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Mukasey, Attorney General of the United )Tj T* 0.5775 Tw [(States ....................................................................................................................)-1610(66 )]TJ -1 -1 TD 0.2175 Tw (Letter dated December 7, 2007, from the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., the )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.1825 Tw (Honorable Robert C. Scott, the Honorable Jerrold Nadler, and the Honor-)Tj T* 0.3125 Tw (able William Delahunt to the Honorable Michael B. Mukasey, Attorney )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw [(General of the United States )-532.5(..............................................................................)-1603.5(68 )]TJ -1 -1 TD 0.2625 Tw (Letter dated December 13, 2007, from the Honorable Michael B. Mukasey )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.2775 Tw (to the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., the Honorable Robert C. Scott, the )Tj T* 0.1875 Tw (Honorable Jerrold Nadler, and the Honorable William Delahunt, with en-)Tj T* 0.505 Tw [(closure ...................................................................................................................)-1610.5(70 )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00003)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 276 >> stream BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00004)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 4087 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 301.12 111 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(1\) )Tj /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 147.6 587 Tm 0.1533 Tw (APPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS )Tj 1.5 -1.15 TD (TO THE INTERROGATION OF DETAINEES )Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 561.8 m 331 561.8 l S BT 9 0 0 9 224.28 542.4 Tm 0.2067 Tw (THURSDAY, DECEMBER 20, 2007 )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 278.62 523.5 Tm 0 Tw (H)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 286.9499 523.5 Tm [(OUSE)-412.5(OF)]TJ 10 0 0 10 328.6693 523.5 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 335.8892 523.5 Tm (EPRESENTATIVES)Tj 10 0 0 10 412.1841 523.5 Tm (, )Tj -12.2204 -0.99 TD (C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 297.1999 513.6 Tm [(OMMITTEE)-412.5(ON)-412.5(THE)]TJ 10 0 0 10 384.4267 513.6 Tm (J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 389.9866 513.6 Tm (UDICIARY)Tj 10 0 0 10 432.202 513.6 Tm (, )Tj /F7 1 Tf -5.6042 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (Washington, DC. )Tj /F1 1 Tf -21.916 -2.19 TD 0.334 Tw (The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:10 a.m., in )Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.278 Tw (room 2141, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable John )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Conyers, Jr. \(Chairman of the Subcommittee\) presiding. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.33 Tw (Present: Representatives Conyers, Nadler, Scott, Jackson Lee, )Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (Cohen, and Smith. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.128 Tw (Staff Present: Sean McLaughlin, Minority Deputy Chief of Staff; )Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (and Allison Beach, Minority Counsel. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.146 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1196 412.5 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.0871 412.5 Tm 0.146 Tw (. Good morning, the Committee will come to order. )Tj -7.3087 -0.99 TD 0.324 Tw (I welcome everyone for coming. The purpose of this hearing of )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (course derives from the recent revelation of the destruction of the )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (CIA videotapes, which involve hundreds of hours of audio and vis-)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (ual and we are concerned about the decision to destroy them and )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (a number of questions have been raised that are ripe for congres-)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (sional oversight. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.346 Tw (The enhanced interrogation techniques reportedly depicted on )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (the tapes implicate various laws governing the proper use of inter-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (rogation techniques as we have come to understand them. And the )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (destruction of the tapes and the issues surrounding the investiga-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (tion of the matter raises obvious questions of obstruction of justice, )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (as well as the ability of coequal branches of government to initiate )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (their own inquiries. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.178 Tw (So I welcome our witnesses here, and I regret the absence of a )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (representative from the Department of Justice despite repeated re-)Tj T* 0.424 Tw (quests, including my letter of December 17. Attorney General )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (Mukasey hasnt sent anyone here to testify. We have not even got-)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (ten a letter explaining why, although I am encouraged by reports )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (in the press this morning that the Department may be yielding to )Tj T* 0.276 Tw (the demands for a congressional oversight with reference to the )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (House Intelligence Committee. We will look forward to a long over-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (due discussion with the head of the Department of Justice when we )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (return in January. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.188 Tw (Now another reason for this gathering today is that this is the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.06 Tw (first public hearing and discussion on the issues connected with the )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (governments interrogation of detainees since the incredible news of )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (the CIAs destruction of videotapes. Up until now, the Senate Intel-)Tj T* 0.198 Tw (ligence Committee has had a hearing, but it was secret. The De-)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (partment of Justice tells us that they have an inquiry going on. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00005)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 24 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 4567 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (2 )Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.122 Tw (That is secret. And so it is important that we try to get an under-)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.148 Tw (standing, not only between ourselves and our experts invited here )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (today, but that the American people be given a little more under-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (standable information about the very serious matters raised in con-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (nection with this subject matter. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.112 Tw (One of the most important responsibilities of the Judiciary Com-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.2 Tw (mittee is its oversight capacity. That was demonstrated when we )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (illustrated the firing of the U.S. attorneys, some nine of them, and )Tj T* 0.278 Tw (the politicization that was involved in that. And so oversight is )Tj T* 0.23 Tw (something we, all of the Members, are very zealous about main-)Tj T* 0 Tw (taining. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.312 Tw (Now the purpose of this hearing is to explore the who, how, )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.14 Tw (when, where, why of the destruction of the videotapes and, as im-)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (portantly, what might have been shown on them. Now there are )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (those that say, well, they are gone now, there is nothing that we )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (can do. Well, I wish I knew that with any particular certainty. I )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (dont know if there are any copies around. There are certainly peo-)Tj T* 0.256 Tw (ple who do know what went on and are still around. There are )Tj T* (those that seem to know what was on these tapes and that be-)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (comes another very important reason for our inquiry. And then to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (separate out all the various laws that govern such activity. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.218 Tw (You start from my point of view with the Geneva Conventions )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.194 Tw (and the Convention Against Torture ratified in 1941, 1977, 1984. )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (These are international obligations that we urged other nations to )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (join with us on. We were the leaders in this brave new examination )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (of how we should treat those with whom we dont agree. And we )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (urged others to sign and that required our country as well to pro-)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (hibit and to criminalize acts of cruel and inhuman and degrading )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (treatment. We criminalize those kinds of violations of treaty which )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of course are law in this country. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.46 Tw (The Administration originally claimed that these obligations )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.11 Tw (didnt apply to detainees held or connected with the war on terror, )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (but the United States Supreme Court objected to that position in )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (the Hamdan case. This is the first time we have had a chance to )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (hear and discuss the issues that are involved. We want to have it )Tj T* 0.216 Tw (made clear that the Geneva Convention applies to the treatment )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (even of people that may be or are connected in this anti-terrorist )Tj T* 0 Tw (activity. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.122 Tw (Although the Administration convinced the previous Congress to )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.184 Tw (enact laws to try to mitigate that decision, we will hear from ex-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (perts today that torture is still cruel and inhumane and degrading, )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (including waterboarding, and may well subject those interrogators )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (and those above them who approved it to legal liability. That is an )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (important reason why the destruction of the tapes may well have )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (been an obstruction of justice. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.12 Tw (Like many others, I believe that the idea of appointing a special )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.328 Tw (counsel to independently investigate and prosecute violations of )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (Federal criminal laws regarding the interrogation of detainees and )Tj T* 0.258 Tw (others is a prudent way for a variety of reasons. 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So )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (I congratulate those Members of the Committee that were able to )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (be with us today. We thank them for their interest and coopera-)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (tion. There is no way we can tell when we were going to get out )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (of here. Things got better and we were able to officially close the )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (proceedings on the floor yesterday. So I look forward to the Mem-)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (bers of the Committees inquiry about these important issues, and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (I am very grateful that the witnesses are here today. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.226 Tw (I would now like to recognize Lamar Smith, who is the senior )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (Ranking Member of the minority from Texas who has worked with )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (me this first year in a way that has surprised and pleased us all. )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (We are grateful for his cooperation and insight into the objectives )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (of the Judiciary Committee, and I am pleased to recognize him at )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (this time. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.146 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1996 471 Tm 0 Tw (MITH)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.0073 471 Tm 0.146 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, you were )Tj -6.0007 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (complimentary of the Members who are able to be here today. Un-)Tj T* (fortunately, that compliment can only apply to me for a very short )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (period of time because I am trying to get to the airport, but I ap-)Tj T* 0.272 Tw (preciate your having the hearing and if I may, I will make my )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (opening comments even if I have to leave shortly after that. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 411 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 411 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.236 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.0996 401 Tm 0 Tw (MITH)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.9073 401 Tm 0.236 Tw (. Mr. Chairman, the Justice Department in conjunc-)Tj -6.0907 -1 TD 0.29 Tw (tion with the CIAs Office of the Inspector General has already )Tj T* 0.284 Tw (begun a preliminary inquiry into the circumstances surrounding )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (the discarding of two videotapes of CIA interrogations of terrorists. )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (I understand that all records and documentation that would facili-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tate the inquiry are in fact being preserved. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (What we do know is that members of both political parties had )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.086 Tw (been fully briefed on the CIAs interrogation program and no objec-)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (tions were raised. According to )Tj /F7 1 Tf 15.0998 0 TD (The Washington Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10.3958 0 TD (in September )Tj -25.4956 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (2002, four Members of Congress met in secret for a first look at a )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (unique CIA program designed to bring vital information from reti-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (cent terrorism suspects in U.S. custody. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.082 Tw (For more than an hour the bipartisan group, which included cur-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (rent House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, was given a virtual tour of CIAs )Tj T* 0.336 Tw (overseas detention sites and the harsh techniques interrogators )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (had devised to try to make prisoners talk. Among the techniques )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (described, said two officials present, was waterboarding. On that )Tj T* 0.306 Tw (day, no objections were raised. The enhanced interrogation pro-)Tj T* 0.188 Tw (gram would be treated as one of the Nations top secrets for fear )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of warning al-Qaeda members about what they might expect. )Tj /F7 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.062 Tw (The Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 4.3829 0 TD (continued, saying U.S. officials knowledgeable about the )Tj -5.3829 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (CIAs use of the technique say it was used on three individuals, the )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (alleged master mind of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, )Tj T* 0.276 Tw (a senior al-Qaeda member and Osama bin Laden associate cap-)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (tured in Pakistan in March 2002 and a third detainee who has not )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (been publicly identified. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (According to CIA Director Hayden, the videotapes of the terrorist )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.184 Tw (interrogations were discarded to both protect the identities of the )Tj T* 0.29 Tw (interrogators and keep them out of the hands of terrorists who )Tj T* 0.216 Tw (might use the information to develop effective counter strategies. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00007)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 30 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Length 4556 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (4 )Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.19 Tw (But while we cant watch the videotapes, ABC News conducted a )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.25 Tw (very telling interview with one of the former CIA officials, John )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (Kiriakou, who was involved in one of the videotaped interrogations )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of terrorist Abu Zubaydah. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (When the terrorist Zubaydah, a logistics chief of al-Qaeda, was )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (captured, he and two other men were caught in the act of building )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (a bomb. A soldering gun that was used to make the bomb was still )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (hot on the table along with building plans for a school. Zubaydah )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (refused to offer any actual intelligence until he was waterboarded )Tj T* 0.24 Tw (for between 30 and 35 seconds. According to Mr. Kiriakou, from )Tj T* (that day on he answered every question. The threat information )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (that he provided disrupted a number of attacks, perhaps dozens of )Tj T* 0 Tw (attacks. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.218 Tw (When a former colleague of Kiriakou asked Zubaydah what he )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (would do if he was released, he responded, I would kill every Amer-)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (ican and Jew I could get my hands on. Near the end of the ABC )Tj T* 0.468 Tw (interview Mr. Kiriakou was asked what happens if we dont )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (waterboard a person and we dont get that nugget of information )Tj T* 0.174 Tw (and there is an attack on a movie theater or shopping mall or in )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (midtown Manhattan, you know, at rush hour, then what would we )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (do? I would have trouble forgiving myself. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (According to reports, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.204 Tw (behind the 9/11 attacks that killed 3,000 people, stayed quiet for )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (months until he was waterboarded for just 90 seconds. After that )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (he revealed information that led to the capture of many other ter-)Tj T* 0.208 Tw (rorists, including those who were plotting to derail trains, to use )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (acetylene torches to bring down the Brooklyn Bridge, to bomb ho-)Tj T* 0.256 Tw (tels and nightclubs, detonate U.S. gas stations, poison American )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (water reservoirs, trigger radioactive dirty bomb attacks, incinerate )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (residential high-rises by igniting apartments filled with natural gas )Tj T* (and cultivating anthrax. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.268 Tw (There are clear laws governing CIA interrogation. Specifically, )Tj -1 -1 TD (U.S. law prohibits persons in the custody or control of the U.S. )Tj T* 0.322 Tw (Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, from )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (being subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or pun-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (ishment. The Supreme Court has made it clear that such unconsti-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tutional acts are only those that shock the conscience. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.634 Tw (What shocks the conscience depends entirely on the cir-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.078 Tw (cumstances and purpose of the interrogation. For example, if some-)Tj T* 0.43 Tw (one were picked at random on the streets of New York and )Tj T* 0.252 Tw (waterboarded, that would undoubtedly shock the conscience. But )Tj T* 0.264 Tw (what if that person was one of the 9/11 terrorists or perhaps a )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (known terrorist with information that could save hundreds or thou-)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (sands of lives? Waterboarding a member of al-Qaeda or a known )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (terrorist as a last resort to save the lives of thousands of people )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (would not shock the conscience. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.266 Tw (Mr. Chairman, we should be careful not to unjustly persecute )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.202 Tw (anyone, especially those whose efforts enable us and our families )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to sleep better at night. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Thank you, Mr. Chairman, I yield back. )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.7596 140.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.7271 140.9999 Tm 0.21 Tw (. I thank the gentleman. I am glad that he made )Tj -7.3727 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (his opening statement. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.122 Tw (I am now pleased to call upon the Chairman of the Constitution )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (Committee of the House Judiciary. His name is Jerry Nadler, sen-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00008)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 35 0 obj << /Length 4664 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (5 )Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.086 Tw (ior member of the Judiciary Committee, and we recognize him now )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (for his opening comments. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.8296 621 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.7171 621 Tm 0.124 Tw (. I thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, I want )Tj -6.7717 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (to commend you for scheduling this timely hearing into some very )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (disturbing reports. It is important that we investigate these allega-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (tions carefully, because it is true we may be facing the possibility )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (of a dangerous and criminal abuse of power at the highest levels )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of our government. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (The matters at stake here are far from trivial. We have been in-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (vestigating the abuse of prisoners in U.S. custody, as well as the )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (practice of turning over individuals to other countries designated )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (by our government in those countries that routinely engage in tor-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (ture. We have also investigated the practice of holding individuals, )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (many of whom our government now concedes are innocent of any )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (wrongdoing, for years without any hearing or due process of any )Tj T* 0.24 Tw (sort. We have also investigated widespread spying on Americans )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (without any legal authorization. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.212 Tw (We have been told that the surveillance was not a violation of )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (criminal law, but I know of no possible excuse other than those ab-)Tj T* (surd ones told by the Administration that could justify that conclu-)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (sion. At every turn we have run into concerted efforts to stonewall )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (the public, the Congress and the courts. They have refused to tes-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (tify, they have withheld vital information, they have flouted sub-)Tj T* 0 Tw (poenas. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (Today we examine perhaps the most disturbing of all allegations )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.272 Tw (that our government destroyed tapes of interrogation which em-)Tj T* 0.232 Tw (ployed what it euphemistically called extreme interrogation tech-)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (niques and what civilized people call torture. These tapes clearly )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (spoke to many of the cases in question that the Congress, the pub-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (lic, and the 9/11 Commission have debated, including unlawfulness )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (of the interrogation methods used, evidence for proceedings against )Tj T* (those held as unlawful enemy combatants. The destruction of these )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (tapes may have occurred in violation of a court order and while it )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (was known that the matter was under investigation, they were con-)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (cealed from the 9/11 Commission, the existence as well as the de-)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (struction of the tapes. They concealed it from the 9/11 Commission, )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (from the Intelligence Committee, and the Congress. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.244 Tw (These tapes may very well have been relevant in at least one )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.224 Tw (criminal prosecution, and their destruction may ultimately result )Tj T* 0.28 Tw (in the release of a convicted terrorist. These actions raise some )Tj T* 0.298 Tw (very disturbing questions, the answers to which may determine )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (whether we remain a Nation of law. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.214 Tw (Who ordered the destruction of the tapes and why? Who knew )Tj -1 -1 TD (about the existence of the tapes and their destruction? What did )Tj T* 0.314 Tw (the President and the Vice President know and when did they )Tj T* 0.236 Tw (know it? Who in the White House was involved in the decisions )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (leading up to the destruction of these tapes? What other evidence, )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (if any, has been concealed or destroyed? Did the destruction of the )Tj T* 0.188 Tw (tapes constitute a crime? And if so, who in the Administration is )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (criminally liable? Did the acts recorded in the tapes constitute a )Tj T* (crime or crimes? Were any of the decisions made by our govern-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (ment and Congress, including the decision to declare detainees not )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (to be prisoners of war but to allow the President to define retro-)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (actively what constitutes illegal torture? Were any of these deci-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00009)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 36 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Length 4790 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (6 )Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.166 Tw (sions made to protect people in this Administration from prosecu-)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.31 Tw (tion for criminal acts? These are very disturbing questions and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ones to which we need answers. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.068 Tw (Mr. Chairman, in times of crisis it is always beneficial to remem-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.308 Tw (ber the principles upon which this Nation was founded. It was )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (John Adams who observed that, Power always thinks that it is )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (doing Gods service when it is violating all the laws. We are sup-)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (posed to be a Nation of laws and we are a free and democratic Na-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (tion but, as we are often reminded, freedom isnt free. Today is the )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (day when we must decide whether we are going to pursue the dif-)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (ficult questions that are necessary to pursue in order to protect our )Tj T* 0 Tw (freedoms. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.158 Tw (I look forward to the testimony of our witness, and I thank our )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.25 Tw (Chairman again for calling this important and timely hearing. I )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (yield back the balance of my time. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.204 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.6996 488 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.6671 488 Tm 0.204 Tw (. Thank you very much. I would like to inquire if )Tj -7.3667 -1.02 TD 0.14 Tw (the Chair of the Crime Committee would like to make an opening )Tj T* 0 Tw (statement. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2596 457.4 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 205.9312 457.4 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Just very briefly, Mr. Chairman. )Tj -4.8931 -1.02 TD 0.062 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.2796 447.2 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.2471 447.2 Tm 0.062 Tw (. The gentleman from Virginia is recognized for that )Tj -7.2247 -1.02 TD 0 Tw (purpose. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.2 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7396 426.8 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.4113 426.8 Tm 0.2 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I thank you for holding )Tj -6.0411 -1.02 TD 0.14 Tw (the hearing because I think it is important for us to know exactly )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (what the laws are against torture. We have heard an interesting )Tj T* 0.386 Tw (response from the Administration that goes along the lines of )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (United States does not torture. If we did it, therefore that must not )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (have been torture because we dont torture, and furthermore the )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (torture worked. We need to know what the laws are and who may )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (have violated the laws. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.328 Tw (What was on the tape? Were criminal laws documented? We )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.186 Tw (have heard we cant tell whether or not a particular technique is )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (torture until we have some more specifics. If we had it on tape, )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (people could look at the tape and ascertain whether or not that was )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (torture, but the tape, the evidence has been destroyed. Who was re-)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (sponsible for the destruction and what criminal laws could be im-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (plicated by the destruction itself? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.188 Tw (We have heard that four Members of Congress were briefed on )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.242 Tw (this. Some have publicly contradicted some of the statements by )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (the Administration. But even if there is no complaint, four Mem-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (bers of Congress cant change the criminal laws. So insofar as Ad-)Tj T* 0.248 Tw (ministration officials have been publicly implicated, from writing )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (legal memos justifying both what seems to be torture to most peo-)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (ple and the destruction of the documents, many had knowledge of )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (the tapes before the destruction, the tapes were not disclosed when )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (required apparently to the 9/11 Commission, to Congress, and to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the courts. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.188 Tw (Mr. Chairman, for those reasons I think it is essential that we )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.09 Tw (have an independent counsel appointed, because so many Adminis-)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (tration officials from top to bottom from the CIA, Department of )Tj 0 -1.01 TD 0.112 Tw (Justice, and the White House have been implicated in this matter. )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (So I join your call for an independent counsel. I yield back the bal-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ance of my time. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 110.9998 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 110.9998 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you very much. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00010)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 39 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Length 4806 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (7 )Tj -14.622 -2 TD 0.204 Tw (I dont think I have to ask Sheila Jackson Lee if she wants to )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.206 Tw (make a comment because she takes full advantage of the experi-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (ence that she brings to the Judiciary Committee, and Id be happy )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to recognize the gentlelady from Texas at this time. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 182.7496 601 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.649 601 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 228.319 601 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 239.8708 601 Tm 0.056 Tw (. Good morning. