发活动是互补的。
We recommend that Congress:
- Establish and fund five CoE’s housed at academic institutions (southeast, southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, northern/central Rockies).
- Require institutional partnerships between the host institutions and federal research institutions (e.g. USFS Research & Development, Department of Energy National Labs, US Geological Survey, etc).
- 授权和资助中心，以开发和维护下一代火与植被模型（集中于本地尺度上的近期和中期动态），这些模型能够对极端的火灾进行建模，并可以投入运营以支持野火和植被管理和植被管理和野火抑制。这可能包括培训火灾行为分析师在决策中使用模型。
- 授权并资助中心运营这些下一代模型，以支持野火和植被管理计划和运营。这可能包括开发科学翻译的方法和标准。
这种方法的前进途径可能是在五个地区中的每个地区与合作者一起在一个机构中发起的飞行员，随着研究问题的发展和协作机制的完善，有机会扩展到五个区域中心。
建立五个COE来开发，维护和运营下一代模型每年的成本约为2500万美元，不到2021年联邦野火抑制支出的1％。这些中心可以通过国家科学基金会（NSF）与国防部合作建立和资助。战略环境研发计划（SERDP）。NSF的位置良好，可以领导这项工作野外火灾预测和管理以及研究协作在空间中。
Managing fuels effectively to prevent future catastrophic events requires developing models that account for the new climatic conditions fire managers face, and will allow us to make wildfire management more predictable.
扩大能力以有效的科学家与资源经理之间的合作，以告知森林管理
俄勒冈州立大学副教授Meg Krawchuk
For years, the federal government has recognized the importance of scientists and decision-makers working together to solve complex wildland fire management problems. While many successful federal programs support such collaborations, institutional barriers still stand in the way of many fruitful science coproduction and communication efforts in wildland fire management.
联邦政府应扩大财务和机构的支持，以共同生产野外消防科学和科学传播，以帮助自然资源经理在野火危机的背景下做出基于证据的决策。
According to USGS,共同制作科学项目“专注于科学家和资源经理紧密合作，以生产用于为自然资源管理决策提供信息的可行产品。”更广泛地说，项目和计划级别的科学沟通工作可以提高共同制作的科学和蒸馏文献在决策应用中的影响力和相关性。多年来，土地管理机构多年来，这些方法在Wildland Fire Science and Management领域受到了支持（包括USGS气候适应科学中心and美国森林服务）和资金机构（包括联合消防科学计划(JFSP) and国家科学基金会）。
However, both researchers and natural resource managers report that资金，能力和机构障碍inhibit coproduced science efforts in wildland fire. For example,financial support and incentive structures(e.g., performance evaluation criteria, awards, and professional recognition) are often insufficient to support scientists in conducting longer-term collaborative, relationship-building work that can extend the reach and impact of co-produced science. Furthermore, program staff in agencies (where they exist) may lack bandwidth necessary to effectively distill large quantities of journal articles into the core “so what” conclusions needed by land management practitioners to integrate the most recent science with existing management strategies.
解决这些差距和更广泛的科学沟通支持对于最大程度地提高科学研究的潜力，以告知紧迫的森林管理问题并利用成功的共同制作项目的投资至关重要。对野外消防空间中的共同制作和沟通的更多支持将使机构能够确保决策者可以使用“最佳科学”，并可以实现联邦倡议中概述的目标USFS 10年野火危机策略，《降低通货膨胀法》，政府的“Year of Evidence for Action，，，，” and the “Year of Open Science。”
Specifically, Congress should:
- 请求有关联邦消防机构现有自然资源经理努力的信息，以与代理机构和外部科学家在决策中互动。如果合适的话，它应该指示政府问责办公室（GAO）确定这些机构的关键差距和能力需求，以最好地利用野生国家消防管理中的基于证据的决策。他们的发现应在未来两年内报告给国会。
- 专用的和指定的资金分配给DOI and USDA for new investment in science integration, including project-specific funding for scientists (delivered through USGS and USFS) and program-wide support for federal USFS managers, the USFS Ecology Program, the协作森林景观修复计划（CFLRP），投资景观和森林合作。
Specifically, the Department of Interior US Geological Survey (USGS) and US Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (USFS) should:
- 扩展对特定项目的共同制作工作的支持：
- 启动聚焦面板与USGS气候适应科学中心（CASC）开发一个计划，该计划在逐项项目的基础上为研究人员和从业人员提供资金支持。
- Initiate a focus panel to work with USDA USFS协作森林景观修复计划(CFLRP) and Wildfire Crisis investment landscapes to develop an ongoing funding call to support scientists and practitioners in longer-term integration of fire and climate science into project-by-project and program-wide collaborative activities.
- 扩展对科学翻译的计划支持：
- Expand the JFSP multi-agency funding initiative to support a broader reach of coproduced wildland fire research, including support for science translation capacity.
- Expand the successfulUSFS生态计划从5和6到美国的所有森林服务区，并将计划人员添加到现有计划中。
- 支持美国地质调查局及扩展项目,协助公关actitioners in applying wildland fire and climate adaptation science to management tasks.
