国会记录:2006年3月2日(参议院)第1653-S1655页关于伯德先生的账单和联合决议的陈述:S。2362.建立一项法案,建立了国家监视活动委员会的法案和美国人权利;致司法委员会。伯德先生。总统先生,在总统节休会之前,我谈到了行政部门最近对国内监视的严重例子,我宣布了我的意图,宣布介绍立法,以建立一个委员会,以调查无保证窃听和监视美国公民的实例。国家安全局和政府其他部门。我不是一个孤独的声音提出有关该计划的合法性及其对守法美国公民权利的影响的问题。在不断增长的合唱中,我只有一个人(只有一个人),这是一个越来越多的合唱。自《纽约时报》打破了NSA的窃听计划的故事以来,过道两边的许多房间中的许多人都质疑无保证窃听的合法性,并呼吁调查可能违反《外国情报监视法》的行为,以及针对精神或我们受人尊敬的宪法的信件的其他违法行为。我国许多最重要的宪法学者和法学教授都表达了对NSA计划的绝对反对,理由是违反了《宪法》和《外国情报监视法》。 They agree that ``the program appears on its face''--on its face--``to violate existing law.'' These concerns have, of course, been dismissed by the same branch of Government that hatched the domestic spying program. Did you hear that? I will say it again. These concerns have been dismissed by the same branch of Government that hatched the domestic spying program. But this stonewalling--yes, that is stonewalling--this stonewalling is only part of the story. Important questions about NSA's program have been answered with strained and tenuous justifications or claims of the dire need for secrecy and, as a result, Congress's access to information has been severely--severely, severely--curtailed, by whom? By whom? Guess what, by the administration; by the administration. There are some things we do know. We know that top officials in the Department of Justice who were concerned about questions of legality and lack of oversight of the program refused to endorse continued use of the NSA's wiretapping. That isn't all. We also know because of these concerns this secret program was suspended. Do you get that? This secret program was suspended temporarily due to questions about its legality. What most Americans don't know is that FBI agents complained about the utility of the wiretapping program. Voluminous amounts of information and records that were gleaned from this secret eavesdropping program were sent from the National Security Agency to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and FBI officials repeatedly complained that they were being drowned by a river of useless information that [[Page S1654]] diverted their resources from pursuing important counterterrorism work. Such complaints raise the question of whether the domestic wiretapping program may have backfired by sending our top counterterrorism agencies on wild-goose chases, thus making our country less secure instead of making our country more secure. We know that one member of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Judge James Robertson, resigned--yes, resigned--4 days after the New York Times first detailed the NSA's warrantless--warrantless-- domestic surveillance. We know that only the chief judge of the FISA Court, the secret court charged with approving requests to conduct domestic surveillance, had any knowledge of this clandestine wiretapping program. The other judges, who are sworn to strict secrecy, learned of the program just as many of our citizens did--through reports in the press. Yes, thank God for a free press. We know that although most of the judges of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court were kept in the dark about the program, at least one of the judges was tipped off by an attorney within the Department of Justice that some of the information being presented to the court to secure warrants was improperly obtained, meaning the Government had apparently circumvented a court-ordered screening process to eliminate tainted evidence. We know that in2月28日的一封信对于参议院司法委员会主席Arlen Specter,总检察长冈萨雷斯承认,司法部对窃听的法律理由``随着时间的推移而发展''。这是什么意思?这是否意味着在首次开始监视时,NSA实际上没有法律依据来监视美国公民?这是否意味着该部门在该计划公开后必须为间谍活动提供一些法律依据?这是否意味着政府依赖用力解决方案来证明其偷偷摸摸的合理性只是一种策略 - 只是一个策略 - ``事实''''''''''''''面部节省设备旨在给予管理范围美国人的公民自由?我们知道,本周早些时候,众议院的18名成员向布什总统发了一封信,要求他任命一名特别律师调查NSA对我们公民的无权监视。众议院成员在信中指出,如果没有明确的信息来自政府,他们和整个美国都被迫主要依靠新闻报道来确定NSA活动的范围。ReportsReports由于政府没有解决这么多问题,因此绝对必须对该计划进行客观调查以及可能发生的任何违反法律的行为。我们正处于增压年度 - 我们知道,您知道,每个人都知道 - 参议院三分之一的选举年,包括来自西弗吉尼亚州的这位参议员,以及整个众议院。截至今天,参议院情报委员会拒绝对此事进行认真的调查。 But an investigation has to go forward. The efficacy of our laws and our Constitution is at stake. That is why I am proposing legislation to establish a nonpartisan commission to review and investigate domestic surveillance in America, along with serious allegations of abuse. In this way, we will be sure to safeguard our first and fourth amendment rights as enumerated in this Constitution, as well as evaluate the actual effectiveness of such programs in combating terrorist threats. James Madison wrote in his essay, ``Political Reflections,'' that ``[t]he fetters''--the fetters, f-e-t-t-e-r-s--``[t]he fetters imposed on liberty at home have ever been forged out of the weapons provided for defense against real, pretended, or imaginary dangers from abroad. No one is suggesting that the threat of terrorist attacks is anything but a real threat, and one that must be of the Congress's utmost priority. But the suggestion that the American people