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and )Tj -9.2871 -1 TD 0.33 Tw (thank you for being the kind of responsive chairperson that is )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (made aware or is aware, if you will, of some of the important chal-)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (lenges that this Nation faces. We do know that we live in a dif-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (ferent world after 9/11 and we respect that difference. It is the obli-)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (gation of this country to ensure the safety of all Americans. But I )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (believe that the American people did not want us to extinguish the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Constitution in the backdrop of protecting our security. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (Let me acknowledge the distinguished witnesses that we will lis-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (ten to and offer a few thoughts about the importance of this hear-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ing. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (The representation is that the CIA in 2005 destroyed at least two )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.264 Tw (videotapes documenting the interrogation of two senior al-Qaeda )Tj T* 0.252 Tw (operatives in the agencys custody. The CIA reportedly took this )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (step in the midst of congressional and legal scrutiny pertaining to )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (the CIAs detention program, a major challenge to the Constitution. )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (It is also important to note that Congressman Peter Hoekstra, the )Tj T* 0.226 Tw (Intelligence Chairman from 2004 to 2006, explained that he was )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (never briefed or advised that the tapes existed or that they were )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (going to be destroyed. Furthermore, it is also noted that Congress-)Tj T* 0.35 Tw (woman Jane Harman, the Ranking Member of the Intelligence )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (Committee, explained that she had told CIA officials several years )Tj T* 0.202 Tw (ago that destroying any interrogation tapes would be a bad idea. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.168 Tw (I too want to protect the operatives and certainly dont want to )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.208 Tw (put their families in jeopardy, but we cannot have a government )Tj T* 0.39 Tw (that is out of control. Questions of obstruction of justice rage )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (throughout this incident, and I believe it is important for this con-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (gressional Committee to chiefly have oversight as to whether or not )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the Constitution has been violated. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (It has been alleged, and I say alleged, that several then White )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.642 Tw (House lawyers, Alberto Gonzales, David S. Addington, Don )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (Bellinger, III, and Harriet Miers, allegedly had some involvement )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in counseling regarding the tapes in question. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (The destruction of the tapes has raised questions about both the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (possibility that the tapes documented unlawful conduct and that )Tj T* (their destruction in and of itself was unlawful. It is sad to note )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (that many institutions were forbidden from getting information re-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (garding the tapes, including Congress, the Federal courts and the )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (9/11 Commission. This government has to be based upon truth and )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (transparency and it certainly must be based upon security and the )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (protection of America. But the United States does not make those )Tj T* 0.288 Tw (practices violating the laws, violating the Constitution, violating )Tj T* 0.246 Tw (the International Convention on Torture. It must not make that )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (the norm and acceptable practices. Therefore, we must not draw to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the practices of foreign dictators, but we must stand alone as a bea-)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (con of light, shining around the world, to ensure that the principles )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (of democracy and freedom and equality and justice reign strong in )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (this Nation. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.216 Tw (And so I am grateful for this hearing and look forward enthu-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.25 Tw (siastically to the testimony of the witnesses. I join with my col-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00011)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 4583 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (8 )Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.094 Tw (leagues in calling on an independent prosecutor to ensure that jus-)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.12 Tw (tice reign strong. I look forward to the testimony, and I yield back )Tj 0 -1.01 TD 0.058 Tw (my time and ask that my complete statement be submitted into the )Tj T* 0 Tw (record. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 600.5 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 600.5 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Without objection, so ordered. )Tj -6.2147 -1.01 TD 0.146 Tw (We welcome from the Human Rights First, Lisa Massimino. We )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.168 Tw (welcome Attorney David Rivkin of Baker & Hostetler. We are de-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (lighted to have with us Professor John Radsan, and we begin our )Tj T* 0.276 Tw (testimony with Professor Steven Saltzburg, Wallace and Beverly )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (Woodbury University Professor of Law at George Washington Uni-)Tj T* 0 Tw (versity. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.148 Tw (He has had extensive prosecutorial experience. He has been As-)Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.142 Tw (sociate Independent Counsel in the Iran-Contra investigation, was )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (later Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division, )Tj T* 0.278 Tw (and we are pleased that he has prepared a statement. And his )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (statement, like every one here, will be entered into the record and )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (you may make your presentation at this point. Professor, welcome )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (this morning. )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 169.98 449.0001 Tm 0.0422 Tw (TESTIMONY OF PROFESSOR STEPHEN A. SALTZBURG, )Tj -0.2667 -1.2 TD (THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 424.1001 Tm 0.052 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2596 424.1001 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 228.8909 424.1001 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Members of the Com-)Tj -8.1891 -1.01 TD 0.104 Tw (mittee. I dont intend to read my testimony since you already have )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (it, but I would like to highlight some points. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.174 Tw (First, there isnt any dispute about the destruction of the tapes )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.362 Tw (and that it happened. Second, the rationale for destroying the )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (tapes to protect the identity of the interrogators is almost as em-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (barrassing as the destruction itself. There are four facts that dem-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (onstrate this. One, the tapes could have been modified to make the )Tj T* 0.342 Tw (faces and voices unrecognizable. Second, one copy of each tape )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (could have been maintained in a secure place. Third, the CIA keeps )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (a record of who interrogates in an interrogation. So even with the )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (tape gone there is a record. And fourth, the interrogators and oth-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ers in the CIA know who did the interrogation. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.062 Tw (And so the explanation for destruction fails the straight face test. )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.092 Tw (It is unnecessary to prevent the tapes from revealing the identities )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (of the interrogators and the destruction doesnt protect their identi-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ties. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.094 Tw (And so the question is what does it tell us when an agency gives )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.228 Tw (an excuse that plainly is frivolous? It says that there is another )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (reason why these tapes were destroyed. And the only plausible ex-)Tj T* 0.26 Tw (planation I believe is that the CIA wanted to assure that those )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (tapes would never be seen by any judicial tribunal, not even a mili-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (tary commission, and they would never be seen by a Committee of )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Congress or any individuals in Congress. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.06 Tw (Over the last several years, when this House and the Senate con-)Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.094 Tw (sidered the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 and the Military Com-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (mission Act of 2006, Members have been asked their opinion about )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (whether waterboarding is torture. They have been asked whether )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (or not they support restrictions on CIA interrogation. And one of )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (the problems is that terms like waterboarding are tossed around )Tj T* 0.23 Tw (as though everybody seems to believe that they know what they )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (are talking about. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00012)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 47 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 4588 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (9 )Tj -14.622 -2 TD 0.178 Tw (One of the things that we would love to know is whether what )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.614 Tw (those tapes showed was that the actual implementation of )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (waterboarding was quite a bit different than people assumed it )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (would be. In fact it might have been quite a bit different from what )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (the Members of Congress, the four Members who had a secret ses-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (sion, were told in an earlier year. I mean, if they showed nothing )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (more than what was already known to Congress, there would be )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (no need for them to be destroyed. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (The destruction of the tapes means that there will inevitably be )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.27 Tw (disputes about what actually occurred during the interrogations. )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (The tapes themselves would have been indisputable, but with them )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (gone we have the ultimate coverup. The indisputable evidence no )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (longer exists and memories will undoubtedly differ about what hap-)Tj T* 0 Tw (pened. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.11 Tw (Now despite the fact that the tapes have been destroyed the De-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (partment of Justice originally asked Congress to stay its hand, not )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (to investigate, and I think that would be a major mistake. The De-)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (partment seems to have changed its mind at least to some extent. )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (It is vitally important for this Congress to recognize that it is part )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (of the interrogation process, that it regulated to some extent inter-)Tj T* 0.07 Tw (rogation when it enacted those two statutes in 2005 and 2006. This )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (Congress decided not to restrict the CIA, at least not explicitly, and )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (it decided not to confine the CIA to interrogation techniques that )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (are contained in the Army Field Manual. And one of the issues )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (that the Congress may well want to consider is should the CIA be )Tj T* 0 Tw (restricted. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.154 Tw (This is not a Republican issue and it is not a Democratic issue. )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.39 Tw (This is an issue about credibility of the United States. When )Tj T* 0.308 Tw (United States officers act in a way that is regarded as torture )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (around the world; when United States officers engage in practices )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (which, if inflicted upon our own military, we would regard as rep-)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (rehensible, we would regard as violations of the Geneva Conven-)Tj T* 0.28 Tw (tions, we would regard as war crimes, and we would regard as )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (things that should be prosecuted; then it is important for Congress )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (to look and make its own judgment about whether or not what is )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (going on is something that can be done in the name of the United )Tj T* 0 Tw (States. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (There are a number of questions for Congress to ask and demand )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.104 Tw (answers to. Some of these are: What specific reasons were actually )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (advanced for the tapes destruction in 2005 and are those reasons )Tj T* 0.268 Tw (set forth in writing? If they are, who wrote those reasons? And )Tj T* 0.292 Tw (were those reasons vetted inside and outside the agency? If so, )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (what were the responses? Were they vetted by the Department of )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Justice? If so, what were its responses? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (Two other questions that should be asked are these: Are the friv-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.168 Tw (olous explanations that are being offered in 2007 the same expla-)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (nations that were actually given in 2005? And why was the de-)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (struction of these tapes kept secret for some period of time? The )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (longer the time, the harder it is to reconstruct what actually hap-)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (pened. Congress already has a 2-year gap to worry about and it is )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (important that Congress not wait any longer to do an investigation. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.198 Tw (Another issue for Congress to consider is whether there should )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.176 Tw (be restrictions on destruction of other forms of evidence. Whether )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (or not the CIA should be required to maintain certain records for )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00013)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 5039 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (10 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.12 Tw (an extended period of time or perhaps forever is a debatable ques-)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (tion. I dont think the answer is clear, but I do think it is important )Tj T* 0.08 Tw (that Congress should look to the practices of the agency and decide )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (whether or not those practice are acceptable. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.226 Tw (Without meaning to be insulting, I think the fact is that Con-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.108 Tw (gress was effectively absent for 4 or 5 years from the debate about )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (the war on terror after the attacks of 9/11. Congress watched as )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (Guantanamo unfolded and Congress did nothing to restrain an Ad-)Tj T* 0.306 Tw (ministration committed to creating a new detention regime and )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (new system of justice if you think that term can accurately be used )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to describe Guantanamo. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.262 Tw (Congress finally awoke and exercised some oversight responsi-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.242 Tw (bility in 2005 and 2006, but that oversight responsibility largely )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (rubber stamped everything that the Administration did. With the )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (destruction of these tapes it is clear that Congress no longer can )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (afford to be a rubber stamp. Congress must be a coequal, co-respon-)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (sible branch of government, exercising the oversight function the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (framers of the Constitution so clearly intended. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.062 Tw (Congress can exercise this oversight role without interfering with )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.37 Tw (or infringing upon the Department of Justice. The Intelligence )Tj T* 0.24 Tw (Committees have the ability to consider classified information in )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (very secure situations. This Committee can hold closed hearings as )Tj T* 0.264 Tw (well as open hearings and therefore adjust the hearings to deal )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (with the sensitivity of the information before it. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.112 Tw (As the Chairman noted back in the 1980s, I served as Associate )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.212 Tw (Independent Counsel on Iran-Contra. I also then represented the )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (Department of Justice in dealing with classified information in that )Tj T* 0.258 Tw (case. It was important that Congress get to the bottom of Iran- )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (Contra and it is important that Congress get to the bottom of the )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (destruction of these tapes. There is no reason to believe the con-)Tj T* 0.114 Tw (gressional investigation would jeopardize any future criminal pros-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ecutions. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.14 Tw (What we learned is Congress has got to be careful about immu-)Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.126 Tw (nizing testimony, particularly public testimony. That is a lesson of )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (Iran-Contra. But we also learned that Congress can proceed full )Tj T* 0.08 Tw (bore if it proceeds carefully with its own investigation and criminal )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (prosecutions can still ensue. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.176 Tw (There are a number of questions that Congress needs to ask, a )Tj -1 -1.01 TD (number of answers that Congress needs to provide. The most im-)Tj T* 0.232 Tw (portant thing, I believe, is that Congress needs to exert itself to )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (demonstrate that it can fulfill and is committed to fulfilling its con-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (stitutional role of oversight over all branches of the executive. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD (Thank you. )Tj T* ([The prepared statement of Mr. Saltzburg follows:] )Tj 8 0 0 8 212.98 188.9 Tm 0 Tw (P)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 218.3159 188.9 Tm (REPARED)Tj 8 0 0 8 253.3079 188.9 Tm (S)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 258.3478 188.9 Tm [(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ 8 0 0 8 310.8022 188.9 Tm (S)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 315.8421 188.9 Tm (TEPHEN)Tj 8 0 0 8 346.8085 188.9 Tm 0.0525 Tw (A. S)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 362.4922 188.9 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 8 0 0 8 398.9978 188.9 Tm ( )Tj -30.4997 -1.6375 TD 0.1225 Tw (Chairman Conyers, Ranking Member Smith, Members of the Committee, it is al-)Tj -1 -1.0125 TD 0.0625 Tw (ways an honor and a privilege to appear before you. Today, it is also an opportunity, )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (an opportunity to discuss with you the importance of Congress investigating without )Tj T* 0.34 Tw (delay the destruction of interrogation tapes by the Central Intelligence Agency )Tj T* 0 Tw (\(C.I.A.\). )Tj 1 -1.0125 TD 0.115 Tw (We know very little about the tapes that were admittedly destroyed in 2005, and )Tj -1 -1.0125 TD 0.1375 Tw (even less about the decision-making process that led to their destruction. News re-)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (ports indicate that lawyers in the White House and possibly in other parts of the )Tj T* 0.08 Tw (Administration advised the C.I.A. not to destroy the tapes, and that despite this ad-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00014)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 53 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 55 0 obj << /Length 6665 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (11 )Tj 8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm 0.1375 Tw (vice lawyers within the C.I.A. signed off on the legality of the destruction before it )Tj 0 -0.9875 TD 0.0525 Tw (was approved by a high agency official. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.095 Tw (The only justification offered thus far for destroying the tapesi.e., to protect the )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1225 Tw (identity of interrogatorsis completely unpersuasive. Indeed, the explanation is al-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (most as embarrassing as the destruction. Consider these facts: )Tj 2 -1.2375 TD [(1.)-555(The tapes could have been modified to make the faces and voices of the inter-)]TJ 1.39 -0.9875 TD (rogators unrecognizable. )Tj -1.39 -0.9875 TD 0.0575 Tw [(2.)-555(One copy of the tapes could have been maintained in a secure place with lim-)]TJ 1.39 -0.9875 TD 0.0525 Tw (ited access. )Tj -1.39 -1.2375 TD 0.0675 Tw [(3.)-555(The C.I.A. must keep a record of who interrogated whom for various reasons, )]TJ 1.39 -0.9875 TD 0.095 Tw (so that even with the tapes destroyed there is a record of who the interroga-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (tors were. )Tj -1.39 -1.2375 TD 0.165 Tw [(4.)-555(The interrogators and others within the C.I.A. know who conducted the in-)]TJ 1.39 -0.9875 TD 0.185 Tw (terrogations, and as long as they are alive there is the possibility that the )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (identity of an interrogator will be revealed. )Tj -2.39 -1.4875 TD 0.11 Tw (In sum, the explanation offered for the destruction of the tapes does not pass the )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1375 Tw (straight-face test. It is flawed in two fundamental ways. First, the destruction was )Tj T* 0.0975 Tw (unnecessary to prevent the tapes from revealing the identities of interrogators. Sec-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (ond, the destruction does not prevent the disclosure of identities. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.1975 Tw (When an agencys explanation for its actions is plainly frivolous, one must con-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.115 Tw (sider what the real explanation for that action must be and why the agency is des-)Tj T* 0.1525 Tw (perate to conceal this explanation. In my judgment, the only plausible explanation )Tj T* 0.2625 Tw (for the destruction of the tapes is that they were destroyed to assure that they )Tj T* 0.125 Tw (would never be viewed by any judicial tribunal, not even a military commission, or )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (by a congressional oversight committee. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.0975 Tw (Over the last several years, Congress has debated whether certain forms of inter-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1725 Tw (rogation constitute torture. But, the debate has been at a certain level of abstrac-)Tj T* 0.27 Tw (tion. Both this House and the Senate in various hearings have asked witnesses )Tj T* 0.085 Tw (whether techniques like waterboarding constitute torture, but the testimony has as-)Tj T* 0.145 Tw (sumed that members of Congress and witnesses share a common understanding of )Tj T* 0.1225 Tw (how techniques were and are actually employed. Videotapes of interrogationspar-)Tj T* 0.2775 Tw (ticularly interrogations of high value detaineeswould provide concrete details )Tj T* 0.0675 Tw (and permit members of Congress to see how techniques are employed against actual )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (human beings. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.295 Tw (It is probable that during military commission trials and perhaps future pro-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.15 Tw (ceedings in federal civilian courts, issues will arise as to whether confessions were )Tj T* 0.1175 Tw (coerced and whether they are reliable enough to be used as evidence. It will not be )Tj T* 0.075 Tw (surprising if conflicting testimony arises as to what interrogators did, how long they )Tj T* 0.2375 Tw (did it, the frequency of their actions, and the physical and mental hardships in-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (flicted upon detainees. A videotape of an interrogation of one detainee might provide )Tj T* 0.2175 Tw (circumstantial evidence as to how other detainees were interrogated, especially if )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (they were interrogated by the same individuals or individuals trained by the same )Tj T* 0 Tw (agency. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.0925 Tw (Destruction of the videotapes assured that what might have been incontrovertible )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.195 Tw (evidence of what occurred during interrogation sessions will never be available to )Tj T* 0.1925 Tw (any court, congressional committee, or government investigator. It is the ultimate )Tj T* 0.3025 Tw (cover-up. With the tapes destroyed, anyone seeking to determine with precision )Tj T* 0.175 Tw (what occurred during an interrogation will be forced to depend on testimony from )Tj T* 0.2275 Tw (witnesses who have different perspectives and biases and whose recollections are )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (virtually guaranteed to differ. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.2075 Tw (Now that the tapes have been destroyed, the Attorney General has asked Con-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.09 Tw (gress not to investigate their destruction for some period of time and to defer to the )Tj T* 0.195 Tw (Department of Justices own investigation. I applaud the Departments immediate )Tj T* 0.0925 Tw (reaction to learning that the tapes were destroyed and its initiation of an investiga-)Tj T* 0.2075 Tw (tion. But, I believe it would not only be a mistake for Congress to do nothing at )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (this point; it would be an abdication of responsibility. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.275 Tw (The Administration persuaded Congress to address the treatment of detainees )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0825 Tw (and interrogation methods in two major pieces of litigation: the Detainee Treatment )Tj T* 0.215 Tw (Act of 2005, and the Military Commission Act of 2006. This legislation restricted )Tj T* 0.085 Tw (the interrogation methods that may be employed by the Department of Defense and )Tj T* 0.125 Tw (its components, but did not restrict the methods used by the C.I.A. Moreover, Con-)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.115 Tw (gress has provided that statements obtained from detainees through coercive meth-)Tj T* 0.105 Tw (ods may be admitted in military commission trials. Congress therefore has both de-)Tj T* 0.0775 Tw (clined to impose upon the C.I.A. the same interrogation restrictions it imposed upon )Tj T* 0.0875 Tw (DOD, and Congress has adopted evidence rules for military commission proceedings )Tj T* 0.235 Tw (based upon its understanding of the types of interrogation actually conducted by )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (United States officers. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00015)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 56 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Length 6989 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (12 )Tj 8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm 0.1975 Tw (The destruction of the videotapes surely requires Congress to ask itself what it )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.24 Tw (might have learned had its intelligence committees been aware of the tapes and )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (been permitted to review them. For several years now, Congress has debated wheth-)Tj T* 0.2025 Tw (er interrogation techniques constitute torture, how torture should be defined, and )Tj T* (how it should be punished. Congress enacted legislation based upon assumptions. )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (The videotapes might well have informed the debate by replacing assumptions with )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (undisputed facts. So, Congress has an obligation to ask what it might have learned )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (from those tapes, and there is no time to waste and no reason to wait to decide )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (whether the legislation previously passed needs reconsideration. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.145 Tw (The Department of Justice investigation will focus on whether laws were broken )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.2125 Tw (when the tapes were destroyed, and perhaps that inquiry will lead to an inquiry )Tj T* 0.1225 Tw (into whether the tapes reveal criminal acts \(which might well not be prosecuted as )Tj T* 0.205 Tw (a result of the Military Commission Act of 2006\). The inquiry by Congress ought )Tj T* 0.1925 Tw (to focus on other, equally important issues. These include, but are not limited to, )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (the following: )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.1025 Tw (Who was alerted to the fact that the C.I.A. was considering destroying the tapes? )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0575 Tw (When were they alerted? And what advice, if any, did the knowledgeable individuals )Tj T* 0.1375 Tw (give to the C.I.A.? The reason for asking these questions is to determine how deci-)Tj T* 0.0675 Tw (sions were made, which agencies were involved, and the quality of advice, both legal )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (and practical, that was provided. I note that the New York Times reported last week )Tj T* 0.26 Tw (that the Department of Justice has refused to indicate to Congress what role it )Tj T* 0.1275 Tw (might have played in the destruction of the tapes. This refusal is all the more rea-)Tj T* 0.1075 Tw (son for Congress to investigate and to investigate now. It is important for Congress )Tj T* 0.0925 Tw (to know which agencies were consulted before the tapes were destroyed and the na-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (ture and quality of any counsel provided by these agencies. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.175 Tw (What specific reasons were advanced for their destruction at the time the tapes )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD (were destroyed? Are those reasons set forth in writing, and if so, by whom? Were )Tj T* 0.2275 Tw (those reasons vetted inside and outside the agency, and if so, what were the re-)Tj T* 0.1475 Tw (sponses? Since it is inconceivable that anyone could truly believe that the destruc-)Tj T* 0.1325 Tw (tion was either necessary or sufficient to protect identities, the question that natu-)Tj T* 0.1475 Tw (rally arises is whether the explanation given in 2007 squares with the reasons set )Tj T* 0.235 Tw (forth in 2005. If it should turn out that a deliberate decision was made to deny )Tj T* 0.1125 Tw (courts and Congress evidence, Congress might well decide that new legislation on )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (record preservation is required. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.18 Tw (Why was the destruction kept secret for as long as it was? A delay between an )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1125 Tw (action and review of that action means that memories will fade, and reconstruction )Tj T* 0.125 Tw (of events will be more difficult. It will be hard enough for Congress to obtain accu-)Tj T* 0.0675 Tw (rate, complete answers concerning events that are now more then two years old, but )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (it becomes more difficult with the passage of time. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.215 Tw (Should the restrictions on interrogation imposed on the Department of Defense )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1775 Tw (be extended to the C.I.A.? This question has been debated over several years, but )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.14 Tw (the destruction of the tapes is a reason to revisit it. I do not mean to suggest that )Tj T* 0.145 Tw (the answer will suddenly be agreed upon by all. But, destruction of the tapes may )Tj T* 0.1825 Tw (suggest that there are reasons why the C.I.A. did not want them to be seen by a )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (Congress that has considered imposing interrogation limits. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.2025 Tw (Should there be prohibitions on destruction of videotaped interrogation sessions )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.205 Tw (and possibly other evidence gathered in the war on terror? Perhaps the answer )Tj T* 0.1975 Tw (is no, but the question is important and requires some careful thoughtnow, not )Tj T* 0.1875 Tw (tomorrow, and not next year. It is possible, despite the adverse public reaction to )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (the disclosure of the destruction of the tapes, that C.I.A., the Department of Defense )Tj T* 0.215 Tw (or some other federal agency will destroy additional material in months to come. )Tj T* 0.1575 Tw (Congress needs to know sooner rather than later the advice that was given to the )Tj T* 0.1875 Tw (C.I.A., the true rationale for its action, and whether destruction of additional evi-)Tj T* 0.07 Tw (dence is planned or possible. Only with knowledge can Congress decide whether leg-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (islation is needed to protect and preserve evidence. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.1775 Tw (Congress was effectively absent after the attacks of 9/11 for years while it gave )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.125 Tw (almost complete deference to the Executive to detain and interrogate those deemed )Tj T* 0.1475 Tw (suspected terrorists. Congress watched as Guantanamo unfolded and did nothing )Tj T* 0.2275 Tw (to restrain an Administration committed to creating a new detention regime and )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (system of justice if that term may be used to describe Guantanamo. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.1425 Tw (Congress finally awoke and enacted two major statutes in 2005 and 2006. These )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.21 Tw (statutes ratified rather than restricted much of what the Administration had put )Tj T* 0.1075 Tw (in place. Congress therefore shares responsibility for the types of interrogation that )Tj T* 0.1275 Tw (United States officers may utilize and for the evidentiary use that may be made of )Tj T* 0.185 Tw (the results. That responsibility should require Congress to find out what was lost )Tj T* 0.265 Tw (when the videotapes were destroyed and to consider whether changes in United )Tj T* 0.0725 Tw (States law should be made with respect to interrogation and use of evidence in mili-)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (tary commission proceedings. Congress also should consider whether, in its over-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00016)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 61 0 obj << /Length 6599 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (13 )Tj 8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm 0.135 Tw (sight of the Executive it is necessary to prevent destruction of evidence that might )Tj 0 -0.9875 TD 0.1275 Tw (inform the oversight function. Congress might even consider whether new laws are )Tj T* 0.105 Tw (needed to assure that Executive agencies do not inhibit congressional inquiry or re-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (duce the reliability of judicial proceedings. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.11 Tw (Congress can exercise its oversight role without interfering with or damaging the )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0525 Tw (investigation by the Department of Justice. Congress can utilize its intelligence com-)Tj T* 0.315 Tw (mittees to consider certain sensitive information in secure settings. It can hold )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (closed hearings on matters that are less sensitive but cannot be publicly disclosed )Tj T* 0.1525 Tw (without risk of compromising important governmental interests. And Congress can )Tj T* 0.2675 Tw (hold public hearings on broad questions such as whether governmental agencies )Tj T* 0.0625 Tw (should be required to maintain certain types of evidence for specified periods of time )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (and whether notice to Congress should be provided before certain types of evidence )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (are destroyed. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.095 Tw (Back in the 1980s, I served as Associate Independent Counsel in the Iran-Contra )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0875 Tw (investigation. Later, I served as Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (Division of the Department of Justice and was responsible for handling classified )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (information on behalf of the United States as Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh )Tj T* 0.0775 Tw (prosecuted Lt. Col. Oliver North, Admiral John Poindexter and others. Judge Walsh )Tj T* 0.0575 Tw (asked Congress to delay its inquiry into Iran-Contra while he investigated, and Con-)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (gress acceded to his request by postponing for several months its public inquiry. We )Tj T* 0.205 Tw (learned that Congress can damage the ability of a prosecutor to prosecute a case )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.1075 Tw (successfully if Congress grants immunity to witnesses and forces their testimony in )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (public. But we also learned that Congress has a role to play in boosting public con-)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (fidence that the rule of law is alive and well in America through its investigative )Tj T* 0 Tw (function. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.255 Tw (There is no reason to believe that an investigation into the destruction of the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.22 Tw (tapes would require Congress to immunize witnesses or to conduct all of its pro-)Tj T* 0.0725 Tw (ceedings in open session. As I have indicated, there exist a range of options for Con-)Tj T* 0.1275 Tw (gress to protect classified and sensitive information while satisfying itself that it is )Tj T* 0.1325 Tw (meeting its responsibilities as a co-equal branch of government. Assistant Attorney )Tj T* 0.2075 Tw (General Kenneth L. Wainstein and John L. Helgerson, the C.I.A.s inspector gen-)Tj T* 0.2225 Tw (eral, have written to Congress and have claimed that [o]ur ability to obtain the )Tj T* 0.105 Tw (most reliable and complete information would likely be jeopardized if the C.I.A. un-)Tj T* 0.065 Tw (dertakes the steps necessary to respond to your requests in a comprehensive fashion )Tj T* 0.185 Tw (at this time. There is reason for concern here. It would be an unnecessary drain )Tj T* 0.2175 Tw (on resources and distraction for the C.I.A. to respond to overlapping inquiries by )Tj T* 0.3075 Tw (this Committee, the House Intelligence Committee and other committees of the )Tj T* 0.1375 Tw (House and Senate. This is a time for the House and the Senate to exercise leader-)Tj T* 0.1975 Tw (ship and allocate the oversight responsibility so that the C.I.A. is not required to )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (repeatedly answer the same questions. It is possible to have oversight that is tai-)Tj T* 0.1075 Tw (lored, efficient and respectful of national security concerns. It is that oversight that )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (I encourage Congress to undertake. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.1625 Tw (Earlier this year, in an article which I attach entitled )Tj /F7 1 Tf 26.5536 0 TD (A Different War: Ten Key )Tj -27.5536 -1 TD 0.1025 Tw (Questions About the War on Terror)Tj /F1 1 Tf 16.5653 0 TD (, I wrote the following about the Detainee Treat-)Tj -16.5653 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (ment Act and the Military Commission Act: As a result, it may well be that the )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (judiciary will find that its ability to serve as a check on executive power is weak-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (ened, and that Congress has given the President the virtual blank check to act that )Tj T* 0.2325 Tw (he previously did not have. If this is so, the above questions, which contend are )Tj T* 0.2025 Tw (vital, lead me, and may well lead many others, to wonder whether our cherished )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (system of checks and balances now provides inadequate checks and too little bal-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ance)Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.26 Tw [(.)-555(.)-555(.)-555(. Congress needs to exert itself to demonstrate that it is an adequate )]TJ -2.111 -1 TD 0.0525 Tw (check on executive excess and arrogance. )Tj 10 0 0 10 157 221 Tm 0.052 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 221 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 221 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you so much. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.182 Tw (Might I inquire if Steve Cohen, the gentleman from Tennessee, )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (had a comment that hed like to make at this time? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.182 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4796 191 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.6632 191 Tm 0.182 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The only thing I would )Tj -6.3663 -1 TD 0.088 Tw (like to say is how proud I am to serve in this Congress and on this )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (Committee with you as Chair. It is the end of my first year in Con-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (gress and the first year on this Committee, which I chose as my )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (Committee because of issues such as this. I think our Constitution )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (and our laws are so important, and being on this Committee and )Tj T* 0.174 Tw (you having this hearing is the reason why I am so proud to be a )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (Member of this Congress. And I thank you for not allowing me to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (be the Rodney Dangerfield of the Committee. I thank you. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00017)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 62 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Length 4693 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (14 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.166 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.3196 641 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.287 641 Tm 0.166 Tw (. You are more than welcome. As a matter of fact, )Tj -7.3287 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (I should give you more time. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.054 Tw (But at any rate, moving to Professor John Radsan, we thank you, )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Professor Saltzburg, for your opening comments. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.262 Tw (Professor John Radsan, Associate Professor of Law at William )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.202 Tw (Mitchell College of Law. A leading authority on national security )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (issues with a unique combination of professional experience in both )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (law enforcement and intelligence activities. He served as a Federal )Tj T* 0.168 Tw (prosecutor at the Justice Department and later as Assistant Gen-)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (eral Counsel to the CIA from 2002 to 2004. We are very pleased )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (you could join us today, and we yield the floor to you at this time. )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 195.54 524.8 Tm 0.0422 Tw (TESTIMONY OF PROFESSOR JOHN RADSAN, )Tj 1.3822 -1.0889 TD (WILLIAM MITCHELL COLLEGE OF LAW )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 500.9999 Tm 0.172 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.3796 500.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.7151 500.9999 Tm 0.172 Tw (. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, )Tj -6.7715 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (Members of Congress. I apologize that I was not able to share with )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (you my prepared remarks, long remarks. I am even amazed that )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (I was able to get the one-page outline cleared by the Publication )Tj T* 0.254 Tw (Review Board at the CIA. So I will even summarize my outline )Tj T* 0 Tw (here. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.088 Tw (I am also sorry, Mr. Chairman, that the Committee was not able )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.252 Tw (to have a representative from the Department of Justice at this )Tj T* 0.246 Tw (hearing, as you noted. I think it is clear that as a former pros-)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (ecutor, I am not speaking for the Department, I am not speaking )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (for the agency. I think it is also clear that my stock does not rise )Tj T* 0.28 Tw (with my colleagues from the Justice Department or the CIA by )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (being here, but I welcome your invitation to speak to these very )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (important issues. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (It is much easier for us as former officials to talk about the CIA )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.288 Tw (detention and interrogation program since September 6th, 2006. )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (That is an important date because for the first time the President )Tj T* 0.252 Tw (acknowledged what the American public knew what Members of )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (Congress knew, that we had a secret detention and interrogation )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (program. That became clear then the debate was going to be on the )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (details of the program, the type of oversight that we would have. )Tj 1 -1 TD (What I would like to do with my few minutes is to make some )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (general observations about this program and then to go very spe-)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (cifically to your question about the destruction of the CIA tapes. I )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (am fortunate that I was out of the agency during much of this rel-)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (evant period, so I can comment in a way that Professor Saltzburg )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (has as an informed observer of these events, and I share these ob-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (servations with you all. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.174 Tw (I agree with the Committees work that it will serve the Amer-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.286 Tw (ican people to have more transparency, more openness on what )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (kind of interrogation techniques the CIA is using, the Department )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (of Defense is using and our law enforcement people are using. The )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (Administration to counter says that if we are too explicit the ter-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (rorists, the bad guys, will train in counter interrogation, they will )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (prepare themselves for whatever is in store. I am not saying that )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (this is a frivolous argument but I believe strongly on balance that )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (it makes more sense for the American public and for support over-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (seas to be a bit more transparent, and more transparent than we )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (are today after the Military Commissions Act, after the Presidents )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Executive order part of which is classified. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00018)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Length 4627 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (15 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.262 Tw (Congress can be explicit if it doesnt like a technique such as )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.154 Tw (waterboarding, it can ban it. If it doesnt like seep depravation, it )Tj T* 0.146 Tw (can ban it. And I commend any work in that direction to be more )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (open about what is on the table and what is off the table. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.21 Tw (I would also like us to be sympathetic though to the CIA, and )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.218 Tw (we speak broadly about an agency, that this department learned )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (the lessons of the Church Committee hearings, it learned the les-)Tj T* 0.246 Tw (sons of Iran-Contra. And there are two broad lessons, one to do )Tj T* 0.234 Tw (anything that is aggressive or controversial there must be presi-)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (dential authorization. And two, even if you have authorization it is )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (not sufficient because the President cannot authorize us to break )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the law. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (What many of my colleagues believe is that they accomplish both )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.148 Tw (those tasks. According to the press, we had a comprehensive find-)Tj T* 0.282 Tw (ing by the President soon after 9/11 for very aggressive actions )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (against al-Qaeda and other terrorists so that there was a presi-)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (dential finding. Similarly we have reportings that there was a lot )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (of lawyering from the Justice Department to the CIA on the spe-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (cific techniques or a specific aspect of the program. You and I may )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (disagree on the quality of that analysis, but if you are looking at )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (it from the perspective of a CIA officer, who is not a lawyer, that )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (person may shrug and say, what else could we have done? We had )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (a presidential finding, we also had advice from the lawyers, we are )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (trying to comply with the law. I agree with you that the destruc-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (tion of the tapes is different and much more alarming for the rea-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (sons that you identified. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.082 Tw (It has become fashionable now for Democrats and Republicans to )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (talk about a national security court, a FISA type court, to sort out )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (these interrogation issues, what is allowed, what is not, to have )Tj T* 0.076 Tw (oversight from an additional branch of government. I support those )Tj T* 0.202 Tw (ideas. I also plug people from the Midwest that we had come up )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (with some of these ideas even before it was fashionable for profes-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (sors at Georgetown or Harvard. And if you look at a 2006 National )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (Law Journal article written by yours truly, you will see that some-)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (one was thinking about this as a way to balance these legitimate )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (interests of oversight and allowing the CIA to do what is necessary )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to protect us. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (What is the context in 2005? And I close my remarks on why this )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.286 Tw (was important that the tapes were destroyed then, and I agree )Tj T* 0.282 Tw (with Professor Saltzburg that we know that the tapes were de-)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (stroyed. The question is why and why then? I dont agree with Pro-)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (fessor Saltzburg when he implies that the CIA is a monolith, it has )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (one brain or one soul. So far from what we can tell it was a deci-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (sion by the head of the clandestine service, Jose Rodriguez, to de-)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (stroy the tapes in November 05. What was going on in November )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (of 05. This was after Abu Ghraib and the revelations that occurred )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (in the spring of 04. That was a Department of Defense program, )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (abuses related to their program, but it had an effect on the CIAs )Tj T* 0 Tw (program. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (In this period we have had legal guidance from the Justice De-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (partment, the so-called torture memo of August 2002 that had been )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (withdrawn. The Justice Department was starting to withdraw or )Tj T* 0.258 Tw (back away from some of the more aggressive guidance that had )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (been given the CIA. It is also very important that another part of )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00019)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Length 5006 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (16 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.174 Tw (check on the CIA is the media, and this is right around the time )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (that Dana Priest in )Tj /F7 1 Tf 9.6219 0 TD (The Washington Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10.3058 0 TD (broke her story about se-)Tj -19.9277 -1 TD 0.1 Tw (cret prisons in Eastern Europe. She knew the countries, but in the )Tj T* 0.25 Tw (back and forth with the CIA, )Tj /F7 1 Tf 15.0568 0 TD (The Washington Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10.7858 0 TD (chose not to )Tj -25.8426 -1 TD 0.066 Tw (identify the countries. The media reported that some of these inter-)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (rogations that were on the tapes might have been in those secret )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (facilities, so this would have been of concern to people running that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (very secret program. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (We also know at that time, as I am sure all the Members of Con-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.362 Tw (gress recall, that Senator McCain was gaining support for the )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (McCain amendment that was going to restrict permissible interro-)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (gation. The McCain amendment was passed in December of 2005, )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (but it was cleared in November that the political lines were chang-)Tj T* 0.422 Tw (ing and that what would have been permissible early in our )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (counterterrorism policies was no longer likely )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 490.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 490.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. You can finish your thought, please. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4596 480.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.7951 480.9999 Tm 0.18 Tw (. From one other, and I will credit your staff mem-)Tj -6.7795 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (bers on this, another development you mentioned the Hamdan de-)Tj T* 0.212 Tw (cision, that did have an effect on the CIA when Common Article )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (3 started to affect CIA policies. This is before the Military Commis-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (sions Act. If we go back to that period we will see that the )Tj /F7 1 Tf 27.7146 0 TD 0 Tw (Hamdan )Tj -27.7146 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (v. Rumsfeld )Tj /F1 1 Tf 5.9629 0 TD (case had been granted cert by the Supreme Court and )Tj -5.9629 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (that would have been another concern by Jose Rodriguez and oth-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ers at the CIA. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4196 391 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.3871 391 Tm 0.176 Tw (. Thank you very much, Professor Radsan. We ap-)Tj -7.3387 -1 TD 0.44 Tw (preciate your views. And our next witness is Attorney David )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (Rivkin, partner at Baker & Hostetler, Visiting Fellow at the Nixon )Tj T* 0.286 Tw (Center, Contributing Editor at the National Review. Mr. Rivkin )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (has extensive experience in a wide range of international and do-)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (mestic policy issues. He served in a variety of legal and policy posi-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (tions in at least two Administrations in the White House Counsels )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (Office, the Office of the Vice President and the Departments of Jus-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (tice and Energy. He has also had an earlier career as a defense and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (foreign policy analyst focusing on Soviet affairs, arms control, naval )Tj T* (strategy and NATO-related issues. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (We are delighted, sir, you can join us, and your statement will )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (appear fully in the record as we proceed. Welcome. )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 196.48 254.7999 Tm 0.0422 Tw (TESTIMONY OF DAVID B. RIVKIN, ESQUIRE, )Tj 6.0178 -1.0889 TD (BAKER & HOSTETLER )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 230.9999 Tm 0.078 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4396 230.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.4712 230.9999 Tm 0.078 Tw (. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Chair-)Tj -6.2471 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (man Conyers and other distinguished Members of the Committee, )Tj T* 0.08 Tw (for asking me to testify about this important set of issues, I am de-)Tj T* 0.292 Tw (lighted to be here. Whatever circumstances surrounding the de-)Tj T* 0.37 Tw (struction of interrogation videotapesand let me just say that )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (there are certain explanations that are far less sinister than some )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (have proffered and I agree in that respect with some of the points )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (made by Professor Radsanit is the law that governs interroga-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (tions that should be our foremost concern and it is in this area that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (I will make some remarks this morning. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.094 Tw (There is frequently a misperception that this law bans and abso-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (lutely prohibits all coercive stressful interrogation techniques. That )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (is not the case. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00020)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 71 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 73 0 obj << /Length 4844 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (17 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.132 Tw (As you all know, the most direct set of statutory provisions gov-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.152 Tw (erning interrogations is contained in the so-called McCain amend-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (ment, and the first provision of the McCain amendment specifies )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (that no person in the custody or effective control of the Department )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (of Defense or detained at DOD facilities shall be subjected to an )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (interrogation treatment or technique that is not authorized by the )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (United States Army Field Manual, and let me add that this is a )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (2005 version of that manual and waterboarding is not authorized )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (by that manual. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.134 Tw (Crucially, however, the McCain amendment does not limit other )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.322 Tw (U.S. Government agencies with responsibility for interrogations, )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (particularly the Central Intelligence Agency, with techniques listed )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (in the manual. As to these other agencies, the McCain amendment )Tj T* 0.288 Tw (simply provides that no person in the custody or control of the )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (United States Government, regardless of their nationality or phys-)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (ical origin, will be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treat-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (ment of punishment. And in deciding whether the treatment falls )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (below the standard the McCain amendment defines as cruel and )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (unusual, inhuman treatment a punishment to mean those acts pro-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (hibited a by 5th, 8th and 14th amendments of the Constitution. It )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (is worth noting hereI am sure it does not come as any surprise )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (to youthat the duality, the distinction between two sets of proce-)Tj T* 0.402 Tw (dures governing the military and CIA interrogations that was )Tj T* 0.146 Tw (adopted by Congress with after some back and forth supported by )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (the White House came after extensive and informed debate and re-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (flected in my view a joint belief by the two political branches that )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (the two agencies, DOD and CIA, interrogated different sets of com-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (batants with vastly different policy equities in place. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.276 Tw (I would say briefly that point was made by Ranking Member )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.106 Tw (Smith that as far as the relevant constitutional standards in form-)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (ing their definition of the term cruel, inhuman and degrading are )Tj T* 0.224 Tw (concerned, the Supreme Court and lower courts have long recog-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (nized that these constitutional standards are inherently contextual. )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (There is a case law, a number of cases like )Tj /F7 1 Tf 21.6547 0 TD (Sacramento v. Lewis. )Tj /F1 1 Tf -20.6547 -1.02 TD 0.202 Tw (By the way, I should admit that none of those cases deal with )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.234 Tw (interrogations. Those cases deal with far more mundane matters )Tj T* 0.318 Tw (like high speed chases, denial of a right to counsel in )Tj /F7 1 Tf 28.0936 0 TD (Betts v. )Tj -28.0936 -1.02 TD 0 Tw (Brady)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.851 0 TD 0.238 Tw (; ex parte aspects of child custody proceedings in )Tj /F7 1 Tf 24.8087 0 TD (Miller v. )Tj -27.6596 -1.02 TD 0.088 Tw (The City of Philadelphia. )Tj /F1 1 Tf 12.2198 0 TD (But all of them present not an absolutely )Tj -12.2198 -1.02 TD 0.174 Tw (contextual, all facts and circumstances type analysis of what is it )Tj T* 0.234 Tw (that the 5th, 8th and 14th amendments of the Constitution pro-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (vides and what shocks our conscience and what not. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.144 Tw (To me it is really a matter of common sense and is not particu-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (larly surprising. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.152 Tw (Let me briefly make a couple of other points. I happen to think )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.122 Tw (that while the legal parameters that govern our interrogations are )Tj T* 0.194 Tw (not infinitely elastic, in fact are quite restrictive, they are not as )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (inflexible as some would have you believe. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.094 Tw (The real questions are policy questions. Put differently, our legal )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.118 Tw (box in my opinion is wider from the policy box. There may well be )Tj T* 0.334 Tw (reasons to set interrogation standards tighter than the law re-)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (quires, and we should not be debating only about the law. That to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (me is a real set of issues for your consideration. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00021)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 74 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 4727 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (18 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.152 Tw (We need to ask ourselves a couple of questions. The first one is )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.354 Tw (whether coercive interrogation techniques are actually useful. I )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (heard many critics argue that while building rapport of captured )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (enemy combatants invariably produces success, by contrast coercive )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (efforts are inherently unreliable because they produce lies. I think )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (it is overly simplistic. In fact, I would hope that our government )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (takes nothing to al-Qaeda operatives or Taliban operatives or any )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (other terrorist groups waging combat against the United States at )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (face value, whether the fruit of milder or more coercive interroga-)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (tion methods. Every bit of intelligence must be carefully vetted and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (cross-checked regardless of the interrogation method used. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.066 Tw (Just as the context is important in deciding what shocks our con-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.222 Tw (science, what techniques work better is also inherently a contex-)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (tual matter. There cannot be in my opinion any empirical data as )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (to which are the best under all circumstances. In many cases, from )Tj T* 0.08 Tw (what we hear, inducing detainees to speak at all is remarkably dif-)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (ficult. Coercive methods of some kind may be appropriate in such )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (circumstances. Other detainees by contrast may speak freely, mak-)Tj T* 0.128 Tw (ing coercive efforts less necessary. In my opinion, the best interro-)Tj T* 0.278 Tw (gation technique is whatever technique within the law produces )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (the best results upon a specific detainee in a specific factual con-)Tj T* 0 Tw (text. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.186 Tw (My second point is that I find it extremely unfortunate that so )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.238 Tw (much of our discussion is focused on waterboarding. This is just )Tj T* 0.334 Tw (one coercive interrogation technique and a very harsh one and )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (frankly the one that gives me and some people some pause. But )Tj T* 0.258 Tw (there are many other coercive techniques that are much milder, )Tj T* 0.146 Tw (still beyond the narrow scope Army Field Manual. And that scope )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (I want to emphasize is very narrow. I will give you one example. )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (One of the toughest techniques authorized by the manual is called )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (Mutt and Jeff, which is essentially another word for good cop, bad )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (cop routine, but it is enormously circumscribed here. This is from )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (the 2005 manual, page 17. The bad cop, in that situation the bad )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (interrogator, may go as far as convey an unfeeling attitude while )Tj T* 0.28 Tw (being careful not to threaten or coerce the source in any way )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (while the other individual adopts a more friendly tone. Let me sug-)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (gest to you that for better or worse a far more aggressive version )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (of a good cop and bad cop technique are practiced daily in the po-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (lice stations in this country in the interrogation of suspected purse )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (snatchers or bank robbers. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (I realize that discussion of coercion as used is difficult, it jars our )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.14 Tw (21st century sensibilities, it is a very difficult task for any democ-)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (racy. But I personally cannot conceive of any practical possibility )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (but in the foreseeable future, especially given the threats we face, )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (we live in a world in which we can abandon the use of coercion in )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (a public sphere across the board, over employing training routines )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (of our military forces, interrogation of criminal suspects or engage-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ment from unlawful enemy combatants. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (Let me be very emphatic, I am even less capable of envisioning )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.096 Tw (of a moral practical reasons for adopting a legal regime that would )Tj T* 0.24 Tw (advantage interrogationwise unlawful enemy combatants as com-)Tj T* 0.344 Tw (pared with ordinary criminal suspects. Yet adopting across the )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (board, as you heard a number of people suggest, including previous )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (witnesses, the Army Field Manual procedures across the board to )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00022)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 78 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 80 0 obj << /Length 7183 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (19 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.202 Tw (CIA interrogations to precisely accomplish this outcome would be )Tj 0 -0.99 TD 0.158 Tw (interrogating detainees, high valued detainees less sternlyit has )Tj T* 0.338 Tw (nothing to do with waterboardingthan bank robbers or purse )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (snatchers. I think with all due respect it makes no sense. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD (I thank you for your patience and look for to your questions. )Tj T* ([The prepared statement of Mr. Rivkin follows:] )Tj 8 0 0 8 217.94 575.6 Tm 0 Tw (P)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 223.2759 575.6 Tm (REPARED)Tj 8 0 0 8 258.2679 575.6 Tm (S)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 263.3078 575.6 Tm [(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ 8 0 0 8 315.7621 575.6 Tm (D)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 321.9861 575.6 Tm (AVID)Tj 8 0 0 8 341.4517 575.6 Tm 0.0525 Tw (B. R)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 357.8714 575.6 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 8 0 0 8 377.897 575.6 Tm 0.0525 Tw (, J)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 387.2129 575.6 Tm 0 Tw (R)Tj 8 0 0 8 391.8337 575.6 Tm (. )Tj -29.6042 -1.6125 TD 0.085 Tw (I want to thank Chairman Conyers, Ranking Member Smith, and the other Mem-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0525 Tw (bers of the Committee for inviting me to testify at this important hearing. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.1325 Tw (Whatever the circumstances regarding the destruction of the interrogation video-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.1375 Tw (tapes, the law governing interrogations must be our foremost concern. It is on this )Tj T* 0.2075 Tw (law that I will focus my remarks this morning. It is frequently misunderstood to )Tj T* 0.065 Tw (mean that all coercive or stressful interrogation techniques are unlawful. This is not )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (the case. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.24 Tw (The most direct set of statutory proscriptions, governing interrogations, is con-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.3525 Tw (tained in the so-called McCain Amendment. The first provision of the McCain )Tj T* 0.1925 Tw (Amendment specifies that no person in the custody or effective control of the De-)Tj T* 0.0675 Tw (partment of Defense \(DOD\) or detained in a DOD facility shall be subjected to any )Tj T* 0.2625 Tw (interrogation treatment or technique that is not authorized by and listed in the )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (United States Army Field Manual on Intelligence Interrogation. P.L. 109148, Title )Tj T* 0.085 Tw [(X, )-165(1002 \(2005\); P.L. 109163, Title XIV, )-165(1402 \(2006\). I note that waterboarding )]TJ T* 0.0525 Tw (is not authorized by the Manual. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.08 Tw (Crucially, however, the McCain Amendment does not limit other U.S. government )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.065 Tw (entities with responsibility for interrogations, such as the Central Intelligence Agen-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (cy \(CIA\), to the techniques listed in the Field Manual. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.1625 Tw (As to these, the McCain Amendment simply provides that no person in the cus-)Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.175 Tw (tody or control of the United States government, regardless of their nationality or )Tj T* 0.185 Tw (physical location, shall be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or )Tj T* 0.2475 Tw [(punishment. 42 U.S.C. )-165(2200dd. In deciding whether treatment falls below this )]TJ T* 0.1175 Tw (standard, the McCain Amendment defines cruel, unusual, and inhuman treatment )Tj T* 0.1125 Tw (or punishment to mean those acts prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (Amendments to the Constitution. It is worth noting that this distinction between )Tj T* 0.0825 Tw (the procedures governing military and CIA interrogations was adopted by Congress, )Tj T* 0.1325 Tw (with the White Houses support, after an extensive and informed debate, which re-)Tj T* 0.0725 Tw (flected a joint belief by the two political branches that the two agencies interrogated )Tj T* 0.175 Tw (different types of enemy combatants, with vastly different policy equities in place. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.265 Tw (As far as the relevant constitutional standards informing the definition of the )Tj -1 -0.9875 TD 0.0625 Tw (term cruel, unusual and inhuman treatment or punishment are concerned, the Su-)Tj T* 0.1075 Tw (preme Court and lower courts have long recognized that these constitutional stand-)Tj T* 0.135 Tw (ards are inherently contextual. I point the Committee to the case of )Tj /F7 1 Tf 33.0295 0 TD (Sacramento v. )Tj -33.0295 -0.9875 TD 0 Tw (Lewis, )Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.327 0 TD 0.105 Tw (523 U.S. 833, 85051 \(1998\). As Justice Souter noted, [r]ules of due process )Tj -3.327 -0.9875 TD 0.1575 Tw (are not subject to mechanical application in unfamiliar territory)Tj 30.8545 0 TD 0.555 Tc 0 Tw [(....)555( )]TJ 3.2125 0 TD 0 Tc ([P]reserving )Tj -34.067 -0.9875 TD 0.0875 Tw (the constitutional proportions of substantive due process demands an exact analysis )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (of circumstances before any abuse of power is condemned as conscience-shocking. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD (Similarly, in )Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.4359 0 TD (Betts v. Brady, )Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.6139 0 TD (316 U.S. 455, 462 \(1942\), the Court explained that )Tj -15.0498 -0.9875 TD 0.1775 Tw (due process of law denotes a right more fluid than others guaranteed by more )Tj T* 0.175 Tw (specific provisions of the Bill of Rights. Claims of a denial of due process are, the )Tj T* 0.2425 Tw (Court explained, to be tested by an appraisal of the totality of facts in a given )Tj T* 0 Tw (case. )Tj 1 -0.9875 TD 0.105 Tw (More recently, in )Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.4809 0 TD (Miller v. City of Philadelphia, )Tj /F1 1 Tf 14.5588 0 TD (174 F.3d 368, 375 \(3d Cir. 1999\), )Tj -24.0397 -0.9875 TD 0.2825 Tw (the Third Circuit explained that the exact degree of wrongfulness necessary to )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (reach the conscience-shocking level depends upon the circumstances of a particular )Tj T* 0 Tw (case. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.3925 Tw (Simply put, that which is cruel, inhuman and degrading in one set of cir-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.0525 Tw (cumstances will not necessarily be so in another. This is common sense. The ticking )Tj T* 0.0725 Tw (bomb example may be overused, but it is directly on point here. The law recognizes )Tj T* 0.2375 Tw (that, whether an interrogation technique shocks the conscience depends, in the )Tj T* 0.125 Tw (final analysis, on the kind of information that interrogators are trying to elicit and )Tj T* 0.0675 Tw (the circumstances in which they are doing so. The McCain Amendment is, of course, )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (binding law. At the same time, its language shouldand mustbe interpreted in )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (a manner informed by the wisdom of these judicial pronouncements. )Tj 1 -1 TD (I would like to make two further points. )Tj T* 0.065 Tw (First, given that the legal parameters within which the United States government )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (conducts interrogations of terrorist detainees are relatively flexible, the real ques-)Tj T* 0.1375 Tw (tion for the Committee is one of policy. In this regard, we must first ask ourselves )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00023)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 81 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 83 0 obj << /Length 5964 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (20 )Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 147 126.8 m 197 126.8 l S BT 5.446 0 0 4.55 154 119.9972 Tm (1)Tj 7 0 0 7 158.168 118.1 Tm 0.2829 Tw (Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual 2223 \(FM 3452\), Human Intel-)Tj -1.5954 -1 TD 0.0514 Tw (ligence Collector Operations ch. 8, 17 \(2005\). )Tj 8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm 0.0875 Tw (whether coercive interrogation methods are actually useful. Some critics argue that, )Tj 0 -1.05 TD 0.235 Tw (while building rapport with captured unlawful enemy combatants invariably pro-)Tj T* 0.2625 Tw (duces success, by contrast, coercive methods are inherently unreliable, that they )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (produce lies. This is overly simplistic. I hope our government takes nothing that al- )Tj T* 0.1175 Tw (Qaida operatives say at face value, whether the fruit of milder or more coercive in-)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (terrogation methods. Every bit of the intelligence take must be carefully vetted )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (and cross-checked, regardless of the interrogation method used. )Tj 1 -1.05 TD 0.2 Tw (Which techniques work better is a contextual matter, and there is notindeed, )Tj -1 -1.05 TD 0.35 Tw (there cannot beany empirical data as to which are the best under all cir-)Tj T* 0.2175 Tw (cumstances. In many cases, inducing detainees to speak at all is remarkably dif-)Tj T* 0.055 Tw (ficult. Coercive methods may be appropriate in such situations. Other detainees may )Tj T* 0.085 Tw (speak freely, making coercive methods less necessary. The best interrogation tech-)Tj T* 0.1025 Tw (nique is whichever technique, within the law, produces the best results upon a spe-)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (cific detainee in a specific factual context. )Tj 1 -1.05 TD 0.3325 Tw (Second, I find it unfortunate that so much of our discussion has focused on )Tj -1 -1.05 TD 0.15 Tw (waterboarding. This is just one coercive interrogation technique. There are many )Tj 0 -1.0375 TD 0.1 Tw (other coercive techniques that are much milder, but still beyond the narrow scope )Tj T* 0.055 Tw (of the Army Field Manual. And that scope is very narrow, indeed. In fact, the tough-)Tj T* 0.0775 Tw (est technique authorized by the Manual is called the Mutt and Jeff. This is a good )Tj T* (cop/bad cop routine in which one interrogator may go so far as to convey an unfeel-)Tj T* 0.1975 Tw (ing attitude while being careful not to threaten or coerce the source, while the )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (other adopts a more friendly tone.)Tj 6.224 0 0 5.2 276.0861 469.3679 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 8 0 0 8 282.4867 467.2 Tm 0.09 Tw (Let us remember that, for better or worse, more )Tj -16.9358 -1.0375 TD 0.0625 Tw (aggressive treatment is daily meted out in police interrogations of criminal suspects. )Tj 1 -1.0375 TD 0.13 Tw (I realize that discussion of coercion and its use jar our 21st Century sensibilities )Tj -1 -1.0375 TD 0.0825 Tw (and it is an inherently difficult task for any idealistic democracy. However, I cannot )Tj T* 0.2125 Tw (conceive of any practical possibility that, in the foreseeable future, we would live )Tj T* 0.1125 Tw (in a world in which we can abandon the use of coercion in the public sphere across )Tj T* 0.0925 Tw (the board, whether employed in the training routines of our military forces, interro-)Tj T* 0.1575 Tw (gation of criminal suspects, or engagement with captured unlawful enemy combat-)Tj T* 0.1675 Tw (ants. Frankly, I am even less capable of envisioning either moral or practical rea-)Tj T* 0.075 Tw (sons for adopting a legal regime, which would advantage, interrogation-wise, unlaw-)Tj T* 0.1975 Tw (ful enemy combatants as compared, for example, with ordinary criminal suspects. )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (Yet, adopting the Army Field Manual procedures across the board would accomplish )Tj T* 0.0525 Tw (precisely this outcome. )Tj 1 -1.0375 TD 0.19 Tw (I thank the Committee for its patience and look forward to the members ques-)Tj -1 -1.0375 TD 0 Tw (tions. )Tj 10 0 0 10 157 334.7001 Tm 0.098 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.6396 334.7001 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.6071 334.7001 Tm 0.098 Tw (. Thank you, David Rivkin. Your testimony raises a )Tj -7.2607 -1.03 TD 0.078 Tw (number of questions that compare what we do in the private sector )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (and what we do among governments. )Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.088 Tw (We now turn to the Washington Director of Human Rights First, )Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.326 Tw (Elisa Massimino, an expert on a range of international human )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (rights issues, a national authority on U.S. compliance with human )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (rights laws. Attorney Massimino has taught international human )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (rights law at the University of Virginia and teaches human rights )Tj T* 0.328 Tw (advocacy at Georgetown University. As a litigation associate at )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (Hogan-Hartson, she was pro bono counsel in a number of human )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (rights cases and joined Human Rights First as a staff attorney in )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (1991 and has directed its Washington office since 1997. )Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.144 Tw (Human Rights First and Physicians For Human Rights recently )Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.202 Tw (released a report entitled Leave No Marks, Enhanced Interroga-)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (tion Techniques and the Risk of Criminality. It provides the first )Tj T* 0.188 Tw (comprehensive analysis of ten techniques widely reported to have )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (been authorized for use in the CIAs secret interrogation program, )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (including sleep depravation, simulated drowning, stress positions, )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (beating and induced hypothermia. We are delighted you could join )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (us and we welcome you at this time. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00024)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 84 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 86 0 obj << /Length 4767 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (21 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 152.26 642 Tm 0.0422 Tw (TESTIMONY OF ELISA MASSIMINO, WASHINGTON DIRECTOR, )Tj 10.7556 -1.0889 TD (HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 618.3 Tm 0.124 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 187.3095 618.3 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.9729 618.3 Tm 0.124 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I have a longer )Tj -8.2973 -0.99 TD 0.106 Tw (statement as well prepared for the record, which I will try to sum-)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (marize as quickly as I can. I want to thank you for your leadership )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (and for the work of the Committee and its excellent staff in persist-)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (ently staying on top of these important issues. As a human rights )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (advocate based in the United States, it is very important for my )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (own ability to do my work in pressing other governments to respect )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (human rights, that my government do its best to play a leadership )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (role in promoting those standards. We have heard a lot this week )Tj T* 0.072 Tw (from Attorney General Mukasey and others about the need to mod-)Tj T* 0.414 Tw (ernize outdated surveillance laws to reflect 21st century tech-)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (nologies. But there is one area of our counterterrorism policy that )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (is quite literally stuck in the dark ages, and that is our interroga-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tion policy. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.182 Tw (When I left private practice to help open the Washington office )Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.164 Tw (of Human Rights First more than 16 years ago, I never imagined )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (that in 2007, I would find myself in the middle of a debate with )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (my own government about whether waterboarding, the 21st Cen-)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (tury euphemism for a form of torture that dates back to the time )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (of witch-hunts and the Inquisition is illegal. But that is where we )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (are today. )Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.21 Tw (On December 6 the CIA director, General Michael Hayden, ac-)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.122 Tw (knowledged that the Agency destroyed videotapes of two senior al- )Tj T* 0.264 Tw (Qaeda members being subjected to interrogation techniques that )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (reportedly included waterboarding, stress positions, exposure to ex-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (treme cold and other interrogation methods that leave no marks. )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (The tapes were destroyed in November 2005, 3 years after the in-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (terrogations took place. At around that same time, Congress was )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.178 Tw (scrutinizing the secret CIA detention program and Vice President )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (Cheney was engaged in an aggressive lobbying campaign to carve )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (out an exception for the CIA from the McCain amendments prohi-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (bition on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0 Tw (The )Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.288 0 TD 0.232 Tw (New York Times )Tj /F1 1 Tf 8.5469 0 TD (reported yesterday that high level White )Tj -11.8348 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (House and CIA lawyers were involved in the discussion that led to )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (the tapes destruction. The CIAs decision to destroy the interroga-)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (tion tapes indicates that at least some in the Administration un-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (derstood what we know: that the acts depicted on those tapes were )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (unlawful and would shock the conscience of any decent American )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (who saw them. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (The Administration now appears willing to acknowledge the le-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.224 Tw (gitimate role of Congress in investigating these matters. And we )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (welcome its decision late yesterday to permit CIA Acting General )Tj T* 0.308 Tw (Counsel John Rizzo to testify about the decision to destroy the )Tj T* 0.194 Tw (tapes. He and others have much to answer for, not only with re-)Tj T* 0.07 Tw (spect to the destruction of the tapes, but also about who authorized )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the acts depicted on those tapes. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.212 Tw (Throughout the torture scandal, beginning with the revelations )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.1 Tw (of abuses at Abu Ghraib, accountability for these policies has come )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (only at the lowest level. I hope as Congress begins this investiga-)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (tion, it will break the pattern that it has held so far; punish the )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (monkey and let the organ grinder go. I hope my testimony today, )Tj T* 0.322 Tw (which derives heavily from the report that you mentioned, Mr. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00025)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 87 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 89 0 obj << /Length 4753 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (22 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.228 Tw (Chairman, will help shed some light on the legal standards gov-)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.264 Tw (erning interrogation which the Administration has sought for so )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (long to distort, obscure and evade. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (You have asked me to address the applicability of Federal crimi-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.144 Tw (nal law to the interrogation of detainees. I start from the premise )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (that intelligence gathering is a necessary and perhaps the most im-)Tj T* 0.254 Tw (portant tool in disrupting terrorist networks. Effective interroga-)Tj T* 0.228 Tw (tions designed to produce actionable intelligence are a legitimate )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (part of that effort. Such interrogations can and must be conducted )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (consistent with the laws and values of the United States. But that )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (has not been the case. The Administrations approach to interroga-)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (tions after 9/11 was to assert broad executive power and seek to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (redefine the rules governing treatment of prisons. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.088 Tw (During his confirmation hearing, Attorney General Mukasey was )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.176 Tw (asked whether he felt waterboarding, which creates in its victims )Tj T* 0.23 Tw (the terrifying fear of imminent death by drowning, is illegal. He )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (equivocated claiming that the answer would depend on a complex )Tj T* 0.23 Tw (statutory analysis that he could not undertake without access to )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (classified information. But a group of retired generals and admirals )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (who served as the top uniformed lawyers in the Army, Navy and )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (Marine Corps had a more straightforward answer to that question. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.1 Tw (As they said in a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee, The )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.166 Tw (law has long been clear: waterboarding detainees amounts to ille-)Tj T* 0.222 Tw (gal torture in all circumstances. To suggest otherwise or even to )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (give credence to such a suggestion represents both an affront to the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (law and to the core values of our Nation. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.35 Tw (Judge Mukasey seems have to missed the most fundamental )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (point about U.S. interrogation policy after the Hamdan decision, a )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (point that he should bear foremost in mind during his deliberations )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (about the legality of waterboarding and other enhanced techniques )Tj T* 0.308 Tw (that he is reportedly undertaking now. If the U.S. Government )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (does not want American citizens or soldiers to be subjected to these )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (techniques then it may not employ them itself. The Supreme Court )Tj T* 0.268 Tw (ruled that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention governs )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (U.S. treatment of al-Qaeda detainees, including all interrogations )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (conducted anywhere by any U.S. agency. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.092 Tw (If the CIA is authorized to use a particular interrogation method )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.322 Tw (under the executive order that the President issued in July, it )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (means the United States Government considers that method to be )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (compliant with Common Article 3. And if it is compliant with Com-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (mon Article 3, then U.S. enemies can use it against captured Amer-)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (icans in any situation governed by Common Article 3. Some, in-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (cluding Admiral McConnell, Director of National Intelligence, have )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (implied that the United States wants detainees to believe that they )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (will be tortured by American captors. Yet it wants the rest of the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (world to believe just the opposite. We cannot have it both ways. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.184 Tw (Our biggest problem now is not that the enemy knows what to )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.098 Tw (expect from us. It is that the rest of the world does not. Ambiguity )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (about U.S. interrogation practices has not benefited U.S. security. )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (Quite the opposite. This ambiguity combined with the Abu Ghraib )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (scandal and the deaths of prisoners in U.S. custody has severely )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (damaged U.S. efforts to defeat al-Qaeda. And for what? In the case )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (of Abu Zubaida, tapes of whose interrogation were among those de-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (stroyed by the CIA, the FBI claims that the use of enhanced tech-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00026)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 90 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Length 2275 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (23 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.122 Tw (niques rather than producing reliable intelligence, interrupted and )Tj 0 -1.04 TD 0.16 Tw (corrupted the flow of intelligence they were getting from Zubaida. )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (That assertion comports with mainstream military opinion. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.204 Tw (For example, in releasing the new U.S. Army Field Manual on )Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.348 Tw (interrogations last year, Lieutenant General John F. Kimmons, )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (deputy chief of staff for Army Intelligence said that, No good intel-)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (ligence is going to come from abusive practices. I think history tells )Tj T* 0.236 Tw (us that. I think the empirical evidence of the last 5 years, hard )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (years, tells us that. Likewise, General David Petraeus, commander )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (of U.S. forces in Iraq, wrote earlier this year in an open letter to )Tj T* 0.072 Tw (U.S. troops serving there, Some may argue that we would be more )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (effective if we sanctioned torture or other expedient methods to ob-)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (tain information from the enemy they would be wrong. Beyond the )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (basic fact that such actions are illegal, history shows that they are )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (also frequently neither useful nor necessary. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.142 Tw (Moreover, military officers have said that any suggestion by the )Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.096 Tw (White House that such techniques can be used by the CIA will un-)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (dermine the authority of military commanders in the field where )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (troops face ticking time bombs every day in the form of improvised )Tj T* 0.228 Tw (explosive devices, but are told by their commanding officers that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (such techniques are never acceptable. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 422.6001 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 422.6001 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you. )Tj -6.2147 -1.04 TD ([The prepared statement of Ms. Massimino follows:] )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00027)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 93 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 97 0 obj << /Length 740 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (24 )Tj 8 0 0 8 224.26 643 Tm (P)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 229.5959 643 Tm (REPARED)Tj 8 0 0 8 264.5879 643 Tm (S)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 269.6278 643 Tm [(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ 8 0 0 8 322.0822 643 Tm (E)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 327.8581 643 Tm (LISA)Tj 8 0 0 8 346.0245 643 Tm (M)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 353.5764 643 Tm (ASSIMINO)Tj 8 0 0 8 387.7075 643 Tm ( )Tj ET q 317.04 0 0 495.3599 147.5 135 cm /Im1 Do Q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate Aug 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(EM-17.eps)Tj ET endstream endobj 180 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /XObject << /Im17 177 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 182 0 obj << /Length 4936 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (41 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.23 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.9596 641 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.9271 641 Tm 0.23 Tw (. We are indebted to all of you for your excellent )Tj -7.3927 -1 TD 0.098 Tw (evaluations and analysis. I am struck, Attorney Rivkin, by the fact )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (that you refer to this good cop, bad cop thing, which seems to be )Tj T* 0.234 Tw (common practice. The Chairman of the Crime Committee, Bobby )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (Scott, has listened to police violence and brutality down through )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (the years, long before he became Chairman of this part of Judiciary )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (Committee. And I was thinking, you suggested that maybe some of )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (these restrictions on people held at Abu Ghraib and other places )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (may be under more coercion or may have more rights or less harsh-)Tj T* 0.29 Tw (ly treated than what happens in police stations in the common )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (course around here. And that is very interesting to me because we )Tj T* 0.322 Tw (have been working on that in a number of ways, prosecutorial )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (abuse and police violence, which, by the way, is up as I recall. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.142 Tw (And so I hope we get a chance to go into that some more. Now, )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (we have the question of whether a special prosecutor makes a good )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (next step or whether we should create a FISA like court or whether )Tj T* 0.43 Tw (we should try to engage in effective oversight. And Professor )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (Saltzburg, do you have a feeling about what direction we might )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (want to consider moving in when we come back for the last half )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of the 110th Congress. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.4796 441 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.1109 441 Tm 0.074 Tw (. I do. Maybe I ought to address that in just three )Tj -8.2111 -1 TD 0.254 Tw (specifics. I think Professor Radsans suggestion, and he does de-)Tj T* 0.274 Tw (serve credit for talking early on about the idea of a new court, )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (which basically might be an expansion of a FISA kind of court, I )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (think it is certainly worth serious consideration. But it is a longer- )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (term solution, I believe. Right now, we have facing you the ques-)Tj T* 0.218 Tw (tion of what are we going to do about these tapes that were de-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (stroyed and what kind of an inquiry should take place. Ordinarily, )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (I think the lessons of special prosecutors are not happy ones. And )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (ordinarily I would say I have a strong presumption to let the De-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (partment of Justice investigate. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (The problem here, however, is that the Department itself has re-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.224 Tw (fused to answer questions about whether it was asked about de-)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (struction or whether it advised on destruction. And if, in fact, there )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (is a possibility that it was asked and it did advise, and if it in fact )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (authorized in any way the destruction of the tapes, it seems inap-)Tj T* 0.276 Tw (propriate to have it investigate itself. And I think this is a big )Tj T* 0.226 Tw (issue. Now, )Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.0089 0 TD (The Washington Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10.7138 0 TD (yesterday, 2 days ago actually, )Tj -16.7228 -1 TD 0.348 Tw (had a story which indicated thatand Congressman Scott was )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (talking about this, I have the article right herethat indicated )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (when Judge Mukasey was the judge in the Padilla case, or Padilla, )Tj T* (he has now said it both ways, he approved a material witness war-)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (rant, and some of the information that was obtained and used in )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the warrant was obtained in the interrogation of Abu Zubaida. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.244 Tw (Now, that means that Judge Mukasey himself has had a case )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.15 Tw (which may, in fact, have been tainted in a way by that interroga-)Tj T* 0.182 Tw (tion, or at least affected. Tainted may be the wrong word. That )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (raises a question about whether he is the right person right now )Tj T* (to be leading this investigation. One thing that the Committee is )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (surely going to be aware of is that there is a movement in this )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (country in major police departments, the District of Columbia being )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (one, and the American Bar Association supports this, to require the )Tj T* 0.33 Tw (videotaping of all interrogations. And the reason is so that we )Tj T* 0.25 Tw (know exactly what happened. And if there is a challenge to the )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00045)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 183 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 185 0 obj << /Length 4914 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (42 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.138 Tw (lawfulness of what happened we have incontrovertible evidence. If )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.238 Tw (a police department destroyed a videotape of an interrogation in )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (the District of Columbia, you can bet a judge would be saying why, )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (I want to know why, and I am not sure I am going let a confession )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in where there is now only testimony and no tape. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.128 Tw (This Committee, I think, needs to exercise its oversight function )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.198 Tw (to answer the questions that you raise, Mr. Chairman, and some )Tj T* 0.266 Tw (of us have suggested, into why it was that those tapes actually )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (were destroyed. Now, Professor Radsan may be right, there may be )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (a whole lot of things that were going on. But most of those things )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (end up being things which the CIA seems to have feared that if )Tj T* 0.168 Tw (tapes ever saw the light of day that people would see things that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (they might find profoundly disturbing. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.15 Tw (As I said earlier, I dont know exactly what the CIA is doing in )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.06 Tw (the secret interrogation facilities. I dont know whether there is one )Tj T* 0.27 Tw (form of waterboarding only or whether or not the CIA has per-)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (fected it and advanced it. I suspect that videotapes would have told )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (us a lot. I just cant resist the one comment about what goes on )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (in police stations and what goes on in secret interrogation facilities. )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (Since 1966, when somebody is interrogated in custody, he or she )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (is given the Miranda warnings. They are told they have a right to )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (remain silent, they are told they have a right to a lawyer. There )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (is no good cop, bad cop until those people decide they dont want )Tj T* 0.224 Tw (a lawyer and they are willing to talk, and then we have certain )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (rules on top of it. We dont give Miranda warnings, and I dont )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (think we should, to people who are detained for intelligence inter-)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (rogations. But to compare the two and say we are tougher on peo-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (ple who are arrested and charged with crime in the United States )Tj T* 0.28 Tw (than we are on terrorists is ridiculous. It ignores what goes on )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (daily in every police station in the United States where police offi-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (cers conform to the law. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (So basically, I think you make a good case given the peculiar cir-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (cumstances that we face now that there should be a special pros-)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (ecutor. I think that some consideration given to a court that has )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (expertise in intelligence matters that would canvas more than just )Tj T* 0.202 Tw (interrogation, including surveillance and the like, can make a lot )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (of sense, but that this Committee and this Congress has an obliga-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tion to proceed to investigate and not wait for a new court. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 260.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 260.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you. Professor Radsan. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.148 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1396 250.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.4751 250.9999 Tm 0.148 Tw (. Mr. Chairman, when I was a student, I didnt like )Tj -6.7475 -1 TD 0.274 Tw (when professors answered my questions with a double negative, )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (but I am going to do that here. I am not opposed to a special pros-)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (ecutor for the reasons that you have highlighted. The Justice De-)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (partment was actively involved in giving guidance on the detention )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (and interrogation program. We are going to find out whether the )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (Justice Department was involved in any way in advising about the )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (destruction of the tapes. We know that there is at least one case, )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (the Padilla case, that may have bee influenced by something that )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (went on in one of those interrogations. It is going to cloud some of )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the existing criminal cases that the Department of Justice has. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (I know that people were concerned about the attorney generals )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.258 Tw (reticence about waterboarding. If I were in the Department and )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (you asked me, I think it is a cleaner way to get to the bottom of )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (what happened with the tapes. To alarm the Committee a bit more, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00046)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 186 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 188 0 obj << /Length 5017 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (43 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.106 Tw (it is only a few weeks ago that The New York Times reported that )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (Director of the CIA, Michael Hayden, had set up an internal unit )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (to inspect the Inspector General. That we didnt trust our internal )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (affairs, we had another internal affairs. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.12 Tw (The reporting has been that this is a joint investigation into the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.204 Tw (tapes between the Justice Department and the inspector general. )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (That complication, the complication between the inspector general, )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (the general counsel, the inspector general and the director may be )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (another reason suggesting that we should have a special prosecutor )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (on the tapes. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 541 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 541 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you very much. Attorney Rivkin. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.3596 530.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.3912 530.9999 Tm 0.17 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. On the question of spe-)Tj -6.3391 -1 TD 0.22 Tw (cial counsel, these are in many respects the kind of institutional )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (issues that I dont think that the two branches would ever see eye )Tj T* 0.322 Tw (to eye across the board. But let me just point out a couple of )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (things. And let me quote )Tj /F7 1 Tf 11.9898 0 TD (The Washington Post )Tj /F1 1 Tf 10.2399 0 TD (editorial from a cou-)Tj -22.2297 -1 TD 0.142 Tw (ple of days ago. We do have a new attorney general, a man of ex-)Tj T* 0.188 Tw (ceptional property, I have not heard anybody challenge that, who )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (has said very clearly that we have normal investigatory procedures )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (by the career people in the Department involving career attorneys )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (from both our national security division and public integrity sec-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tion. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.286 Tw (In some sense, when somebody says that per se this is inad-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (equate, we are impugning the integrity of people who spend their )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (lives in the government who are not partisan who are looking pre-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (sumably at the facts as they are. If at some point in time informa-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (tion comes to light that suggests there is real conflict here, I have )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (no doubt that the attorney general would reach a decision to ap-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (point a special counsel. Not an independent counsel. There are no )Tj T* 0.302 Tw (more independent counsels. But a special counsel in accordance )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (with the Department of Justice regulations. But the notion that it )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (should just be done at the outset without going through a normal )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (process, it seems to me somewhat unfair. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 311 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 311 Tm 0.052 Tw (. You dont see any existing conflict? )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD 0.158 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.2396 300.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.2712 300.9999 Tm 0.158 Tw (. Not on the factslet us assume for example, and I )Tj -6.3271 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (hate to speculate, but these are speculations in the medialet us )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (assume that, I know it is not an assumption that everybody in this )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (room would share, that while the destruction of the tapes may have )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (been foolhardy or their creation may not have been wise, because )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (with all due respect to my colleague, the normal procedure in the )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (FBI and the police department right now is not, repeat, not, to cre-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ate videotapes. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (I think the decision to destroy them would have been foolhardy. )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (Whatever it is worth, if it was up to me, I wouldnt have done it. )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (But let us assume it is a policy question. You have a whole bunch )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (of lawyers, including the White House counsels office and the Jus-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (tice Department who said our advice to you is not to do it. But be-)Tj T* 0.196 Tw (cause we are modest lawyers, we are not trying to play a policy-)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (making role here because there is no legal bar, our advice as a pru-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (dential matter, dont do it, but always it is up to you. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (If it is that kind of situation, I dont see any conflict here. And )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (I think nobody has suggested in any of the stories in the media so )Tj T* 0.28 Tw (far that the attorney urged or encouraged them to destroy it. I )Tj T* 0.246 Tw (mean, every single person, including some individuals who I am )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00047)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 189 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F7 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 191 0 obj << /Length 4821 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (44 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.142 Tw (sure you would have policy difficulties, including David Addington )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (and Harriet Miers have urged them reportedly not to destroy them. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.11 Tw (So where is the conflict for the lawyers involved. If it appears to )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (be a problem I am sure that the attorney general would do that. )Tj T* 0.252 Tw (But let me take 30 seconds and make the point, which I think, )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (frankly, is far more important on how this investigation will pro-)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (ceed. I am not advocating rough techniques in police stations. All )Tj T* 0.146 Tw (I am saying to you is this. That the particular parameters for the )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (good cop, bad cop routine outlined in the Army Field Manual with )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (all due respect are far more restrained than nonabusive lawful in-)Tj T* 0.444 Tw (terrogation techniques. For example, you are not supposed to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (threaten somebody. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.128 Tw (Let us think about what it means. Then the police interrogators )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.22 Tw (or investigators are going to interrogate a fellow by the name of )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (Fastow, who was one of the key players in Enron, and tell him if )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (he doesnt cooperate they are going to nail his wife and put her in )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (prison. If it not a threat, if it is not a coercion, I dont know what )Tj T* 0.202 Tw (coercion is. And that technique is available to you in the context )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (of a normal criminal investigation. And yet, under the plain lan-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (guage of a manual, it doesnt appear to be available to an interro-)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (gator because you cannot use intimidation of any kind. We should )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (hear at least an honest mature discussion why we cannot have a )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (baseline across the board in public sphere as to what level of coer-)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (cion is appropriate instead of only talking about it in this context. )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (Because I cannot imagine why we should be treating Andy Fastow, )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (who I am not holding any candle for, who undoubtedly is a bad guy )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (and a criminal, why should we be treating him better than Abu )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Zubaida. That makes no sense to me. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.192 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.5796 360.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.5471 360.9999 Tm 0.192 Tw (. We should also notify the producers of television )Tj -7.3547 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (cop shows that they ought to use a little bit more legal restraint )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (in the course of their activities, because people get the idea that )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (it is okay because you see it every night. Ms. Massimino, help us )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (out here. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 187.8695 311 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.5329 311 Tm 0.18 Tw (. I have a couple of points I would like to make )Tj -8.3533 -1 TD 0.186 Tw (on this. One is Mr. Rivkin referred early on to the importance of )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (the question of the legality of the underlying conduct even being )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (more important than the tapes. And I think that is where the con-)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (flict arises, which leads to a requirement of having a special coun-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (sel here. Because we are talking about questions about whether or )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (not techniques that are depicted on those videotapes are unlawful. )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (That relates to the question of whether or not the destruction of )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (the tapes would be the obstruction of investigation into criminal ac-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tivity. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (So I think that is really for me the strongest argument for a spe-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.12 Tw (cial counsel. I do need to take issue with one thing that my friend )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (to my right said. And that is that I wouldnt want this Committee )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (to get the impression that what we are talking about here when )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (we are discussing interrogation techniques is whether or not inter-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (rogators can yell at a prisoner or be mean. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.122 Tw (The enhanced techniques that we are talking about and that we )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.188 Tw (outline in our report Leave No Marks, are serious forms of tor-)Tj T* 0.51 Tw (ture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment. Long-time )Tj T* 0.188 Tw (standing, another euphemism for stress positions that the United )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (States has prosecuted as a war crime, waterboarding, forced hypo-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00048)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 192 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 194 0 obj << /Length 5157 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (45 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.238 Tw (thermia, forced nakedness, the use of dogs, these are techniques )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.082 Tw (that have been reported to have been used under this enhanced in-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (terrogation program. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.154 Tw (We are not talking here about whether or not you can yell at a )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (prisoner or make them uncomfortable. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.5596 591 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.527 591 Tm 0.09 Tw (. Thank you so much. If you want to put your docu-)Tj -7.2527 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (ment into the record we will accept it at this point. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.216 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 188.2296 571 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.8929 571 Tm 0.216 Tw (. Thank you, sir, very much. I would like to do )Tj -8.3893 -1 TD 0 Tw (that. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.178 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4396 551 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.407 551 Tm 0.178 Tw (. I would like to now turn to the Chairman of the )Tj -7.3407 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Constitution Subcommittee, Jerry Nadler. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.3896 530.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.2771 530.9999 Tm 0.18 Tw (. Thank you Mr. Chairman. Let me start with Pro-)Tj -6.8277 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (fessorwell, either Professor Saltzburg or Professor Radsan. There )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (iswe are talking about the destruction of tapes that the CIA has )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (admitted being destroyed about the interrogation of two alleged )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (terrorists, Abu Zubaida and I forget the name of the second fellow. )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (But there is also evidence that other tapes were destroyed. A num-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ber of the interrogation tapes of Padilla, Jose Padilla, were released )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (to his attorneys early this year, but the tapes of a crucial interroga-)Tj T* 0.256 Tw (tion had, as one government lawyer explained, mysteriously dis-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (appeared, unquote. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.356 Tw (It disappeared even though the Federal judge presiding over )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (Padillas criminal case which was initiated by the Federal Govern-)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (ment to avoid Supreme Court review of his prolonged military con-)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (finement, even though the judge in that case had ordered the gov-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (ernment to preserve all interrogation tapes and tapes of more than )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (a dozen other interrogations were never turned over, do you believe )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (that the destruction of these tapes is part of a larger phenomena, )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (not phenomena, of a larger situation in which the government is )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (destroying evidence. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2596 341 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 228.8909 341 Tm 0.052 Tw (. I dont want to believe that. )Tj -7.1891 -1 TD (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1096 330.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.9971 330.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. But does the evidence indicate that? )Tj -5.6997 -1 TD 0.132 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.0596 320.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.6909 320.9999 Tm 0.132 Tw (. Every timewhat we know about the CIAs de-)Tj -8.2691 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (struction is that it was willful, that it was carefully thought out, )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (that it was done after seeking some advice at least. We dont know )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (all the advice, that is one of the questions. The Padilla tape is, in )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (some ways, more disturbing, equally disturbing I guess, because we )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (have a criminal prosecution where the government has the highest )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (obligation to preserve evidence and a missing tape is a big deal. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (And the interrogation presumably took place during a time when )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.156 Tw (Padilla was deemed to be a terrorist suspect. That is why he was )Tj T* 0.326 Tw (originally detained. There appears to be some effort to prevent )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (judges, and perhaps Congress, from actually seeing what goes on )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (in some of these interrogations. That is the disturbing thing. You )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (asked whether it is a pattern. I think that is one of the things that )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (this Congress needs to look at. I dont think you know or have any )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (idea how many interrogation tapes actually exist. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.238 Tw (There are rumors in the intelligence community, there are ru-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (mors that there are videotapes of interrogations conducted by for-)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (eign officials on detainees who were transferred to them by Ameri-)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (cans who were present during the interrogations but werent the )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (interrogators. Now, if those tapes exist I would think that this Con-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (gress would want to have a look at them and want to be sure that )Tj T* 0.33 Tw (they were not destroyed. But we dont know about what tapes )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00049)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 195 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 197 0 obj << /Length 5127 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (46 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.118 Tw (exist, and then we dont know that they have been destroyed until )Tj 0 -1.04 TD 0.11 Tw (there has been a disclosure after the fact, which is what happened )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (both in the CIA situation and in the Padilla situation. It is surely )Tj T* 0 Tw (disturbing. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.082 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4096 599.4 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.2971 599.4 Tm 0.082 Tw (. Let me ask you a follow-up question, if I may. Your )Tj -6.7297 -1.04 TD 0.156 Tw (testimony suggests that there are other tapes that may exist that )Tj T* 0.286 Tw (may indicate all kinds of perhaps misconduct, perhaps not mis-)Tj T* 0.154 Tw (conduct in interrogation situations. Congress certainly has a right )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (to see them. Now, if we were to subpoena, issue a subpoena for all )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (interrogation tapes, would there be any legal, I am sure the Admin-)Tj T* 0.25 Tw (istration would find some excuse, but would there be any legiti-)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (mate legal reason for the Administration to say no we refuse to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (supply them? )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.112 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.8596 505.8 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.4909 505.8 Tm 0.112 Tw (. Let me answer that question in two parts. First )Tj -8.2491 -1.04 TD 0.088 Tw (of all, I have absolutely no doubt if you issued a subpoena it would )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (not be obeyed. And the reason it would not be obeyed is there )Tj T* 0.314 Tw (would be a claim of national security privilege. Second, is that )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (claim valid against the United States Congress. The answer is no. )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (If it were, then any claim of national security would prevent this )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (Congress from ever seeing anything the government didnt want to )Tj T* 0 Tw (produce. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.236 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.9496 422.6001 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.8371 422.6001 Tm 0.236 Tw (. So a claim of national security privilege is never )Tj -6.8837 -1.04 TD 0.052 Tw (valid against a subpoena from Congress? )Tj 1 -1.04 TD (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2596 401.8001 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 228.8909 401.8001 Tm 0.052 Tw (. The problem is enforcing it. )Tj -7.1891 -1.04 TD (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1096 391.4001 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.9971 391.4001 Tm 0.052 Tw (. As a matter of law, you would say because Congress )Tj -6.6997 -1.04 TD (hasour rights under the national security law is never valid. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.054 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2796 370.6001 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 228.9109 370.6001 Tm 0.054 Tw (. I believe this is one of those issues on which peo-)Tj -8.1911 -1.04 TD 0.088 Tw (ple who believe in absolute executive power will tell you the execu-)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (tive has the right to make the final decision on national security. )Tj T* 0.236 Tw (Those of us who believe that no branch is absolute, believe that )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (checks and balances require that, in some fashion now, the execu-)Tj T* 0.268 Tw (tive is responsible to Congress and that, for example, the Intel-)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (ligence Committee ought to be able to review tapes, again in a very )Tj T* 0.25 Tw (secure manner, I am not suggesting that the subpoena ought to )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (mean that Congress gets to see it and disclose it, but certainly Con-)Tj T* 0.218 Tw (gress, in order to exercise its oversight role, is entitled to be ex-)Tj T* (posed to some of the most important secrets we have. Otherwise )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (you couldnt legislate, and actually you couldnt fund the things the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (executive wants to do. )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.206 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.6496 235.4001 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.5371 235.4001 Tm 0.206 Tw (. We are certainly finding that to be the case with )Tj -6.8537 -1.04 TD 0.054 Tw (some of our other things like FISA. Professor Radsan, will you com-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ment on the same questions? )Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.256 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.2196 204.2001 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.5551 204.2001 Tm 0.256 Tw (. The second question first. I agree with Professor )Tj -6.8555 -1.04 TD 0.188 Tw (Saltzburg. It would be a very interesting constitutional law ques-)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (tion. I agree that the executive would not easily comply with the )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (subpoena. If you went to the courts, I dont think the courts would )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (take it. They would avoid the issue through the political question )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (doctrine. They would leave it to the two branches to sort out. That )Tj 0 -1.03 TD 0.148 Tw (is a prediction about constitutional law. You can ask the constitu-)Tj T* 0.304 Tw (tional law professors to speculate. This would be a great hypo-)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (thetical for next years examination. On your first question about )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the tapes )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00050)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 198 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 200 0 obj << /Length 5298 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (47 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.12 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.7896 641 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.6771 641 Tm 0.12 Tw (. In that case, our only recourse would be the power )Tj -6.7677 -1 TD 0.092 Tw (of the purse, the CIA gets no money unless they give us the tapes? )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Would that be what we should do? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.5596 611 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.8951 611 Tm 0.19 Tw (. The branches have other ways to put pressure on )Tj -6.7895 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (each other. And if you go down that road, it will be a very inter-)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (esting interaction between the two political branches. If there is a )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (pattern of destroying tapes as you suggest, and I have no reason )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (to believe that there is, the pattern may even be broader than we )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (are talking about. It is notif your theory is true it is not just the )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (CIA for this reason. I dont know that the Padilla tapes were nec-)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (essarily CIA tapes. They may have been Department of Defense )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (tapes, Justice Department tapes. If there was a pattern, if your )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (facts are right, then it would be a pattern that links up something )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (that went on in that case and a known destruction in a CIA case. )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (We do have another set of tapes though, tapes that were referred )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (to in the filing that the Justice Department made in the Moussaoui )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (case, and those tapes seem to be different from any other tapes. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (And as far as we know from the public record, those tapes have )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.096 Tw (been intained. I have read that filing. My conclusion, and I am not )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (confirming anything from the classified record, my conclusion by )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (that affidavit is those tapes were tapes that were made by a for-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (eign liaison service during those interrogations that the Justice De-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (partment was aware of. But you could ask for those tapes. The In-)Tj T* 0.196 Tw (telligence Committee could ask for those tapes. We could confirm )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (that those tapes still exist. That is what the reporting has been. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1096 391 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.9971 391 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Professor. Mr. Rivkin. )Tj -5.6997 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.2996 381 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.3312 381 Tm 0.164 Tw (. Thank you, Congressman Nadler, let me just say a )Tj -6.3331 -1 TD 0.226 Tw (couple of things. It is hard to predict how the court would work )Tj T* 0.294 Tw (here. But the broader the more open-ended your request is the )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (more difficult, I think, for you to vindicate this, you are right. The )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (more targeted, the more circumscribed the request is, the more lim-)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (ited to the Intelligence Committee, the greater is the chance that )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (it will be both complied with in my opinion. I would be vindicated )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (if you were prosecuted here. On the underlying issue, let me give )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (you a slightly different perspective, and again as a lawyer, I do not )Tj T* 0.302 Tw (like the destruction of any documents that exist, and if I were )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (asked about it without the benefit of hindsight even I would have )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (said no destroyed. But in some respects, these problems reflect the )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (difficulty we have in applying the full blown criminal justice over-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (sight paradigm that has developed, been honed in in decades of re-)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (markable peace and prosperity to very difficult circumstances. Be-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (cause to embellish the point made by Professor Radsan, do you not )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (think, Congressman, that the vivid power of visual images is such )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (if you think about all the damage done by Abu Ghraib tapes, and )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (I am not saying that they didnt reveal bad conduct, is it not pos-)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (sible for the honorable men and women in the Intelligence Com-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (mittee to wonder? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.2896 171 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.1771 171 Tm 0.17 Tw (. Excuse me, we are not talking about Congress re-)Tj -6.8177 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (viewing this, not necessarily the public. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7196 150.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.7512 150.9999 Tm 0.106 Tw (. No, no, I am not talking about that. But they would )Tj -6.2751 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (have been leaked. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.2096 130.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.0971 130.9999 Tm 0.162 Tw (. Maybe they would and maybe they wouldnt have. )Tj -6.8097 -1 TD 0.228 Tw (I have limited time. I want to get in another question. Again to )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (Professor Saltzburg, we have been asked in this entire question of )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00051)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 201 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 204 0 obj << /Length 4783 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (48 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.25 Tw (the destroyed tapes, we have been asked by the Justice Depart-)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.238 Tw (ment to delay our investigation lest it interfere with the Justice )Tj T* 0.284 Tw (Department investigation or with the CIA investigation. Do you )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (think it makes any sense at all for us to do that, especially in light )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (of the question that perhaps we cant trust anybody. Certainly we )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (cant trust the Justice Department. We had to call for a special )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (prosecutor. But should this Committee, should Congress delay in-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (vestigations waiting for the Justice Department? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.122 Tw (And if the answer is no, what is the justification or is there any )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.15 Tw (justification in law for the Justice Department to simply refuse to )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (supply the documents to Congress on the grounds that they are in-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (vestigating it and supplying us with documents that might inhibit, )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in some way, their investigation. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.18 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.5396 508.4 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.1709 508.4 Tm 0.18 Tw (. My answer is no, that you shouldnt wait. One )Tj -8.3171 -1.02 TD 0.078 Tw (of the reasons is time is flying. You got more than 2 years that has )Tj T* 0.29 Tw (already gone by. Memories will fade. People may die while you )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (wait. Now, what is the justification. I dont think you should ask )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (the Justice Department to produce its investigative file, what it is )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (investigating. I think you ought to ask the Justice Department to )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (produce any advice, copies of any documents it created with respect )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (to the destruction in 2005. And I think you ought to deal directly )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (with the CIA. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.2 Tw (Every case is a little bit different in terms of whether you can )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.194 Tw (interfere in some way with an investigation. I just dont see that )Tj T* 0.332 Tw (here. Much of what happened is known. We already know the )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (tapes were destroyed. That is not going to be new. We have some )Tj T* 0.168 Tw (of the names of people who were consulted. What you dont know )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (is exactly what they said. You dont know exactly what the ration-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ale was. What we know is there is a lot of lawyering that was going )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (on here. What the advice was we are not sure about. But I think )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (you have got to get to the bottom of what happened. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.128 Tw (By the way, there are two things here. There is the criminal in-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.18 Tw (vestigation whether people get prosecuted. I think unless you im-)Tj T* 0.416 Tw (munize witnesses and put them out for public testimony, the )Tj T* 0.224 Tw (chances you will disrupt a legitimate investigation and ability to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (prosecute are very small. But there is the other part of this, of find-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (ing out what happened, even if it is just bad policy and not crimi-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (nal, and figuring out what you are going to do about that. That is )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (part of the oversight function. God forbid that this Congress will )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (limit itself to deciding the only oversight is to look into criminal ac-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tivity. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.136 Tw (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.9496 222.8 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.8371 222.8 Tm 0.136 Tw (. Thank you. One more question for Ms. Massimino, )Tj -6.7837 -1.02 TD 0.15 Tw (and this is slightly different. Starting in 2003, the Administration )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (argued that the Geneva Convention did not apply to members of )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (al-Qaeda. The Supreme Court decided to review a case which be-)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (came known as Hamdan versus Rumsfeld. On November 7, 2005, )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (I think it granted cert. The tapes were destroyed that same month. )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (What were the potential implications with respect to the tapes of )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (the Supreme Court rejecting the Administrations position that the )Tj 0 -1.01 TD 0.182 Tw (Geneva Convention did not apply, as indeed the Court ultimately )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (did when it issued its ruling in Hamdan in June of 2006. In other )Tj T* 0.098 Tw (words, could the destruction of the tapes be connected with the de-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (cision by the Supreme Court to accept that case? )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00052)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 205 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 207 0 obj << /Length 5677 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (49 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.14 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 187.4695 641 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.1329 641 Tm 0.14 Tw (. Yes, I think so. I dont think we have to specu-)Tj -8.3133 -1.02 TD 0.092 Tw (late too much about that because we know that when the case was )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (decided it sent shock waves through the CIA and the enhanced in-)Tj T* 0.212 Tw (terrogation program was put on hold immediately. There was al-)Tj T* 0.392 Tw (ready some pullback from it after the passage of the McCain )Tj T* 0.292 Tw (amendment. But then in July of last year when the case came )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (down, the reports are that that was a shocking development for the )Tj T* 0 Tw (CIA. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.218 Tw (And they started to understand finally that not only was Con-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.114 Tw (gress withdrawing its political support for a program like this, but )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (that the Administration was wrong in its argument that the Gene-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (va Conventions did not apply. Remember, early on in the delibera-)Tj T* 0.288 Tw (tions inside the White House about whether or not the Geneva )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (Conventions applied, a key consideration leading to the conclusion )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (that the Geneva Conventions did not apply was the fear that, well, )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (if they did, we might find ourselves subjected to prosecution for )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (war crimes. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD (Mr. N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1096 467.6 Tm 0 Tw (ADLER)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.9971 467.6 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Professor Radsan. That will be it. )Tj -5.6997 -1.02 TD 0.078 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4396 457.4 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.407 457.4 Tm 0.078 Tw (. Thank you so much. The gentleman from Virginia, )Tj -7.2407 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (Bobby Scott. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.194 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.6796 437 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.3513 437 Tm 0.194 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have a series of ques-)Tj -6.0351 -1.02 TD 0.174 Tw (tions. Let me just begin with whether or not torture is illegal? Is )Tj T* 0.514 Tw (there any question that torturing people is illegal, Professor )Tj T* 0 Tw (Radsan? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 396.2 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.5151 396.2 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Torture is clearly illegal. )Tj -5.6515 -1.02 TD 0.114 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.8796 386 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.5512 386 Tm 0.114 Tw (. Now, where in the criminal law can we find the pro-)Tj -5.9551 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (hibition against torture? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.2 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.6596 365.6 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.9951 365.6 Tm 0.2 Tw (. You will find it in other statutes. But we did not )Tj -6.7995 -1.02 TD 0.132 Tw (feel it necessary when we incorporated the convention against tor-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (ture to pass a torture statute within the United States. A torture )Tj T* 0.184 Tw (statute applies to anything outside of the United States. But any )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (conduct that would be torture would be unconstitutional, would be )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (illegal, I dont think there is any doubt about that. The doubt is )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (on how we define these studies. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.244 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1796 294.2 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.8513 294.2 Tm 0.244 Tw (. Now, is the definition of torture so subjective that )Tj -6.0851 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (people cant understand what it is? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.072 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.3796 273.8 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.7151 273.8 Tm 0.072 Tw (. With respect, I think there are some clear examples )Tj -6.6715 -1.02 TD 0.112 Tw (of things that are not torture; providing National Geographic mag-)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (azines. There are clear examples of things that are torture; electro-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (shock, cutting off limbs. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.056 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2996 233 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 205.9713 233 Tm 0.056 Tw (. Do other countries have problems with the definition? )Tj -4.8971 -1.02 TD 0.092 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.5796 222.8 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.9151 222.8 Tm 0.092 Tw (. I think in the various courts they are going to have )Tj -6.6915 -1.02 TD 0.576 Tw (difficulties on what the line is, even if we all agree that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (waterboarding is torture. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.316 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.8996 192.2 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 208.5712 192.2 Tm 0.316 Tw (. Does anybody outside of this Administration any-)Tj -6.1571 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (where in the world think that waterboarding is not torture? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.216 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.8196 171.8 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.1551 171.8 Tm 0.216 Tw (. I take your point, and I am not aware of anyone )Tj -6.8155 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (that defends waterboarding outside of the United States. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.074 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.4796 151.4 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.1513 151.4 Tm 0.074 Tw (. Outside of this Administration, because other Admin-)Tj -5.9151 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (istrations have specifically found waterboarding to be torture. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.12 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.8596 131.1999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.1951 131.1999 Tm 0.12 Tw (. And I am not here speaking for the Department or )Tj -6.7195 -1.01 TD 0.236 Tw (the Agency. I think it is fairly clear waterboarding is something )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (prohibited by statutes. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00053)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 208 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 210 0 obj << /Length 5580 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (50 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.222 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.9596 641 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.6313 641 Tm 0.222 Tw (. According to public reports, the Department of De-)Tj -6.0631 -1.02 TD 0.056 Tw (fense and the CIA have referred 20 cases to the Department of Jus-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (tice, including two deaths. There has only been one indictment. So )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (if thelet me go to another point. If the tapes clearly depict tor-)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (ture, let us kind of think of who could be guilty of a criminal of-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (fense. Those who are actually doing the torture, any question that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (they would have liability under the criminal statutes? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.102 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.6796 569.6 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.0151 569.6 Tm 0.102 Tw (. If we agree that the conduct on those tapes crossed )Tj -6.7015 -1.02 TD 0.084 Tw (any line that person that did the conduct is guilty and anyone that )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (aided and abetted, anyone that ordered would be drawn into that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (criminal conduct, that is for sure. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.134 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.0796 528.8 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.7513 528.8 Tm 0.134 Tw (. What about others who watched while others did it? )Tj -4.9751 -1.02 TD 0.174 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.3996 518.6 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.7351 518.6 Tm 0.174 Tw (. Watching while others did it, that is difficult. But )Tj -6.7735 -1.02 TD 0.054 Tw (I think you would make an argument that it is aiding and abetting, )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (or you would make an argument that it is part of a conspiracy to )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (commit that criminal conduct. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2596 477.8 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 205.9312 477.8 Tm 0.052 Tw (. What about those who authorized it? )Tj -4.8931 -1.02 TD 0.208 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.7396 467.6 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.0751 467.6 Tm 0.208 Tw (. The same analysis. We would have to pursue the )Tj -6.8075 -1.02 TD 0.13 Tw (facts. But if this was part of a pattern and it had the intent to do )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (something that was illegal and was known to be illegal, that is a )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (problem, clearly. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.192 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.5796 426.8 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.6112 426.8 Tm 0.192 Tw (. May I make a point, Congressman? It seems, with )Tj -6.3611 -1.02 TD 0.104 Tw (all due respect, to be somewhat anomalous to simultaneously scur-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (ry the Department of Justice for providing allegedly legal opinions )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (that defined these types of techniques is not torture, and then si-)Tj T* 0.286 Tw (multaneously say that individuals are not lawyers who followed )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (that advice. And let us assume that they stayed within the param-)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (eters of permissible procedures not due to any criminal conduct. )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (You are certainly entitled to rely on the, in good faith on the advice )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (proffered by the appropriate lawyers. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.096 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.6996 335 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.3712 335 Tm 0.096 Tw (. Let us assume that we have concluded that the tech-)Tj -5.9371 -1.02 TD 0.114 Tw (nique involved is clearly torture, can the Department of Justice by )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (memo immunize everyone doing it? )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.112 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7796 304.4 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.8112 304.4 Tm 0.112 Tw (. That is a difficult question, but your hypothetical in )Tj -6.2811 -1.02 TD 0.102 Tw (a way contains the answer. If we determine. Who are we? It is the )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (province of, in the first instance of executive, in the second instance )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (of Judiciary, to pronounce what the law is. If duly constituted offi-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (cers of the United States concluded that given conduct construing )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (a given statute does not amount to violation of a statute that would )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (go to great length to immunize individuals who rely on that con-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (duct, which is why I personally dont think we have any evidence )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that it was an obstruction of justice. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.126 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.9996 212.6 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.6712 212.6 Tm 0.126 Tw (. There are a lot of people who think the memo is ab-)Tj -5.9671 -1.02 TD 0.196 Tw (surd on its face to suggest that waterboarding is not torture and )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (the Department of Justice cant immunize people from doing what )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (everybody in the world knew was torture. Ms. Massimino. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.292 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 188.9895 171.8 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 231.6529 171.8 Tm 0.292 Tw (. I think that it is not correct to suggest that )Tj -8.4653 -1.02 TD 0.206 Tw (there was no fear of prosecution. There clearly was. That is why )Tj T* 0.244 Tw (the memo was sought in the first place. And section 2340 of 18 )Tj 0 -1.01 TD 0.298 Tw (U.S. Code, which is the Federal anti-torture statute, was never )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (thought to be vague or unclear until there was a desire to get )Tj T* 0.064 Tw (around it. And a memo was drafted that construed it in such a way )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that drained those powerful words of all of their meaning. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00054)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 211 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Length 5095 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (51 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.212 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.8596 641 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.4909 641 Tm 0.212 Tw (. Congressman, if I could add a point. Congress )Tj -8.3491 -1 TD 0.258 Tw (has sort of made this a bigger problem than it otherwise might )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (have been in the Military Commissions Act when it put in that pro-)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (vision which essentially said that if you are charged with torture )Tj T* 0.344 Tw (between 9/11 and 2005 when the Detainee Treatment Act was )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (passed, you have the right to rely on advice of counsel as a defense. )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (And I think that was clearly intended to say that people could be )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (prosecuted, but then they can wave around that memo and say I )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (relied on it. It doesnt mean they shouldnt be prosecuted. It just )Tj T* 0.126 Tw (means that Congress has expanded their possibility of arguing ad-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (vice of counsel as a defense. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.232 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.0596 530.9999 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 207.7312 530.9999 Tm 0.232 Tw (. Well, let us talk about the independent counsel. If )Tj -6.0731 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (the Department of Justice, CIA and White House, if they define )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (torture in such a way that people could I guess retroactively rely )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (on it when the memo legally misstated the law, would that be a )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (reason to have an independent counsel rather than having the De-)Tj T* 0.26 Tw (partment of Justice try to defend the memo subsequently deter-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (mined to be legally incorrect? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.126 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.9996 460.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.6309 460.9999 Tm 0.126 Tw (. I dont believe, my own opinion, standing alone, )Tj -8.2631 -1 TD 0.184 Tw (that that would be enough with a new attorney general who was )Tj T* 0.226 Tw (not responsible for the memo. Let us be clear, that 2002 torture )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (memo was probably one of the most embarrassing poorly written )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (poorly reasoned documents I have ever seen. And I believe you are )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (right, Congressman, no one with a straight face could defend that )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (document as stating accurately the law. And I think that any attor-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (ney general who was independent would repudiate that document. )Tj T* 0.074 Tw (I think this attorney general would repudiate that document today. )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (But the other circumstances added to it, I think, do make a case )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for a special prosecutor. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.148 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.1396 350.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.1712 350.9999 Tm 0.148 Tw (. As I understand, with all due respect, the facts are )Tj -6.3171 -1 TD 0.23 Tw (as follows, that opinion was withdrawn long before this attorney )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (general came in. But if you look carefully at how it was withdrawn, )Tj T* 0.076 Tw (the language, my reading of it suggests that the breadth for it, and )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (the reason we are repudiated, not the bottom line, and again, the )Tj T* 0.128 Tw (speculation in the media is the two subsequent more narrow opin-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (ions written by the Department of Justice. The parameters have al-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ways permitted, Congressman, the memo change. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.098 Tw (If I may just say one thing. The thing I am troubled a bit is this )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.284 Tw (notion that you can have the entire executive branch of United )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (States Government, whose duty is execute the law, parse the law )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (and conclude that they disagree, with all due respect, to my good )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (friend, Ms. Massimino, and flesh out a statutory term in a given )Tj T* 0.11 Tw (way. If that happens I dont know who else is supposed to come in )Tj T* 0.344 Tw (unless the matter is somehow justiciable in an Article 3 court )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (which is a different conclusion, I dont see anything in your powers )Tj T* 0.168 Tw (frankly in Article 1 that gives Congress the right to interpret the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (law. It is a problem. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.088 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.6196 171 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.2912 171 Tm 0.088 Tw (. Well, in all due respect, there is not a lot of interpre-)Tj -5.9291 -1 TD 0.242 Tw (tation that needs to be done. This Administration has suggested )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (that waterboarding is not torture. They are having trouble trying )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (to figure out when it is and when it isnt, and when you have it )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (on tape the tape is destroyed. I dont know that you can change the )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (law by legal memo. And you have the Department of Justiceis )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (the Department of Justice involved in possibly authorizing some of )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00055)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 214 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 216 0 obj << /Length 5099 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (52 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.182 Tw (this torture by virtue of their memos? Did they authorize the de-)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (struction of the tapes? Was the Department of Justice presentthe )Tj T* 0.31 Tw (Department of Justice investigating itself on who authorized it, )Tj T* 0.108 Tw (who failed to disclose to the 9/11 Commission and to Congress and )Tj T* 0.154 Tw (to the courts whether the existence of the tapeswell, let me ask )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (another question. What is the statute of limitations on all of these )Tj T* 0 Tw (crimes? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.226 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.9196 571 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 215.2551 571 Tm 0.226 Tw (. Congressman, I am not aware. I dont know that )Tj -6.8255 -1 TD 0.238 Tw (there is a statute. I will be corrected by my colleagues. But if I )Tj T* 0.262 Tw (could take a minute to clarify my answer to a prior question. I )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (think I am agreeing with you, but perhaps not in the way that you )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (would like. We can look at conduct that occurred on the tape, and )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (we may all look at that and agree that it crossed the line. That will )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (be reason to be concerned and continue the investigation. But then )Tj T* 0.512 Tw (there is a second step, and this is alluded to by Professor )Tj T* 0.272 Tw (Saltzburg. We will have to figure out why that interrogator did )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (this. And if that interrogator reasonably relied on advice, and that )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (advice, as we can tell, would have been issued in a classified chan-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (nel, that interrogator more likely than not was not a lawyer. If that )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (interrogator reasonably relied on advice, even though it went past )Tj T* 0.254 Tw (the line, whether it is waterboarding or any other conduct, that )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (prosecution is going to be very difficult. And that is a situation that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (many of these officers find themselves in. I agree with you. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.7996 411 Tm 0 Tw (COTT)Tj 10 0 0 10 206.4713 411 Tm 0.106 Tw (. And I agree with you. If you have a legal memo that )Tj -5.9471 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (says what everybody believes is illegal and you can proclaim it to )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (be legal and someone reasonably believes the memo, then you have )Tj T* 0.32 Tw (a mens rea problem in a criminal prosecution. However, if the )Tj T* 0.238 Tw (memo is just clearly ridiculous you cant just change the law by )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (memo. I yield back. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.21 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.7596 350.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.7271 350.9999 Tm 0.21 Tw (. The Chair is pleased to recognize the gentlelady )Tj -7.3727 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (from Texas, Sheila Jackson Lee. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2496 330.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 222.6491 330.9999 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 229.319 330.9999 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 240.8708 330.9999 Tm 0.106 Tw (. Again, let me thank the witnesses for this in-)Tj -9.3871 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (structive testimony. And if I might, let me lay the groundwork for )Tj T* 0.236 Tw (my line of questioning with a citation from the article from The )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (New York Times. And I recognize that any information exposed in )Tj T* 0.13 Tw (public is questionedis subject to questioning. But let me lay this )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (groundwork so that I can pursue a line of questioning. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (Mr. Bennett, who is a lawyer for Mr. Rodriguez insisted that his )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (client had done nothing wrong and suggested that Mr. Rodriguez )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (had been authorized to order the destruction of the tapes. He had )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (a green light to destroy them. To me, that is a billboard of obstruc-)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (tion of justice. There is a reference or a suggestion that the de-)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (struction came about to protect the identity of the CIA agents. And )Tj T* 0.336 Tw (might I have a PS and say it is our obligation to protect our )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (operatives who are around the world. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (And let me pointedly say to the CIA, take that duty extremely )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.204 Tw (seriously and hold them in high esteem for the role they play in )Tj T* 0.3 Tw (national security. I dont think that we should argue with that )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (premise. However, another comment in the article dated the 19th, )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (I believe, indicates until their destruction, the tapes were stored in )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (a safe in the CIA station in the country where the interrogation )Tj T* 0.376 Tw (took place. Current and former officials said, according to one )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (former senior intelligence official the tapes were never sent back to )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (the CIA headquarters, which I would imagine might have an un-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00056)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 217 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 219 0 obj << /Length 4773 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (53 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.124 Tw (derground, if you will, secure, safe or other chamber, despite what )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (the official described as a concern by keeping such highly classified )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (material overseas, lays the groundwork if you will whether there )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (is sufficient truth to document that, that there is question as to )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (how much security the CIA was giving to these tapes as a basis )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (upon which they use to destroy them. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.098 Tw (I would like to also take note of the fact that, if I might also put )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (into the record, the comments of Senator McCain as he was trying )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (to make the argument on how torture demeans and debases those )Tj T* 0.256 Tw (of us who represent a certain degree of values. And so just if I )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (might just quickly indicate his words when he was asked, where )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (did the brave men I was privileged to serve with in Vietnam draw )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (the strength to resist to the best of their ability the cruelties in-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (flicted on them by our enemies? They drew their strength from our )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (faith in each other, from our faith in God and from our faith in our )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (country. Our enemies didnt adhere to the Geneva Convention. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (Many of my comrades were subjected to the very cruel and very )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.23 Tw (inhuman and degrading treatment and a few of them were unto )Tj T* 0.176 Tw (their death. The enemies we fight today hold such liberal notions )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (in contempt as they hold in contempt the international conventions )Tj T* 0.338 Tw (that enshrine them. But we are better than them and we are )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (stronger in our faith. Another comment indicates that one might )Tj T* 0.214 Tw (question the kind of testimony one would get from someone sub-)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (jected to torture and whether or not that can actually or that testi-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (mony or that, if you will, information can truly be counted as, if )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (you will, accurate. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.144 Tw (So let me, if I can, both professors raise these questions on this )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.286 Tw (whole issue of the obstruction of justice which pushes more ur-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (gently forward the need for a special prosecutor, slash, independent )Tj T* 0.234 Tw (counsel terminology interchange even though the statute has ex-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (pired in light of where we are today. As has been in the press and )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (as stated by the testimony today, the CIA interrogation tapes were )Tj T* 0.334 Tw (destroyed around the same time that conspicuous congressional )Tj T* 0.308 Tw (oversight scrutiny was increasing. The photos from Abu Ghraib )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (were uncovered, the DOJ began to withdraw memos rationalizing )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (exceptions to the Geneva Convention and the McCain amendment )Tj T* 0.344 Tw (against torture was gaining momentum. Some of Mr. McCains )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (comments were in the public domain. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.088 Tw (Does this not raise very serious issues of obstruction of justice or )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.32 Tw (of violating or undermining congressional prerogatives and isnt )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (this the best argument for the need for an immediate appointment )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (of a special prosecutor that is, indeed, independent from the White )Tj T* 0.278 Tw (House and the DOJ investigation. And my question goes to the )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (point of the DOJ asking the House Intelligence Committee and oth-)Tj T* 0.218 Tw (ers to delay their investigation while they are moving forward. I )Tj T* 0.072 Tw (believe there is such a fracture in the constitutional protection that )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (it is urgent that we move forward now. Would you two professors )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (comment on that? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.174 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4796 160.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.1109 160.9999 Tm 0.174 Tw (. One of the anomalies in the law, is at least as )Tj -8.3111 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (I understand it, is that it is not obstruction of justice in the crimi-)Tj T* 0.246 Tw (nal sense for the executive to destroy evidence so that Congress )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (wont see it. It is obstruction of justice to interfere with a judicial )Tj T* 0.296 Tw (proceeding under the statute and destroy evidence with that in )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (mind. It would not surprise me when all is said and done if lawyers )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00057)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 220 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 222 0 obj << /Length 5432 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (54 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.21 Tw (advising Mr. Rodriguez concluded that there was no judicial pro-)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.292 Tw (ceeding in which a request was pending for this particular evi-)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (dence, and therefore, they could destroy the tapes without being )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (guilty. He could order them destroyed or approve them destroyed )Tj T* 0.202 Tw (without committing obstruction of justice. The executive, unfortu-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (nately I think, feels that it is quite free to deny Congress evidence )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (when Congress requests it. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (And even to destroy evidence that Congress might want to see. )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.166 Tw (And basically, in the noncriminal sense, it is a classic obstruction )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (of justice. It is obstruction of oversight. It is infringing upon the le-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (gitimate oversight function of Congress. But there is very little that )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (Congress has done about that in the past. And that is one of the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (issues, I think, Congress probably needs to address. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.0896 510.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 224.3291 510.9999 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 230.999 510.9999 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 242.5508 510.9999 Tm 0.19 Tw (. Can I just pursue that with you. Do we not )Tj -9.5551 -1 TD 0.38 Tw (have a basic legitimacy in pursuing that because of the inde-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (pendent branches of government. Are you suggesting we write law, )Tj T* 0.072 Tw (are you suggesting that we take advantage of our oversight respon-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (sibility? What is the tool that you are suggesting we use? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.174 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4796 460.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.1109 460.9999 Tm 0.174 Tw (. I think thatall I suggested earlier was some-)Tj -8.3111 -1 TD 0.068 Tw (thing that needs careful examination and more careful than I could )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (do in the limited time we had available. And that is whether Con-)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (gress should, in fact, legislate to require certain records to be pre-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (served and maintainedfor its inspection over time. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 182.7096 411 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.5691 411 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 228.239 411 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 239.7908 411 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Professor Radsan. )Tj -8.2791 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4596 401 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.7951 401 Tm 0.08 Tw (. Ms. Jackson, we thank you very much. I agree with )Tj -6.6795 -1 TD 0.15 Tw (you that these facts, as they have unfolded, are very disturbing. I )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (did cases for 6 years. I am going to speak about how I did cases. )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (But I think many prosecutors pursue it in the same way, is they )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (are going to gather the facts. They are not going to try to pigeon-)Tj T* 0.2 Tw (hole it necessarily into a particular statute. There are difficulties )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (in the various obstruction of justice statutes with those elements. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (But if there has been wrongdoing intent, then there are statutes )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (in the Federal Code that can cover the wrongdoing. One friend of )Tj T* 0.264 Tw (all Federal prosecutors is 18 U.S.C. 1001, the false statute that )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (makes it a crime to make a false statement or a material omission )Tj T* 0.224 Tw (to Congress, to the Judiciary or, and the case law will bear this )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (out, even intrabranch. So that if there were false statements made )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (related to these tapes by Mr. Rodriguez to a lawyer, Mr. Rodriguez )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (to a supervisor, then the joint investigation or any special inves-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (tigation should and will pursue that. And the false statement stat-)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (ute is available. It is a very broad statute that Federal prosecutors )Tj T* 0 Tw (have. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.2096 220.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 222.5691 220.9999 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 229.239 220.9999 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 240.7908 220.9999 Tm 0.102 Tw (. Do you have anydo you care to comment on )Tj -9.3791 -1 TD 0.152 Tw (the fact that we should be denied our rights to investigate simply )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (because the Department of Justice is proceeding as well. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7396 190.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.0751 190.9999 Tm 0.108 Tw (. It is a difficult issue. But I agree that we need vig-)Tj -6.7075 -1 TD 0.208 Tw (orous oversight. Where I think Professor Saltzburg and I agreed, )Tj T* 0.188 Tw (and maybe this was whispering, is that it becomes especially dif-)Tj T* 0.372 Tw (ficult if and when anybody of congress is issuing immunity. I )Tj T* 0.34 Tw (havent heard anything. No one has mentioned that today. We )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (learned that from Iran contra, the complications, even with very )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (scrupulous prosecutors when you have immunized testimony. That )Tj T* 0.23 Tw (is the concern that the Department has. But we are not at that )Tj T* 0.218 Tw (stage yet, so I dont see any reason for Congress to delay its in-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00058)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 223 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 225 0 obj << /Length 5041 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (55 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.17 Tw (quiry. I think we need vigorous oversight. And I agree that these )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (ideas that you should delay, as far as I understand, I dont have )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (all their reasoning, that they seem to be weak to me. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 182.7096 611 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.5691 611 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 228.239 611 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 239.7908 611 Tm 0.052 Tw (. I am sorry, were youI saw somebody )Tj -8.2791 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.6196 601 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.6512 601 Tm 0.196 Tw (. If I may briefly shed a different light on this. If a )Tj -6.3651 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (delay is finite in time and if you are sure that given the commence-)Tj T* 0.17 Tw (ment of internal investigations, all the documents are being kept, )Tj T* 0.306 Tw (and also very importantly, individuals involved are not commu-)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (nicating with each other because that would be viewed as obstruc-)Tj T* 0.07 Tw (tion, I see absolutely no good reason not to give the Justice Depart-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (ment a certain amount of time to get to the bottom of it. Because )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (let me just suggest this: Quite aside from the immunity issue, if )Tj T* 0.298 Tw (you were to invite to testify one of the people involved and he )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (came, he or she came and prepared for testimony, and other indi-)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (viduals involved in this same matter or had an opportunity to lis-)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (ten to what his or her story is, any prosecutor will tell you that )Tj T* 0.078 Tw (it is a horrible thing. What you do is you slowly build the case, you )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (go to the junior people, then you go up the food chain. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.114 Tw (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.3296 460.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 222.8091 460.9999 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 229.479 460.9999 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 241.0308 460.9999 Tm 0.114 Tw (. Mr. Rivkin, I have a short period of time and )Tj -9.4031 -1 TD 0.294 Tw (I have another question here, and I appreciate it. I think your )Tj T* 0.194 Tw (premise is based upon Congress having confidence in the present )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (Department of Justice and others, and certainly we dont malign )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (all, but we have had difficulties in documents being preserved in )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the past. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.278 Tw (Let me just quickly raise this question, and I would like Ms. )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.076 Tw (Massimino and the others to answer it. I have Mr. Rivkin as point-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (edly, but I will get to him last. Based uponMr. Rivkin, you testi-)Tj T* 0.32 Tw (fied that evidence exists, that coercive and severe interrogation )Tj T* 0.06 Tw (techniques can work. But I ask you, are potential results, as I men-)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (tioned in my comments, a legal justification with potential or mere-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (ly ex post facto rationalization and an excuse for violating Federal )Tj T* 0.298 Tw (laws international conventions and American values. And more-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (over, if these severe and coercive techniques do indeed yield an oth-)Tj T* 0.154 Tw (erwise unattainable information regarding imminent threats, then )Tj T* 0.266 Tw (why was Congress not briefed? Why were these tapes destroyed )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (and why are our efforts being hampered in the ongoing investiga-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tions that we have? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.174 Tw (So I guess, in essence, the question is why would the Bush ad-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.158 Tw (ministration have something to hide if these techniques work and )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (are lawful and they can show that they prove results and there is )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (a basis of constitutionality and complies with the national conven-)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (tions. It seems that there is a fracture in the utilization of these )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (techniques because now we have to investigate why we were never )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (told about the destruction of tapes. Why dont I start with you, Ms. )Tj T* 0 Tw (Massimino. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.5895 190.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.2529 190.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you. )Tj -7.2253 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (Well, this Committee, actually, I think, as recently as last week, )Tj -1 -1 TD (held an excellent hearing on the question of the efficacy of the use )Tj T* 0.332 Tw (of torture and other cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment, )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (which I think was quite enlightening for many people. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (There is, as I mentioned in my own testimony, but there is also )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.144 Tw (a growing body of expertise that calls into serious question claims )Tj T* 0.19 Tw (that these kinds of enhanced techniques produce actionable intel-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ligence. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00059)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 226 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 228 0 obj << /Length 4866 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (56 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.194 Tw (That is not the same thing as saying that they never result in )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.338 Tw (a detainee divulging true information. This is another point to )Tj T* 0.082 Tw (which Senator McCain spoke very eloquently about his own experi-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (ences under torture in which he, when asked for the names of men )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in his unit, gave the starting line-up of the Green Bay Packers. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.148 Tw (But experienced interrogators have repeatedly said and military )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.29 Tw (commanders have agreed, from General Petraeus on down, that )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (these techniques are not only immoral and illegal but unnecessary )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (and counterproductive. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.206 Tw (You know, there is, I suppose, one sense in which the coercive )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.15 Tw (and abusive techniques used, not just by military but by the CIA, )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere worked, and that is as a recruitment )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (tool for al-Qaeda. We have to look at the broader question here and )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (the cost of a policy of official cruelty, which undermines not only )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (our moral authority but our security. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.186 Tw (This is what I have heard repeatedly from a number of retired )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.188 Tw (flag and general officers who I have had the privilege of working )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (with over the last several years. They are emphatic and uniform )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (on this point, that these are not only rules based on experience in )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (the Field Manual, decades of experience, including recent experi-)Tj T* 0.262 Tw (encethe manual was revised last yearbut they reflect values )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that all U.S. agencies should comply with. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 182.7096 416.6 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.5691 416.6 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 228.239 416.6 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 239.7908 416.6 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Professor Radsan and Saltzburg? )Tj -8.2791 -1.02 TD 0.176 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4196 406.4 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.7551 406.4 Tm 0.176 Tw (. Ms. Jackson Lee, let me take your question as an )Tj -6.7755 -1.02 TD 0.112 Tw (opportunity to be critical of the three branches of Government and )Tj T* 0.354 Tw (the American people on this issue. I am going to make many )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (friends today. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.204 Tw (I think that we need a national dialogue on what sort of tech-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.218 Tw (niques we are comfortable withit needs to be opentechniques )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (that go beyond what might be permitted in the criminal justice sys-)Tj T* 0.212 Tw (tem, but techniques below what is defined reasonably as torture. )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (Even if we resolve the issue of waterboarding, we have many other )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (issues that we need to resolve and we have not resolved, even with )Tj T* 0.234 Tw (this Executive order from the President, after the Military Com-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (missions Act. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.14 Tw (For example, sleep deprivation, is this something that is accept-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.21 Tw (able or not? Another example, bombarding somebody with music. )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (I dont care for Nirvana; maybe you like Nirvana. But we have to )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (figure out, if we play this all day at a loud volume, does this cross )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (this line? These are very serious issues. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.124 Tw (Where I differ with the Administration is I think it makes more )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.21 Tw (sense for us to be open, as a people, as members of our Govern-)Tj T* 0.19 Tw (ment: This is the line; this is what we are going to do and what )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (we are not going to do. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.13 Tw (Because what happens is, if we have someone in a site, a secret )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.134 Tw (site, and that person might have had information and we have an )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (attack, there will be other kinds of recriminationsrecriminations )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (that come out of shows like 24. Why didnt we send Jack Bauer )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in there to get the information? )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.132 Tw (This is a difficult place for elected Members of Congress and for )Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.176 Tw (our elected President to figure out what is the line, what will we )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (defend and what will we not defend. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD (Ms. J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 182.7096 110.9998 Tm 0 Tw (ACKSON)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.5691 110.9998 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 228.239 110.9998 Tm (EE)Tj 10 0 0 10 239.7908 110.9998 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Professor Saltzburg? )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00060)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 229 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 231 0 obj << /Length 5333 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (57 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.198 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7196 641 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.3509 641 Tm 0.198 Tw (. I think I agree with every word that was said )Tj -8.3351 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (by my two colleagues here. My experience is the same. I think that )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (when you talk to military leaders, they tell you that harsh interro-)Tj T* 0.402 Tw (gation techniques and torture do not produce actionable intel-)Tj T* 0.25 Tw (ligence. They are counterproductive, for the most part. They are )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (not saying you never get anything. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.144 Tw (But, you know, one of the things I just didnt want to leave un-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.22 Tw (said, you might think, from what we have heard today, that the )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (Army Field Manual was drafted by a Scout troop, you know, which )Tj T* 0.276 Tw (had no experience fighting wars. The military drafted that, and )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (they take enormous pride in it. They think that they are leading )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (the world, that other militaries will look at that Field Manual and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (say, The United States is proud that these are our techniques. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.132 Tw (I mean, when we look at Europe and other countries, they dont )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (look at us and say, Why are you soft on the people you are detain-)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (ing? They look with pride at what we have done. And we have )Tj T* 0.32 Tw (squandered, we have squandered our image in the world in so )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (many ways. But, boy, one of the things we have done right is that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Army Field Manual. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (And I dont know anybody in the Department of Defense, in the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (military side of it who is embarrassed by it. They are pleased that )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (they did it and proud that they did it. And the only people who )Tj T* 0.142 Tw (seem to attack it are the civilians who are supposed to be leading )Tj T* 0.076 Tw (this country and leading the world. And they got it backwards, and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (they got it wrong. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 391 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 391 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Gentleladys time has expired. )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD (Gentleman from Tennessee, Steve Cohen. )Tj T* (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 371 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 371 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (I am not sure who to ask this to, maybe Mr. Rivkin. Why do you )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (think they made the tapes to start with? I mean, generally police )Tj T* 0.12 Tw (and law enforcement folks do interrogation; sometimes they audio-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (tape them. They dont generally videotape them. Why do they vid-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (eotape them anyway? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.244 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.0996 311 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 211.1312 311 Tm 0.244 Tw (. My total speculation would be, Congressman, pre-)Tj -6.4131 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (cisely because they felt, especially at the time it took place, in the )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (post-September 11 atmosphere, we have to get at the facts. And, )Tj T* 0.096 Tw (quite frankly, in this situation where I think there is plenty of evi-)Tj T* 0.332 Tw (dence that the Intelligence Committees were briefed about this )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (these techniques, they wanted to get as much intelligence mileage )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (out of it. And I suppose facial expressions, gestures can yield addi-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (tional insight into whether or not somebodyyou know, if you look )Tj T* 0.056 Tw (at Bill OReilly these days, he puts on experts almost every day )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 220.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.147 220.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Who? )Tj -6.2147 -1 TD (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 210.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.2112 210.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Foxs Bill OReilly. )Tj -5.2211 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 200.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 200.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Never heard of him. [Laughter.] )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 190.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.2112 190.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Well, there are people who make careers out of inter-)Tj -6.2211 -1 TD 0.214 Tw (preting peoples gestures. If you tilt your head this way, you are )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (telling the truth. If you lower your eyes, you are lying. So there is )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (probably an additional element of intelligence value that could be )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (squeezed from videotaping )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 140.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 140.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. I think they want you to turn your mike on. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4596 130.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.4912 130.9999 Tm 0.08 Tw (. No, what I was saying is it was probably entirely in-)Tj -6.2491 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (nocuous that he wanted to gain additional intelligence insight, be-)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (cause looking at peoples facial expressions, the ones you are inter-)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00061)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 232 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 235 0 obj << /Length 4821 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (58 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.176 Tw (rogating, their gestures, would tell you more about the credibility )Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (of their statements. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.112 Tw (I am saying, in popular culture, there are lots of people who put )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.174 Tw (in their shows experts who analyze politicians, depending on how )Tj T* 0.186 Tw (they look on camera, what is the sincerity of statements. So that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (would be my interpretation. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 579.8 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 579.8 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Does anybody else have an opinion on this? )Tj -5.2363 -1.02 TD 0.148 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 187.5495 569.6 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 230.2129 569.6 Tm 0.148 Tw (. Yes. If we can express our opinions, this is one )Tj -8.3213 -1.02 TD 0.066 Tw (of the things that hopefully you will find out in your investigations. )Tj T* 0.14 Tw (But I think the Administration has, for some years, dismissed the )Tj T* 0.3 Tw (claims, until it was faced with the photographs of Abu Ghraib, )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (claims of abuse by detainees by arguing that those complaints are )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (part of al-Qaedas strategy. And it very well may be true that com-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (plaining about abuse is part of the al-Qaeda manual of what to do )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (when you get captured. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.16 Tw (One of the ways that the Administration could prove that point )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.146 Tw (is by videotaping. This is why videotaping has become so popular, )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (I think, in domestic law enforcement agencies, is to be able to de-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (fend against erroneous claims of abuse by people who have been in-)Tj T* 0 Tw (terrogated. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.264 Tw (One of your colleagues here in the House, Congressman Rush )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.116 Tw (Holt of New Jersey, has for several years proposed legislation that )Tj T* 0.104 Tw (we have supported that would have required the videotaping of in-)Tj T* 0.368 Tw (terrogations for the purpose of inhibiting abuse and protecting )Tj T* 0.15 Tw (against erroneous claims of abuse. And perhaps that is something )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the Committee ought to examine coming out of this incident. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 375.8 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 375.8 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you. )Tj -5.2363 -1.02 TD 0 Tw (Professor? )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 355.4 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.5151 355.4 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Congressman Cohen. )Tj -5.6515 -1.02 TD 0.062 Tw (General Hayden, in his letter to CIA employees, offered an expla-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.06 Tw (nation of why they kept tapes of these two interrogations that went )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (over many hours. One was to monitor the compliance with the pro-)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (gram by the interrogators, to make sure that they were following )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (the law. I am not saying whether that is right or wrong; this is his )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (offered explanation. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.12 Tw (The second is the point that Mr. Rivkin made, that they wanted )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.142 Tw (to have a record, a complete record for intelligence value to figure )Tj T* 0.288 Tw (out whether the information was good, whether the person was )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (being deceptive, the person that was being interrogated. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.244 Tw (But I think, as your question suggests, there are benefits and )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.194 Tw (there are burdens to having a very complete recordand a video )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (is going to be more graphic than a transcript or an audiobenefits )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (and burdens that may come back to hurt you. )Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.198 Tw (And maybe I can give the third point by passing a question to )Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.134 Tw (Professor Saltzburg. It is the same issue or a similar issue of why )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (does the FBI not record its interviews with witnesses? Why does )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (the FBI not videotape? Because they have determined, on that bal-)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (ance of burden and benefit, that is better for them to have the only )Tj T* 0.18 Tw (record. They do it through an FBI 302, a report of the interview. )Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.144 Tw (There are States that have gone the other way on their law en-)Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.136 Tw (forcement and said, We want these things videotaped because we )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (dont necessarily trust the record. But I think the FBI, in its case, )Tj T* 0.332 Tw (says, well, they would rather have FBI agents testifying about )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00062)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 236 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 238 0 obj << /Length 4971 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (59 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.25 Tw (what actually happened, and you could draw the analogy to the )Tj 0 -1 TD 0 Tw (CIA. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.062 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.2796 621 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.4632 621 Tm 0.062 Tw (. And you were going to pass the question to Professor )Tj -6.2463 -1 TD 0.204 Tw (Saltzburg. And based on your vitae, I think you probably have a )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (good question. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (Mr. S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 183.7996 591 Tm 0 Tw (ALTZBURG)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.4309 591 Tm 0.106 Tw (. I think the question was, isnt this why the FBI )Tj -8.2431 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (does what it does, and I think it is. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.274 Tw (But there is another reason why they might have videotaped, )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (very closely related to what was stated to the CIA employees, and )Tj T* 0.124 Tw (that is you will remember that the FBI was telling the CIA not to )Tj T* 0.212 Tw (do what it was doing, that these techniques dont work and that )Tj T* 0.054 Tw (they are harsh and unnecessary. And one of the reasons for making )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (the tapes is I think the CIA probably wanted to show that it works. )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (They had a record. Their view is they got a lot of intelligence, and )Tj T* 0.114 Tw (if anybody doubts it, they can show you exactly what they did and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that it worked, in their view. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (The problem is when it came time to show these tapes, they may )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.29 Tw (have looked back and said, Uh-oh, even if it worked, we dont )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (want people to see what we did. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.0596 450.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 211.2432 450.9999 Tm 0.24 Tw (. Does anybody on the panel believe that the tapes )Tj -6.4243 -1 TD 0.128 Tw (were destroyed to preserve the anonymity of CIA operatives? Does )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (anybody buy that at all? )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. Rivkin? )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.5996 411 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.6312 411 Tm 0.094 Tw (. I would only buy it in the context with the following )Tj -6.2631 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (observation, which I made several times today. It is not that you, )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (as Congress, would reveal this information, but in a time where ev-)Tj T* 0.294 Tw (erything leaksand that is not an overstatementhaving those )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (tapes posted on the Internet, being leaked the same way the Abu )Tj T* 0.182 Tw (Ghraib tapes were, in a situation where individuals doing the in-)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (terrogation were shownthese individuals are overseas. It would )Tj T* 0.224 Tw (either destroy their careers or would may well put their lives in )Tj T* 0 Tw (jeopardy. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.3596 320.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.5432 320.9999 Tm 0.17 Tw (. But wasnt it possible to easily block out their face )Tj -6.3543 -1 TD 0.118 Tw (or their identity and still have the tape but to secure the anonym-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ity of the CIA operative? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.254 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.1996 290.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 211.2312 290.9999 Tm 0.254 Tw (. Well, again, this assumes that one can guarantee )Tj -6.4231 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (that an unredacted tape would not be leaked or, even if somehow )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (the identify was obscured, that it could not be restored. And that )Tj T* 0.16 Tw (is a big assumption, given what else has happened with the most )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (secret of programs that this Government has employed in the last )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (several years. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 230.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 230.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, sir. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD 0 Tw (Professor? )Tj T* 0.106 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.7196 210.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.0551 210.9999 Tm 0.106 Tw (. With respect, I disagree with Mr. Rivkin. It doesnt )Tj -6.7055 -1 TD 0.114 Tw (make sense to me that the tapes needed to be destroyed to protect )Tj T* 0.112 Tw (identities. You have alluded to one possibility of redacting, but the )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (other basic possibilitythere was no indication that they wanted )Tj T* 0.076 Tw (to share this with anybody. If they were worried about a leakand )Tj T* 0.21 Tw (the CIA protects a lot of classified informationif you had tapes )Tj T* (at an overseas location, then have the tape moved back to head-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (quarters, as Ms. Jackson Lee said, put it in a safe in the Directors )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (office. If a tape is not safe in the Central Intelligence Agency, in )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (the office of the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, we are )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (in trouble. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00063)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 239 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 241 0 obj << /Length 4863 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (60 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.234 Tw (A historical note is you remember with the Bay of Pigs, there )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (was a very controversial Inspector General investigation that was )Tj T* 0.206 Tw (done internally. The Director of Central Intelligence at that time )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (didnt want this leaking and didnt want it well-known. The Direc-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (tor of Central Intelligence said, We will take back the copies of the )Tj T* 0.178 Tw (report. I will keep one. I will put it in the safe. And it was safe )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for a long period of time. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.082 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4796 571 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.6632 571 Tm 0.082 Tw (. From Ranking Member Smiths testimony, assuming )Tj -6.2663 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (it be entirely accurateand I have no reason to believe otherwise )Tj T* 0.226 Tw (waterboarding apparently is a very successful or effective tool at )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ferreting out information. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.31 Tw (And is there any other techniques that you all know of that )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (might be just as effective but within the law? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.946 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 193.1196 510.9999 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 218.1512 510.9999 Tm 0.946 Tw (. I personally have serious problems with )Tj -7.1151 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (waterboarding. I think it is a very difficult thing to justify. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.154 Tw (The thing that concerns me, Congressmanand I think it is an )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.298 Tw (excellent questionis the critics are painting everything with a )Tj T* 0.1 Tw (broad brush. If we were to adopt the procedures in the Army Field )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (Manual, no coercive technique of any kindincluding sleep depri-)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (vation, even in modest amounts; temperature manipulation, even )Tj T* 0.196 Tw (in modest amountswould be tolerated. That would take us way )Tj T* 0 Tw (beyond. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.056 Tw (Look, everybody agrees, I dont know anybody who holds a candle )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (for torture or even for cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (We are talking about things way below that level. And if we are )Tj T* 0.164 Tw (going to do that, I agree with one fundamental respect, lets have )Tj T* 0.07 Tw (an honest debate as a society, as a country, to say we are not going )Tj T* 0.162 Tw (to sully our hands with any kind of coercive techniques. And lets )Tj T* 0.152 Tw (also explain to the American people why it is okay to do it to our )Tj T* 0.118 Tw (own personnel in the course of training, why it is okay to have co-)Tj T* 0.332 Tw (ercion in penitentiaries and police stations, different doses, but )Tj T* 0.226 Tw (here there would be one coercion-free corner in the entire public )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (sphere for interrogating combatants. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.062 Tw (If you can make the case where American people buy into it, that )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (is fine. What worries me is the case is not being made and is being )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (done through indirection. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 280.9999 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 280.9999 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Yes, sir. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD 0 Tw (Professor? )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.3396 260.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.6751 260.9999 Tm 0.068 Tw (. Congressman, I agree that we should have a special )Tj -6.6675 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (program for the CIA, that we may need some enhanced techniques. )Tj T* 0.192 Tw (Where we are going to disagree or where the discussion goes are )Tj T* 0.116 Tw (what sort of techniques will we allow. And I am fortunate to be in )Tj T* 0.136 Tw (the middle, I am right down the middle there with the Chairman. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.304 Tw (I think where the discussion will get very interesting for en-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.504 Tw (hanced techniques that we allow the CIA to use is not on )Tj T* 0.156 Tw (waterboarding. I think most of us will agree we are going to take )Tj T* 0.346 Tw (waterboarding off the table. But what about sleep deprivation? )Tj T* 0.134 Tw (Menachem Begin, who was the leader of Israel, was tortured him-)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (self, and he said that, of all the techniques, the most defective was )Tj T* 0.062 Tw (depriving him of sleep. He said that the quest for sleep is far great-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (er than the need for food or water. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (And we would figure outthis is something you cant do in the )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (criminal justice system. You cant keep somebody up for a day or )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (2 to try to find out whether they robbed the bank. But perhaps for )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00064)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 242 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 244 0 obj << /Length 4974 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (61 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.224 Tw (this interrogation and detention program that we allow the CIA, )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (perhaps this is something that is going to be acceptable. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.096 Tw (I havent made up my mind, but I would like to hear the debate. )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.086 Tw (And the effects of sleep deprivation we know are different from the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (effects of some of these other techniques. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.2396 591 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.4232 591 Tm 0.058 Tw (. Professor, let me ask you this. You suggested in your )Tj -6.2423 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (testimony maybe some type of FISA court to determine what might )Tj T* 0.088 Tw (be proper techniques. Are you satisfied with the FISA courts juris-)Tj T* 0.29 Tw (diction and their powers, that they are sufficient to protect the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (American public? Because they have a very limited scope. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.078 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.4396 541 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 213.7751 541 Tm 0.078 Tw (. They have limited scope, but we dont have any evi-)Tj -6.6775 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (dence that any information is leaked from the FISA court, that it )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (does provide some sort of review. It is close, and we dont have peo-)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (ple advocating on behalf of the person that might be surveilled. We )Tj T* 0.158 Tw (may need to adjust the statute, I think we probably would, to set )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (up some FISA-type court for interrogation. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.206 Tw (And where I would goand I have laid this out in articlesis )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (I might put an annual cap on how many people can into the pro-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (gram. I might have an ombudsman in the special court, not a de-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (fense lawyer, to protect the classified information, but to have some )Tj T* 0.066 Tw (more of a check to figure out whether this is someone who deserves )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to be in the program or not. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.086 Tw (And perhaps with a FISA-type court, we could have the court re-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (viewing what sort of techniques are permissible or not. It is not full )Tj T* 0.326 Tw (oversight, but it is something better than complete black sites, )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (which I am opposed to. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.2396 381 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.4232 381 Tm 0.058 Tw (. And I appreciate what you suggested, because I have )Tj -6.2423 -1 TD 0.128 Tw (thought we do have to have certain techniques to be able to ferret )Tj T* 0.102 Tw (out information and protect our people. At the same time, we have )Tj T* 0.122 Tw (to respect our laws. And one of the major conflicts is, if we permit )Tj T* 0.208 Tw (something, the other countries may use it against our own folks. )Tj T* (And certainly Senator McCain, who was a prisoner of war, could )Tj T* 0.09 Tw (have been subjected to, and probably was, different techniques. We )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (want to protect our folks. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (If we have a court that decides these thingsand a FISA court )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.126 Tw (would be not so publicized and not so public. And I am not saying )Tj T* 0.084 Tw (that al-Qaeda or Iraq or whoever is going to say, Oh, America lets )Tj T* 0.17 Tw (this happen, so we will; if they dont, we wont. How can we say )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (that, if we have these courts, that some other country wont have )Tj T* 0.198 Tw (a court, and how can we have faith in their courts to have rules )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that protect our folks? )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.0396 230.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ADSAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 214.3751 230.9999 Tm 0.138 Tw (. Congressman, I recognize that I am trying to have )Tj -6.7375 -1 TD 0.188 Tw (it both way ways, that I want to have a very limited program to )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (allow some techniques that are not permitted in the criminal jus-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (tice system, that I would not permit to the Department of Defense. )Tj T* 0.086 Tw (And I would hope, by containing it and having additional oversight )Tj T* 0.144 Tw (through this special court, that we could prevent those arguments )Tj T* 0.092 Tw (from being made that you suggested, that if one of our service peo-)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (ple falls into the hands of the enemy, that we dont want the argu-)Tj T* 0.182 Tw (ment that this technique, whether it is sleep deprivation or some )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (enhanced technique, is permissible. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.114 Tw (I am trying to cabin this off to say that we may need aggressive )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.284 Tw (techniques on someone like Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the pre-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (sumed mastermind of 9/11. We may need them on Abu Zubaydah. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00065)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 245 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 247 0 obj << /Length 5043 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (62 )Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.164 Tw (But we dont want this to spread to Guantanamo, to Abu Ghraib. )Tj 0 -1 TD 0.18 Tw (I am trying to carve out an exception and maintain it within the )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (rule of law. It is difficult, but I dont know of a better solution. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.182 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.4796 611 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 210.5112 611 Tm 0.182 Tw (. You guys forget one point. There is legal basis )Tj -5.3511 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.5596 601 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.527 601 Tm 0.19 Tw (. Could we let Ms. Massimino have the last word, )Tj -7.3527 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. Cohen? )Tj 1 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 581 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 581 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Yes, sir. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.5895 571 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.2529 571 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. )Tj -7.2253 -1 TD 0.262 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.2796 561 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 221.247 561 Tm 0.262 Tw (. Before we do that, I didnt want to cut off Mr. )Tj -7.4247 -1 TD 0 Tw (Rivkin. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Mr. R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 541 Tm 0 Tw (IVKIN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.2112 541 Tm 0.052 Tw (. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for your indulgence. )Tj -5.2211 -1 TD 0.178 Tw (There is a very simple legal basis to have your cake and eat it )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.216 Tw (too, which is when you deal with lawful enemy combatants who, )Tj T* 0.294 Tw (upon capture, become POWs, you cannot use any coercive tech-)Tj T* 0.218 Tw (niques whatsoever. When you deal with unlawful enemy combat-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (ants, the entitlement is a great deal less, entitled to humane treat-)Tj T* 0.226 Tw (ment. You cannot torture them, but you certainly can use stress )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (techniques that fall below that level. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (Ms. M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 186.7095 460.9999 Tm 0 Tw (ASSIMINO)Tj 10 0 0 10 229.3729 460.9999 Tm 0.064 Tw (. Thank you. I just want to correct one impression )Tj -8.2373 -1 TD 0.188 Tw (about sleep deprivation and what Menachem Begin said about it, )Tj T* 0.132 Tw (and that was that he would have said anything in order to get an )Tj T* 0.094 Tw (hour of sleepnot that he would have told the truth, but he would )Tj T* 0.238 Tw (have said anything. And that is the problem with a lot of these )Tj T* 0 Tw (techniques. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (I also want to say I am not an interrogations expert, but I would )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.242 Tw (commend to you, Mr. Cohen, the letter from 35 retired flag and )Tj T* 0.172 Tw (general officers, including six four-star officers of each of the four )Tj T* 0.238 Tw (branches of service. And these are not flower children. They are )Tj T* 0.076 Tw (combat-hardened men, all men who have overseen troops who have )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (had to face very dangerous enemies. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.206 Tw (And they say in their letter, The Field Manual is the product )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.114 Tw (of decades of practical experience and was updated last year to re-)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (flect lessons learned from the current conflict. Interrogation meth-)Tj T* 0.188 Tw (ods authorized by the Field Manual have proven effective in elic-)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (iting vital intelligence from dangerous enemy prisoners. Some have )Tj T* 0.2 Tw (argued that the Field Manual rules are too simplistic for civilian )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (interrogators. We reject that argument. Interrogation methods au-)Tj T* 0.244 Tw (thorized in the Field Manual are sophisticated and flexible. And )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (the principles reflected in the Field Manual are values that no U.S. )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (agencies should violate. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.12 Tw (This idea that we can somehow cabin it, a little bit of torture or )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (something less than torture, only in certain circumstances, only by )Tj T* 0.174 Tw (certain people, is a fantasy. That is exactly what the Administra-)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (tion tried to do. I dont believe that the Administration set out to )Tj T* 0.148 Tw (have Abu Ghraib happen or to have there be widespread abuse of )Tj T* 0.284 Tw (prisoners: 100 deaths in custody, 34 homicides, eight people lit-)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (erally tortured to death. I do not believe that that was the intent )Tj T* 0.168 Tw (of this Administration. But it happened because there was a sim-)Tj T* 0.062 Tw (plistic belief that you could do a little bit here, a little bit there and )Tj T* 0.166 Tw (not, as Senator McCain pointed out, change who we are as a Na-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tion. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.122 Tw (That is where we are right now. This is not a theoretical debate )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.206 Tw (that we are having. We are in that hole right now, and whether )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (we stay there or climb out is largely up to you all. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00066)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 248 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 250 0 obj << /Length 2919 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (63 )Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.052 Tw (Thank you. )Tj 0 -1 TD (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 184.1796 631 Tm 0 Tw (OHEN)Tj 10 0 0 10 209.3632 631 Tm 0.052 Tw (. I would like to thank the panel. )Tj -5.2363 -1 TD 0.21 Tw (And I would also like to suggest to the Chair and Members of )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (the Committeeand I respect the Members of the Committee, and )Tj T* 0.222 Tw (serving with them, just as with the Chairman, has been a great )Tj T* 0.26 Tw (honor this year. This Committee, particularly on my side of the )Tj T* 0.058 Tw (aisle, has some outstanding Americans who believe in the Constitu-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tion, and so it is so special to serve here. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (I think we have learned a couple of things today. First of all, )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.25 Tw (sleep deprivation is a very effective tool. And the Senate should )Tj T* 0.266 Tw (have gone ahead and let the Republicans filibuster. Maybe they )Tj T* 0.228 Tw (would have said some things that they shouldnt that we should )Tj T* 0.204 Tw (have heard over the last year. And they should think about that )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for next year. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.12 Tw (And the second thing is, Mr. Chairman, as I look at the Depart-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (ment of Justice again having an empty seat, I think back upon this )Tj T* 0.266 Tw (year when this Committee saw officials from the Department of )Tj T* 0.138 Tw (Justice, particularly Ms. Miers, not show up before this panel and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (not bring information. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.17 Tw (And I hope at the beginning of the next year we will bring our )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.232 Tw (contempt citation to the floor and show this Administration that )Tj T* 0.068 Tw (this Committee and this Congress is not going to take it any longer )Tj T* 0.174 Tw (and that we are going to be an independent branch, in the tradi-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (tion of John Yarmuth and the freshman, and believe Article 1 and )Tj T* 0.072 Tw (assert our power, as the American people have invested in this and )Tj T* 0.052 Tw (as we took an oath to uphold it. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Thank you, Mr. Chairman. )Tj T* 0.232 Tw (Mr. C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 185.9796 371 Tm 0 Tw (ONYERS)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.9471 371 Tm 0.232 Tw (. And I think the witnesses and all the Members )Tj -7.3947 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (and those who have joined us today. )Tj 1 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (This is an excellent beginning, and we look forward to examining )Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (the record so that we can move forward to continued hearings. )Tj 1 -1 TD (Thank you very much. )Tj T* (The Committee is adjourned. )Tj T* ([Whereupon, at 12:32 p.m., the Committee was adjourned.] )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00067)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 251 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 253 0 obj << /Length 276 >> stream BT /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00068)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 254 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 256 0 obj << /Length 810 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 298.88 111 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(65\) )Tj 12 0 0 12 259.26 587 Tm 0.0533 Tw (A P P E N D I X )Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 566.8 m 331 566.8 l S BT 10 0 0 10 191.56 546.6 Tm 0 Tw (M)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 200.9998 546.6 Tm (ATERIAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 241.3313 546.6 Tm (S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 247.6312 546.6 Tm [(UBMITTED)-412.5(FOR)-412.5(THE)]TJ 10 0 0 10 338.418 546.6 Tm (H)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 346.7478 546.6 Tm (EARING)Tj 10 0 0 10 383.3753 546.6 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 390.5952 546.6 Tm (ECORD)Tj 10 0 0 10 420.3707 546.6 Tm ( )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate Aug 31 2005 )-1076.9(15:48 Mar 17, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00069)-1076.9(Fmt 6601)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(H:\\WORK\\FULL\\122007\\39807.000)-1076.9(HJUD1)-1076.9(PsN: 39807)]TJ ET endstream endobj 257 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F6 9 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 261 0 obj << /Length 1732 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (66 )Tj 8 0 0 8 151.62 643 Tm (L)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 156.9559 643 Tm [(ETTER)-412.5(DATED)]TJ 8 0 0 8 208.1047 643 Tm (D)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 214.3286 643 Tm (ECEMBER)Tj 8 0 0 8 250.7349 643 Tm 0.0525 Tw (17, 2007, )Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 287.1584 643 Tm 0 Tw [(FROM)-412.5(THE)]TJ 8 0 0 8 326.5696 643 Tm (H)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 333.2335 643 Tm (ONORABLE)Tj 8 0 0 8 373.7998 643 Tm (J)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 378.2478 643 Tm (OHN)Tj 8 0 0 8 396.4142 643 Tm (C)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 402.1901 643 Tm (ONYERS)Tj 8 0 0 8 430.1645 643 Tm 0.0525 Tw (, J)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 439.4803 643 Tm 0 Tw (R)Tj 8 0 0 8 444.1011 643 Tm (., )Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 451.193 643 Tm (TO)Tj 8 0 0 8 460.441 643 Tm ( )Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 148.22 634.6 Tm (THE)Tj 8 0 0 8 165.0808 634.6 Tm (H)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 171.7447 634.6 Tm (ONORABLE)Tj 8 0 0 8 212.311 634.6 Tm (M)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.0958 219.8629 634.6 Tm (ICHAEL)Tj 8 0 0 8 248.5701 634.6 Tm 0.0525 Tw (B. 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n+X~pN{M/QG/u#m]_g,z$u!!AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !ABƐzft}' / endstream endobj 140 0 obj << /Length 1028 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream HrH~ f۠ dA&;x)K2Hbi^a1'5e/8%B4׍uoo?U};y }*{TnGgugIlZoyuC܆2%}]eƸY[kro}iVJtŭÔRe;efӜD٢7EUZZ6}l (vr15sxN\xdp?#w䏸' `j8>7]>zv.}l]*X~pNg#:~6Q_Μ߳řׁ !AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !ACzye޷WyB+ endstream endobj 135 0 obj << /Length 1029 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream HnHvqDݪIұ bi_aBдZ%woMjgӲ};ͫؖ i.0̲"_m&Z+ѭSJ9;w S?M"Ou]gbUiMl\P8bj(y詞鲩+ϳpR-fiV;z^OzγiD|7òf̎xӦZ\U4֗jnŗ^y{a::qJeʯ P7t&ƸʋÉ.ۯyX:'OǾVǯolvqTٲmOI\y(=x>M7TIX.B2Q702槲n2O5=6OUs/ק)&z. xpY9j4>AV_^VMķ)ì餸5#8ᾄ@WP ~=+ʈ` E\CpA€XwCH?)a,.w`| bN޺I'Nhb?:6 84Ig?Oyj\M%ty_,OIGVoFX\fˤQFQ(/AZ VjFQi5jr$mUX|A51y`T m) \Qh`Q(fFQ΄Sh]N<Ⓚ(Ka0A$|}!N8'.x8`)b# >X0fkϟެ}>n+X~pN{M/QG/u#m]_g,z$u!!AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !ABƐzft}' endstream endobj 130 0 obj << /Length 1029 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream HnHvqDݪIұ bi_aBдZ%woMjgӲ};ͫؖ i.0̲"_m&Z+ѭSJ9;w S?M"Ou]gbUiMl\P8bj(y詞鲩+ϳpR-fiV;z^OzγiD|7òf̎xӦZ\U4֗jnŗ^y{a::qJeʯ P7t&ƸʋÉ.ۯyX:'OǾVǯolvqTٲmOI\y(]x>M7TIX.B2Q702槲n2O5=1OUs/ק)&z. xpY9j4>AV_^VMķ)ì餸5#8ᾄ@WP ~=+ʈ` E\CpA€XwCH?)a,.w`| bN޺I'Nhb?:6 84Ig?Oyj\M%ty_,OIGVoFX\fˤQFQ(/AZ VjFQi5jr$mUX|A51y`T m) \Qh`Q(fFQ΄Sh]N<Ⓚ(Ka0A$|}!N8'.x8`)b# >X0fkϟެ}>n+X~pN{M/QG/u#m]_g,z$u!!AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !ABƐzft}' endstream endobj 125 0 obj << /Length 1030 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream Hn8um LBD3M;%EMIj{'M$ڻ8;_WIzFEl+woB'PUx>zp=I|Vo'YyCݚ2!}v:q;:,Ȧẍ́}4U8ժraJ)rDtꇢI֝cSNtWM^V{ܔ˦oۘ͵eS-3CRG\M$]~r1O('U=9֧y8\'nE5M˹}9;0ÅNrqUhІ[_ʦ^r{^d9F):_12Rѡ^H^MAIӇ58 =_c/tN4oUُ}L^ߌh?&0.eNh̳P!cR@X0SOgywTSQ7I꧚)_{ifm់01\sl?꺜-ϥrX}a/r_}v}+&۔agxtr

> stream Hn8QTf.M;e6*$ >ҾžJ)0Ѫ;9_?>&靯$׍uoo?g}?j }*}OUfGguWs$z>+pݷ!n͎mo]eƸY[dkM>^sܬ5s&zΑ0W]\ku?̽E+ϮoED|r`> []C "< ؤG|`%\ĥLP0\6#( ~Je#4HvAUҨjcJF¨4(eb3ʍF=& , кڝDIa0NKG! }!N8'>x8`)TH1Gb$>TCv3ߵѫ7n߹[~ ?5^ӋrK2H+|Wי<^<{]AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !AB1w^7.ϣΠ endstream endobj 115 0 obj << /Length 1029 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream Hn8QTf.M;e6*$ >ҾžJ)0Ѫ;9_?>&靯$׍uoo?g}?j }*}OUfGguWs$z>+pݷ!n͎mo]eƸY[dk> stream Hn8QTf.M;e6*$ >ҾžJ)0Ѫ;9_?>&靯$׍uoo?g}?j }*}OUfGguWs$z>+pݷ!n͎mo]eƸY[dkM>^sܬ5s&zΑ0W]\ku?̽E+ϮoED|r`> []C "< ؤG|`%\ĥLP0\6#( ~Je#4HvAUҨjcJF¨4(eb3ʍF=& , кڝDIa0NKG! }!N8'>x8`)TH1Gb$>TCv3ߵѫ7n߹[~ ?5^ӋrK2H+|Wי<^<{]AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !AB1w^7.ϣ endstream endobj 104 0 obj << /Length 1029 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream Hn8){*%f.2;v5K N dbi_aNkU{wW8_?cz*Itc껼˶o&tR>WO_ӧTeEjZgEv:߭ٱ-^CP@s) .]•O\ʈ$ E<`:A{+\Q(/`(p4C9DZk|0 Zk5_ُa_np9Ll͋S_:5.g v:lq{es} "Qتrc٨ mbil0 !=jB .4HҨjUR(7F=&H0Vэ%0*[UܨQhQ*`JzF}QiQ(fu & 'кڝ$ (Ka00A!C,8 pN<82p8?R4#| X]^ƒ|Foݾs~kx?:罦#:g~6V3gy<{]AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !AB1Cb]%n,]d}{e_D0m endstream endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 1029 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream Hn8y AIHV`K6څ;ERD- rg`DGq2ṙcqB?aIE$E5ƾ^s/קɧzN,rxDsY:r>b>so%"oBrd>;UC0 I `qm o p2b3Cð9ؠOa@޻a;6Hg(EtH8i,.wqy;AtB9|j3Ρk 6ɞuMys97OY ;[ܞ8`lOxqV*rm٨ mbfZ2G+XR\ZAZZejeZV[ժs怷UGkJUHBlaRZ=VRHk:Zun;NGu ;O18a6aV {p09q@သKQ#=0|=o6z}wS^:ս/G¿9󫏴w|YϳIBB !AB !AB !AB !AB !AB !u1T͕y#6 endstream endobj 94 0 obj << /Length 1031 /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML >> stream Hn8y AIHV`K6څ;ERD- PWO_ӧTfex[y5WMb糢}3[lie]aaE6 m&ZVݕ-wRZ[w S?MM]X",>-M41k=Z.f*ڂIZm, b4a>OzڳyXG\'~EM˹}9;0B%M.Y8hÍeSeeDWY{q:*rJE׌LwPzPdyTcRfL >qy\:'K?U9}L^ߌd?& .eNp̳t0#CG |9ñøG]eIE$Ev5=}s{A[OO痧6kk X沞ub;Ml}6՗Zso%g"oBM92g}S!w}$ 67؅MM!alPǧ0 o]ðt3":|4;8n_;AtB9|j3Ρk 6ɞuMys97OY ;;܁8ŲٞPQU>ڲQ,.8 eV8¥ZVW+oC*VʴrVGUB9o֍*Z\.υV*äpzZ}Bk#L+jkuv&2@hw" , cql A'b4as‘="7rG{6&<0089769a3994f0982634211028d3a4b0>] >> startxref 7882209 %%EOF