这se investments would total less than the current price tag of existing coproduction work but extend the reach and impact of initial investments.
Launch anOpen Disaster Data Initiativeto bolster whole-of-nation resilience from wildfires and related hazards
Shefali Juneja Lakhina，Wonder Labs
联邦，州，地方和部落机构收集并维持一系列灾难脆弱性，损失和损失数据。但是，这些有价值的数据目前生活在不同的平台上，并以各种代理孤岛的各种格式生活，因此很难从一系列自然危害中增加全部的准备，反应和恢复，包括野火，烟雾，烟雾，干旱，极端热量，洪水和碎屑流。
这Biden-Harris Administration shouldlaunch anOpen Disaster Data Initiative这要求联邦，州，地方和部落机构以一致且可互操作的格式系统地收集，共享，监控和报告灾难脆弱性，损害和损失数据。
In the past decade, several bipartisan研究，，，，数据， 和政策评论重申需要制定国家标准，以持续收集和报告损害和损失数据。最近的disasterandwildfire研究数据平台和标准提供了优先级，并展示了在数据标准和互操作性上的投资如何使包容性，公平和公正的灾难准备，响应和恢复成果。
这Open Disaster Data Initiativewill enable longitudinal monitoring of pre- and post- event data for multiple hazards resulting in a better understanding of cascading climate impacts. Guided by the公开政府倡议（2016），Fifth National Action Plan（2022），以及Year of Open Science（2023），Open Disaster Data Initiative将在联邦，州和地方政府如何将资金优先考虑，特别是对边缘化社区的优先级优先级。
建议
We recommend the White House and Congress, where appropriate, take the following actions:
- 任命科学技术和政策办公室的白人级人员职位来建立Open Disaster Data Initiativewith the participation of all relevant federal agencies currently engaged in the management of hydro-meteorological and hydro-geological hazards including drought, extreme heat, wildfires, smoke, flooding, and landslides.
- Issue anExecutive Order topromote the development and adoption of national standards for disaster vulnerability, damage, and loss data collection, sharing, and reporting，，，，by all relevant federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as by universities, non-profits, and the private sector.
- DesignateFEMA是维持国家灾难损失数据库的国家焦点机构- 一个联合，开放，集成和可互操作的灾难数据系统，可以无缝汇总本地数据，包括研究和非营利数据。FEMA的National Incident Management System做好积极准备穿过危险小姐吗on silos and offer wide-ranging operational support and trainingfor disaster loss accounting to federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as non-profit stakeholders.
基于最近开发全政府Covid-19-19大流行管理数据平台的经验，建议所有从事Wildland Fire Management活动的联邦机构合作采取以下步骤来启动Open Disaster Data Initiative：
- Undertake a Disaster Data Systems and Infrastructure Assessment为了确定国家标准的发展并确定联邦，州，地方和部落机构以及慈善机构和私营部门的准确灾难数据跟踪，会计和共享的障碍。
- 采用国家灾难损失数据收集和报告标准to address ongoing issues concerning data quality, completeness, integration, interoperability, and accessibility.
- Ensure appropriate federal agency工作计划反映了国家数据标准，例如数字和基础架构计划，提案请求以及简化所有未来数据收集，共享和报告的采购流程。
- Develop federal agency capacitiesto accurately collect and analyze disaster vulnerability, damage, and loss data, especially as it relates to population estimates of mortality and morbidity, including from wildfire smoke.
- Provide guidance, training, and resources to states, non-profits, and the private sector to adopt national disaster data standardsand facilitate seamless roll-up of disaster vulnerability, damage, and loss data to the federal level thereby enabling accurate monitoring and accounting of community resilience in inclusive and equitable ways.
这Open Disaster Data Initiativewill need a budget and capacity commitment to streamline disaster data collection and sharing to bolster whole-of-nation disaster resilience for at least three societal and environmental outcomes. First,the Initiative will enable enhanced data sharing and information coordinationamong federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, as well as with universities, non-profits, philanthropies, and the private sector. Second,the Initiative will allow for longitudinal monitoring of cascading disaster impacts on community well-being and ecosystem health，包括更好地了解灾难如何影响贫困率，住房趋势，地方经济发展以及流离失所和移民趋势，尤其是在社会和历史上的边缘化社区中。最后，Initiative willinform the prioritization of policy and program investments for inclusive, equitable, and just disaster risk reduction outcomes，特别是在包括农村社区在内的社会和历史化社区中。
Develop a federal framework to measure and evaluate the socio-ecological impacts of wildfire
加州大学伯克利分校的副专家Leana Weissberg；加州大学伯克利分校的项目气氛董事肯·亚历克斯（Ken Alex）
In the face of the wildfire crisis, federal agencies must work together to ensure that historic investments reach their full potential to protect people, property, ecosystems, and cultural resources. At present, federal agencies lack a comprehensive framework for evaluating wildfire’s socio-ecological impacts and efforts to mitigate them. While the importance of evaluating wildfire impacts is widely recognized and smaller scale efforts are underway, agencies don’t currently have a coordinated data sharing and reporting strategy for wildfire impacts.
We propose that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) convene federal fire agencies to develop a consistent and regionally appropriate framework for assessing the socio-ecological impacts of wildfire using metrics, benchmarks, and evaluation criteria.
当前的联邦机构收集，报告和评估Wildland Fire的影响的努力是分散和孤立的。在某些情况下，存在传达重要信息的数据集（例如火灾严重性和火灾后碎片流评估），但没有系统地报告。在其他情况下，孤立地报告了代表野火影响的一个方面的数据，从而限制了它们在决策中的使用。例如，关于烧毁的英亩和野火排放的数据很少与普查数据相结合，以估计野火的公共卫生影响。
As fire risk reduction investments reach historic levels, a systematic approach to evaluating and mitigating wildfire impacts is critical. By synthesizing and reporting data otherwise produced and evaluated in isolation, a more comprehensive framework will improve our collective understanding of the totality of wildfire impacts, where impacts are most severe, where they are ecologically beneficial, and how they evolve.
参与野外消防管理的联邦部门和机构已经承认使用最佳科学和衡量绩效的重要性。作为两个领先的联邦消防实体，美国森林服务局和室内部门认识到有必要使用最佳的科学来进行优先设置。此外，来自其他联邦消防实体的战略规划文件确定了对新的需求绩效措施和仪表板（DHS）公平灾难恢复和改革的气候威胁信息交付(DOC) for improved outcomes in underserved communities. The proposed framework would create connected governmental initiatives and resources to reduce redundancy, build a more complete understanding of wildfire’s socio-ecological impacts, and ensure coordinated and comprehensive reporting on progress toward impact mitigation. All federal departments and agencies whose work touches wildland fire should be involved in this effort, including: DHS, DOC, DOE, DOI, DOT, DHS (including the CDC and NIH), USDA, EPA, and NSF.
We recommend that Congress take the following steps to implement this framework:
- 要求OMB协调联邦消防机构来开发概述的框架，并在可能的情况下整合了现有的数据收集，野火结果跟踪以及在联邦，州和地方一级的治疗优先级工作。
- Require that OMB develop a process to evaluate agencies based on their coordinated reporting of framework metrics, benchmarks, and evaluation criteria and determine an appropriate evaluation interval.
- 根据《基础设施投资与就业法》的适当分配资金，以开始协调过程，并指示机构在协调开始的一年内提出预算请求，以确保剩余需求。
成功的框架将需要资金进行协调（人员配备，数据收集工作，范围的数字基础架构要求和报告）以及实施（扩大数据收集和构建数字基础架构）。每个部门的一名GS-13和三名GS-11员工组成的团队每年将花费约3至330万美元。或者，框架发展可以利用术语长度人员，例如U.S. Digital Service。
高级UAS提高野火抑制的安全性和效率
Daniel Wholey, Rain Industries
Uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) have diverse uses in wildland fire management, including real-time fire mapping, delivering supplies to responders, conducting backburns and prescribed fires, and even providing artificial rainfall for fire suppression. Congress has directed the Department of Interior (DOI) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to expand the use of UAS in wildland fire management operations through legislation such as the Dingell Jr. Act.Security concerns在2020年培养的成长暂时停止了现有的UAS计划，并阻碍了该技术的开发和整合。
Congress, DOI, and USDA should fully resume implementation of the UAS program outlined in the Dingell Jr. Act and include new funding opportunities to promote the development of domestic UAS technology for wildland fire suppression and other management needs.
美国的消防机构有效地使用小型UA进行开处方的火灾和野外火灾映射。尽管小型UAS为消防机构提供了重要的价值，但我们认为目前未充分利用的大型UA可以显着提高火灾映射和抑制工作的安全性和效率。其他小组已经证明了更大，更先进的UA在野火管理和响应中可以发挥的作用。在2018年加利福尼亚国民警卫队使用了MQ-9收割机这是一个遥远的大型UAS，可实时绘制野火，并将实时视频发送到运营设施，从而提供关键的情境意识。Lockheed Martin and KAMANdemonstrated cargo and water drops from the K-MAX helicopter.Rain Industries[作者丹尼尔·沃利（Daniel Gully）受雇于雨工业（Rain Industries）]正在与第三方早期检测网络集成，并自动化大型UA，以迅速对Wildland Fire Dignition响应。
这Dingell Jr Act指示DOI和USDA扩展UAS计划，并评估包括大型UA的新技术，包括大型UAS，以加速UAS在部门运营中的部署和集成。该法案的实施在2020年特朗普政府时受到质疑接地无人机担心敏感数据已发送给中国制造商，中国政府可以在那里访问它。自从此挫折以来，已经在几个方面取得了进步。doi有效地解除了无人机操作2022年12月的禁令。最近的拨款中有超过6亿美元用于准备和抑制，其中一些可用于推进UAS计划。
Given mandates from Congress and the continuing security concerns associated with foreign UAS technology, we believe that the solution is to expand domestic research, development, and production of large UAS for wildfire management operations.
建议
DOI and USDA should resume implementation of the Dingell Jr. Act and include an initiative to promote domestic research, development, and production of large UAS, such as helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft, for wildfire management operations, particularly suppression. This initiative should include innovative funding mechanisms such as奖杯，，，，milestone-based payment programs, and小型企业创新研究（SBIR）和小型企业技术转移（STTR）。
国会应确保该计划的适当资源，根据联邦航空管理局（FAA）的估计为3000万美元FY22-26国家航空研究计划。
劳动力
Establish a Tribal ranger program to fund permanent land stewardship opportunities for Tribal communities
克里斯·阿德兰（Chris Adlam），俄勒冈州立大学博士
由于历史性的剥夺公民权利和当前的社会经济状况，部落国家的许多成员目前缺乏与以前对千禧一代相同的几代人来管家祖先土地所需的资源和时间。缺乏机会为部落社区带来了负面结果，，，，including compromised forest health on ancestral lands, entrenched poverty on reservations, and the erosion of vital, intergenerational Traditional Ecological Knowledge.
国会应将资金分配给部落国家和部落领导的组织，以创建和定义计划，以建立澳大利亚的土著游侠计划或者加拿大的土著监护人计划，，，，that provide stable funding for long-term employment opportunities, training, and equipment for Tribes to carry out land stewardship activities, including cultural burns, post-fire monitoring, and ecological restoration.
加拿大和澳大利亚的计划为部落国家和组织成员创造了长期和短期就业机会，他们有助于发展致力于恢复和野火缓解的劳动力。这些计划授权土著群体促进土地有效管理，建立持久的关系并更好地转移代际知识。例如，澳大利亚的土著游骑兵团体reported several broader benefits对于他们在内部运营的长期以来的社区，包括“更安全的社区，加强语言和文化，找到有意义的就业，对妇女的尊重以及对年轻人的更多榜样的能力”。澳大利亚的类似计划已经看到returns on investment of upward of $3.50 per $1.00 invested。
By following these successful models, the federal government can create economically beneficial opportunities for Tribal nations and organizations to steward forests on their ancestral lands. This program could focus on long-term opportunities to maximize the benefit of place-based, intergenerational knowledge and wisdom. The United States Tribal Ranger program has the potential to provide a high return on investment by protecting wildland urban interface communities and infrastructure, safeguarding watersheds and air quality, and providing needed economic benefits for Indigenous participants, their communities, and other communities in the landscapes within which they serve.
建议
We recommend that Congress consider:
- Allocating funds to Tribal Nations and organizations to design and lead a national Tribal Ranger program, in a类似于加拿大土著监护人计划的模型（与原住民，因纽特人和梅蒂斯共同开发）。
- Funding can be used by Tribal Nations and organizations to create a process for Tribal Nations and organizations to determine the eligible entities and eligible activities that may be funded through the program, and for Tribal Nations and organizations to form a working group to design and lead a regular application process, or other distribution process, to disburse funds.
- 通过创建经常为合格项目提供资金的捐赠，为该计划提供了永久资金流。
Tribes and Indigenous-oriented organizations could also decide to utilize the program and its funding to create apprenticeship programs (such as those recommended here) focused on conserving and implementing place-based knowledge to steward ancestral lands. If necessary, this program could be launched as a pilot project with additional funds allocated at a later date.
通过这项倡议，联邦政府将正确地认识并提升了土著从业者的角色，他们长期以来一直在强烈地保持着深深的专业知识，但一直被边缘化。因此，该计划将是纠正数百年来迫害和缺陷森林管理的重要一步。
扩大野火缓解和健康森林的军团计划
Irva Hertz-Piccioto, Professor and Director, Environmental Health Sciences CenterUniversity of California, Davis
我们森林中的死和生病的树木和浓密的营养碎片是fuelingmegafires and magnifying their frequency, intensity, and destructiveness. Fire suppression alone hascostthe U.S. between $1.5 billion and $4.5 billion annually since 2012. Suppression costs amount to only a small fraction of the full costs of wildfire, which include economic, infrastructure, ecosystem, health and other costs. Fixing this problem will require restoring forest health throughout the country through a massive increase in the wildland firefighting workforce, particularly those trained in mitigation and resilience.
为了应对日益增长的野火挑战并参与野外消防职业，国会和联邦消防机构应扩大并更好地利用美国各地的Corps计划模型。
准备应对国家野外火灾挑战的劳动力投资已经在进行中。例如，DOI Wildland Fire办公室和美国农业部正在使用两党基础设施法的资金来支持“更永久的劳动力，能够全年进行火灾反应和缓解工作”。使Wildland Fire员工队伍专业化以解决更长的火灾季节，并准备这些工人支持缓解工作，这对于建立更具弹性的景观至关重要。但是，仅此一项就不足以满足我们森林健康问题的规模。
Corps programs can supplement and complement the development of this more permanent workforce and simultaneously accelerate the pace of hazardous fuels reduction on the ground. Across the country, they are already doing so; for example, the加利福尼亚保护军团的林业军团（与美国森林服务局合作）着重于去除杂草丛生和死植被，这是在国家土地上缓解野火的一部分。成员获得相关的认证，为他们的林业职业做好准备。Americorps也有支持的该国多个地区的野地缓解活动，包括雇用退伍军人，并提供environmental stewardshipopportunities across the US.
鉴于需求的巨大性和减少危险燃料的紧迫性，联邦机构可以并且应该在全国范围内扩大对这些模型的支持。与州机构，非营利组织和社区组织的合作伙伴关系可以利用，以使这些计划更广泛和成本效益。扩展这些计划将实现三个核心目标：1）减少危险燃料的积累2）扩大合格的申请人在联邦和州野外火灾管理和缓解工作中的工作，以及3）通过为他们提供动手动力来丰富青年的生活服务经验对环境和健康有所作为。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Pass legislation that will restore forest health and resilience by allocating funds to expand existing wildland fire mitigation service programs involving partnerships with state, Tribal, territorial, private, non-profit and other entities. These Corps should be modeled after existing successful Corps programs and provide a pathway to more permanent employment, e.g., in wildland fire management.
我们建议USFS，AmeriCorps和doi共同努力：
- Conduct analyses to determine where existing programs (e.g., AmeriCorps’环境管理programs) could be expanded in geography, scope, and partnerships with states, Tribal and community entities to meet the growing wildland fire mitigation needs. This analysis should include a) scaling up jobs directly carrying out fuel reduction and mitigation activities, as well as b) creating opportunities to prepare participants for careers that provide needed support for those activities, (e.g., strategic and regulatory planning, biomass use coordination).
- 建立原则和流程，以优先考虑对危险燃料缓解兵团计划的支持，以最需要的地理，森林类型和人类社区，灵活性和定期重新评估优先级。
- 建立和扩展足够长的时间（9-24个月）计划，其中可以在包括规定的燃烧在内的多种燃料减少方法中提供培训；去除死植物；以及中小型树木或中型树的手工或机械粉状。考虑扩展现有学徒制programs through the Forest Service.
- For all federally supported Corps programs pertaining to wildland fire, incorporate training inIndigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge（TEK）和基于全国各种生态系统中大量火灾经验的实践。
- Enlist persons ages 18 and over, with focused recruitment for youth from underserved communities. Provide education and hands-on training in forest management, intentional fire, use of equipment, and workplace health and safety.
- Provide personal protective equipment to minimize injuries and training in proper use, as well as food, tents or structures for shelter, equipment, and medical care including transport. Corps members’ compensation should be a minimum of $2500 per month.
- 为了确保实现强大的招聘目标，请参与沟通和营销专家。一种自适应方法应制定策略，以考虑当今一代的特定需求，例如互联网连接。开发新的网络，例如社区大学和专业学校，以吸引各种技能和兴趣的广泛参与者。
Expanded Corps program will dramatically reduce destructive megafires and associated evacuations, provide cleaner air to breathe, and restore forest health across the nation.
它还将与新赋予的一代青年skills preparing them for quality jobs, as well as a meaningful connection to nature, improved morale and mental health, and a brighter future.
Invest in worker-led industries for whole-of-community wildfire resilience
Shefali Juneja Lakhina，Wonder Labs
迄今为止，林业和消防人员的讨论重点是应对联邦和州机构的人员配备和保留挑战。但是，对非正式劳动力能力的巨大但未开发的潜力没有足够的关注。私营企业，小型企业和基于社区的组织，雇用和培训成千上万的非正式工人，包括学生，志愿者，移民，被监禁和受到正义影响的人。促使人们对这一快速增长的非正式劳动力的投资增加了最短，最可持续的途径，以实现国家野火弹性和缓解气候缓解目标。发展多样化的工人领导的森林和消防行业还可以帮助建立以前未知的行业，这些行业在不断变化的气候下适应性且能够响应当地需求。
这Biden-Harris Administration should launch an ‘Investing in worker-led industries for whole-of-community wildfire resilience’ program that supports innovative, future-ready, and tech-forward solutions from private industry, small businesses, and community-based organizations working on the frontlines of wildfire impacts. Over the next five years, at least $250 million should be invested in creating a worker-led forestry and fire industry to address the entire lifecycle of workforce development from education, training, and certification, to building resilient community infrastructure that includes family-sustaining housing, and enabling public health and whole-of-community wellbeing.
一些联邦，，，，状态， 和localefforts to train and certify more forestry and fire workers are already underway. While increased training and certification is one obvious solution to the current workforce shortage,最近的研究揭示解决与支付均等，体面的住房，心理健康和职业轨道途径，对于建立强大的和可持续森林恢复劳动力。但是，解决联邦和州机构的这些切入点不一定会导致基于地的，工人拥有和以社区为中心的解决方案care for informal sector workers在美国西部的野生世界界面和跨社区中生活和工作的人。支持创建数千个小型商机的创造high-road to address both the demand and supply sideof the current workforce problem in equitable and sustainable ways.
Building on the正义40指令，有很大的机会投资于大多数影响社区，包括土著社区，农村社区和低收入社区，这些社区容纳学生，志愿者，，，，移民， 和被监禁的工人。这项投资将刺激新的工人拥有和以工人为主导的工业 - 在野火风险评估，家庭硬化，可辩护的空间，减少燃料，规定的烧伤，木质大众工业，生物燃料，木材，木材，火灾检测和响应，保险，烟雾管理，烟雾管理，管理，烟雾管理，清洁空气结构，污点后重建和修复。该提案不会在孤岛中建立这些行业，而是刺激一个相互依存的网络组成的基于地点的工人拥有的小型企业，这些网络可以促进富有弹性的本地基础设施和整个社区福祉。
Investment in wildfire resilience must be considered a public good：对国家工人，社区基础设施和当地行业的投资。过去的举措，例如build affordable housing for farmworker families， 和ongoing initiatives, such as the Tahoe Truckee Community Foundation’sForest FuturesProgram, the塞拉森林企业家计划和加利福尼亚的Climate Catalyst Revolving Loan Fund，为公私的人类 - 菲兰人类合作伙伴关系提供先例，以将新颖的解决方案带入级联危机。该计划的资本可以以使工人拥有的合作社公平地解决劳动力差距并培养富有弹性的社区基础设施（包括家庭维持住房）的方式融合在一起。反过来，这可以产生新的本地行业 - 不仅在木材产品中，而且还可以在相关产品和服务中刺激更大的野火弹性经济。
建议
这Biden-Harris Administration should invest in the creation of a new worker-led forestry and fire industry that supports the creation of resilient local infrastructure and enables whole-of-community wildfire resilience. Specifically, Wonder Labs recommends the following actions:
Build on the好工作挑战，，，，the U.S. Department of Commerce should pilot entrepreneurship hubs that provide at least $150m in agile capital and mentorship to trained forestry and fire workers to start up small businesses, procure equipment, create resilient local infrastructure, and contribute to multi-scalar wildfire resilience goals。这些枢纽应具有包容性和无歧视性，包括对被监禁和正义影响背景的人。
内政部和农业部应共同投资至少6000万美元，向各种土地和消防管理从业者提供敏捷资本，包括土著消防从业者，牧场主和农民，，，，all who are already contributing to land and habitat restoration on Tribal and private lands, and need investments to scale capacities, equipment, and local infrastructure.
这U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management should work with relevant state agencies and private industry across the western United States to create career-pathways, including small business opportunities, for formerly incarcerated and justice-impacted individuals。Investing at least $25m in piloting such an initiative could enable effective reintegration with communities on release and contribute to greater social, economic, and environmental outcomes. Specifically,从加利福尼亚的体验中学习：
- Raise the pay for fire camp workers so people are equitably compensated for their labor and firefighting expertise, and hours worked in prison can contribute to poverty reduction, reintegration, and family-sustaining lives post-incarceration.
- Improve fire camp trainings and certifications including programs for the use of tech-forward tools and devices, at par with training received by local fire districts and state and federal agencies.
- Institutionalize careers for incarcerated and justice-impacted people by creating streamlined pathways from fire camps to careers in forestry and fire management, including through innovation camps and technology hubs.
- 支持现有的计划和主要培训师枢纽，以扩展种子资本和指导，以使训练营的工人创办小型林业和消防企业。
建立在平民气候兵团的基础上，土地管理局，包括美国森林服务局和国家公园管理局，应至少投资1500万美元，以共同利用青年领导的林业和消防计划，包括对多样化的年轻黑人，包括持续的宣传土著人民和有色人种（BIPOC），妇女，识别为LGBTQQIA2S+的人，以及在职业培训和资格的各个阶段涉及正义的人。Specifically:
- 基于校园的扩大培训计划以及教育机构与政府，私人和非营利土地管理者之间的伙伴关系，使高中，社区学院，州立大学和职业课程的青年能够获得学分和劳动力资格向当地的野火风险管理工作。通过学校和大学系统获得培训学分将使林业和消防管理更容易作为职业途径，并以技术前卫和未来就业的劳动力大大扩展本地弹性能力。
- Create dedicated scholarships for young BIPOC and justice-involved people for year-round internships and trainings with federal, state, local, and Tribal agencies, including on the latest wildfire risk management technology applications and deployment.
- Provide seed capital and mentorship to youth, especially from low-income, rural, and Tribal communities interested in starting forestry and fire businesses that contribute to restoration, local economic development, and national wildfire resilience and climate mitigation goals.
投资劳动力发展，以赋予土著经验和知识并支持边缘化社区
瑞安·里德（Ryan Reed），卡鲁克部落的成员；土著消防从业者；FireGeneration合作；和凯尔·特雷夫尼（Kyle Trefny），FireGeneration合作
正如白宫所承认的那样recent guidance，传统的生态知识“历史上在科学社区中被边缘化，并被排除在研究和学术资源，资金和其他机会之外。”野外火领域也不例外：传统的生态土著知识系统已降级为缓解火灾和管理领导的外围，阻止了文化消防从业者在凭证系统中认可的文化火灾经验多年。
国家野火协调小组应制定课程和资格标准，以认识传统的生态知识系统，并采取进一步的行动来解决参与Wildland Fire Management劳动力的系统性障碍。
文化消防从业者面临与联邦消防管理人员合作并扮演领导职务的障碍，尽管知识和实践数十年。这些障碍不仅加剧了压迫，将传统的生态知识降低为较少，而且防止其他合格的领导人为当前的缓解和管理结构做出了贡献。
Women and elders often serve as leaders and teachers in Indigenous communities, stewarding and passing down Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Unfortunately, women完全包容和进步的面部障碍在里面male-dominated wildland fire workforce。For example, one森林服务调查found that three in four women report having “felt out of place at work because of their gender” and that women in leadership roles “face challenges finding respect.” One third of surveyed Forest Service employees believed that personal characteristics hindered career advancement in wildland fire.
必须克服这些系统性的障碍，以为涉及土著妇女和长老的更具包容性的消防管理领导层创造途径，并在野外火灾领域支持边缘化群体。这国家野火协调小组，，，，which establishes operations, positions, and qualification standards across agencies in wildland fire, should take further action to foster a wildland fire workforce and culture that reflects the full diversity of knowledge and experience that America has to offer.
建议
To ensure that existing workforce development programs incorporate Indigenous knowledge, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group should:
- Identify curricula where local and regional historical and ecological context for fire management can be incorporated, such as NWCG’s S-130 Firefighter Training and the RT-130 Wildland Fire Safety Training Annual Refresher Intent.
- Jointly develop curricula concerning local and regional historical and ecological context for fire management with Indigenous Cultural Fire Practitioners, focusing on ecological aspects of fire, legacies of Indigenous fire stewardship, and consequences of fire exclusion.
- 国会和参与机构应确保分配资金，以补偿文化消防人员对这些努力的贡献。
- 确保新课程描述了Wildland Fire Enkorce的成员如何在当前实践中学习并实施相关的土著和生态原则。
为了消除包容性消防管理工作文化和领导力的系统性障碍，机构应利用其管辖权和国家野火协调小组的管辖范围来：
- 允许文化和规定的燃烧经验和知识用于消防管理认证和资格，并获得抑制火灾经验。
- 与土著文化消防从业者合作，重新评估参加各种处方和文化火灾活动应需要哪些类型的身体健康要求，以及可以开发出哪些其他角色来克服在结构上歧视妇女和长者的参与和领导才能。
- 通过将其中的元素纳入其中，以解决性别歧视，种族主义，骚扰和同性恋恐惧症NWCG L-180 Wildland Fire Servicat中的人为因素training, and ensure that this curriculum is received by all contract crews and other fire camp employees who may not receive similar agency training.
- 对所有机构和合同人员的所有主管都设定了期望，该骚扰或同性恋恐惧症与性别歧视，种族主义和同性恋恐惧症有关的骚扰或行为明确的零容忍政策，并建立了在不担心工作或其他报复的情况下报告不当行为的安全系统。
Support the ecological fire management workforce of the future through investments in education for youth and communities
瑞安·里德（Ryan Reed），卡鲁克部落的成员；土著消防从业者；FireGeneration合作；和凯尔·特雷夫尼（Kyle Trefny），FireGeneration合作
林野火灾不仅影响荒地,puts livelihoods, physical safety, and treasured cultural resources at risk. Despite the danger fire presents, local communities are often left out of discussions and development when it comes to fire management policy. In this gap is a critical opportunity: a younger generation eager to facilitate transformational shifts to protect their communities and local land.
Congress should invest in youth programs that in the short-term provide a trained workforce to supplement agency capacity, and in the long-term, provide a pathway for a life-long career in fire management.
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- 分配资金，以在每个教育水平上大量投资于野外消防劳动力发展，包括高中，社区学院和大学，为年轻人做好准备以积极的消防管理和社区韧性工作，这一危机要求。
- 这se programs can be modeled after the克莱姆森消防老虎和Oregon Conservation Corps，，，，which provide young people with practical experience and training in prescribed and cultural burning, home wildfire preparation, and community resilience.
- 资金应专门针对边缘化和最受影响的社区，例如为农村和少数民族人口（即土著和拉丁裔学生以及1890年土地赠款机构）提供服务的学校，以及被认为具有最大的火灾风险，具有低社会经济能力。
- Change the federal summer fire hiring从上一个秋天到春季，最好涉及到大学时代的消防员，他们无法提前半年做出承诺。
- Invest in assisting fire-prone communities in applying for and accessing federal funds用于火灾准备和缓解工作。示例包括支持访问程序的支持Community Wildfire Defense Grants。地方一级的必要工作扩张和资金规定包括赠款，计划计划者和经理，社区组织者等。这些举措应优先考虑高风险和社会经济上的贫困社区，即低收入农村和部落社区。
Directly Fund Tribes to Create and Implement Land Stewardship Initiatives
加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的Nina Fontana博士
Across the United States, Tribal nations and organizations have the knowledge and will to lead cultural and prescribed burns. Unfortunately, they are consistently limited by (a) insufficient funds, and (b) burdensome regulatory requirements that often prove overly burdensome to comply with. These two issues are connected. Tribal practitioners are often unable to obtain federal grants for land stewardship purposes because they do not have the capacity to find and apply for them, to compete with state agencies and organizations in the application process, and to comply with the grant requirements, which can conflict with Cultural Fire traditions in fundamental ways.
Congress should appropriate discretionary funds directly to Tribal nations and Tribally-led organizations for fire hazard reduction in order to decrease the administrative capacity needed for Tribes to compete for grants. The funds will be dispersed by regional Tribal liaisons, who will gather and utilize input from local actors to direct grants.
Tribal governments and organizations require direct grant funding to exercise their sovereignty in a rightfully unencumbered manner. When Tribal governments and organizations are provided with adequate funding and are able to direct its usage, Cultural Fire Practitioners are able to design cultural fire projects that fit their unique traditions and local plant communities contained within their lands. In addition, by giving Tribes greater discretion over funds, the federal government would a) decrease the regulatory burden on Tribes, and b) provide greater recognition of cultural burning as a uniquely valuable form of land restoration and place-based knowledge, instead of categorizing the practice as an often-overlooked subset of prescribed burning.
最重要的是，直接资金将使部落政府和组织能够将关键能力从时间密集型的行政任务转移到管理其祖先土地上。部落可以扩大消防从业者的劳动力，治疗更大的土地领域，并更好地保护重要的自然和文化资源。
建议
We recommend that Congress:
- Commission a study conducted collaboratively with Tribal nations and organizations to explore financial mechanisms to deliver consistent, direct funding to Tribal Nations and organizations for Cultural Fire purposes. Potential mechanisms could include a federal endowment or a dedicated tax.
- 指导该研究以确保CFP可以轻松获得提议的资金机制获得资金。
- 一旦适当的金融机制是一致格fied, employ regional tribal liaisons to direct the funding to Tribes and to receive input from local communities and CFPs. The liaisons would help to create two-way communication channels that empower local voices in a funding process that has been historically top-down.
通过利用社区和文化消防从业人员的专业知识，部落联络人将能够将资金定位于最需要的团体和景观，以确保每年以有效的方式使用联邦资源。
It is time for the federal government to recognize the deep expertise of Tribes in fire management. By giving Tribes greater influence in determining the use of funds for preventative and mitigative activities, Congress would bring funding structures in line with the rightful sovereignty of Tribes, and it would protect communities and natural resources across the country by clearing the path for more beneficial fire.
About these recommendations
下面的建议包括针对国会和行政部门的想法。委员会可能希望考虑国会在鼓励或支持此处描述的行政部门变更方面发挥作用；此外，我们计划与包括Wildland Fire领导委员会（WFLC）和白宫野火弹性的机构间工作组在内的行政部门参与者分享这些建议。
A Note on Recommendation Attribution
Note that each of the recommendations below stands alone and is attributed to a specific contributor or team of contributors. The recommendations below不一定反映完整队列的观点。此外，整个建议清单也不一定反映出完整队列的观点，也不构成共识。
Acronyms
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
国土安全部：国土安全部
文档：商务部
doi：内政部
EPA：环境保护局
FEMA：联邦紧急管理机构
HHS: Department of Health and Human Services
NIH：国立卫生研究院
NSF：国家科学基金会
UAS：未裂的空中系统
USDA: United States Department of Agriculture
USFS：美国森林服务部
USGS：美国地质调查局
通过按需基础设施将氧气作为公用事业，可以在全球范围内提高访问和死亡率。医疗保健专家提出，由美国国际开发署（USAID）领导的国际联盟如何改变低收入国家和中等收入国家的医疗氧气市场，以确保每个患者拥有所需的氧气。
在一个环境中火灾季节是把to fire years, and summer skies across North America are filled with wildfire smoke from as far away as another coast, the need for scientifically accurate wildland fire policy has never been greater. Over the past several months, COMPASS Science Communication has been working in collaboration with […]
科学，证据和土著观点可以更好地了解美国对野外火灾的反应。
At the beginning of April, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) released a landmark report outlining the scope of federal investments in regional ecosystems, something we have written about at FAS in the past. This CRS report, ‘Regional Innovation: Federal Programs and Issues for Consideration,’ does an excellent job covering the scope and scale of our massive federal investment […]