would be safer in their homes if they just forego their constitutionally protected rights is a deliberately deceptive assertion that may forge the fetters that bind law-abiding citizens. Make no mistake about it: It is these ill- conceived strictures that may ultimately destroy precious liberties. In fact, it is because our forefathers were fearful of re-creating the same tyrannous form of government from which many of them had fled, that the Bill of Rights--the Bill of Rights, those first 10 amendments--the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to better secure for all time--all time--the freedom from oppression that ever looms from an overly powerful executive. Get that. Get that. Let me say that again. It was because our forefathers, thank God, were fearful of re-creating the same tyrannous, the same tyrannical form of government from which many of them had fled that the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to better secure, for all time, the freedom from oppression that ever looms from an overly powerful executive. And you better believe it. You better believe it. Hear me. Hear me now. I will always speak out against an all-powerful executive, under either party. In a climate of fear, liberties have been sacrificed time and again under the guise of keeping the Nation from harm. Fear. Yes, fear is a powerful tool for manipulation; useful for easing the American people out of their liberties and into submission. Fear. When the public is confronted with a situation, real or imagined, that inspires fear, the public rightfully look to their leaders--look to their leaders, Mr. President--for protection from foreboding consequences. The claim of wartime necessity always strengthens the hands of a President. Let me say that again. The claim of wartime necessity always strengthens a President, any President, Republican or Democrat. And often facts are sealed from the prying eyes of Congress by a purported need for secrecy. But Senators, and that includes this Senator from West Virginia, Senators have a sworn duty--a sworn duty, a sworn duty--sworn right up there at that desk with their hand on the Bible--the holy Bible, the holy Bible, the holy Bible--with their hand on the Bible to check executive power. We have to be on guard every moment of every day. The executive branch, whether it be Democratic or Republican, is always reaching--always reaching, always reaching--always grabbing more power, more power, more power, and we have to be on guard. We have a sworn duty to check executive power and, as long as I live, I am going to stand for the checking of the executive power; I don't care whether it is a Democrat or Republican in the White House or an Independent. It makes no difference. We have a sworn duty. We swear. We put our hand on the Bible before God and man, and we swear to check executive power at all times--at all times--in times of crisis or otherwise. Each of us here, and there are 100 here, and each of this 100, 100 Senators, we are each bound to defend the Constitution and each bound to defend the liberties that the Constitution gives to all Americans, at all times, in times of peace and in times of war. History has shown us many times that a climate of fear can take a hefty toll on our freedoms. That is your freedoms. That is your freedoms. That is your freedoms. Worse still are liberties surrendered in vain, resulting in little added security. There is no doubt that constitutional freedoms will never be abolished in one fell swoop--never--for the American people cherish their freedoms, and they would not tolerate such a loss if they could perceive it; if they could see it coming, if they could hear it, if they could feel it, if they could perceive it. But the erosion of freedom rarely comes as an all-out frontal assault; rather, it is gradual, noxious, creeping, cloaked in secrecy and glossed over by reassurances of greater security. The American people are a people born of sacrifice, and the sacrifices that the American people are willing to endure speak well of the tenacity and the strength that makes the United States of America what it is. Some may be tempted to accept on blind faith the administration's--any administration's, any administration's--promise of increased security, and they may see it as a duty to capitulate their rights for that flimsy promise. May we all pause to reflect on the hard-won liberties--the hard-won liberties--for which earlier generations fought and [[Page S1655]] died. Remember Nathan Hale. He died. He regretted that he had but one life to give, to lose, one life to lose for his country. Remember Patrick Henry: ``Give me liberty or give me death,'' he said. John Paul Jones: ``We have only begun to fight.'' So may we all pause to reflect, as we have just done, on the hard-won liberties for which earlier generations fought and died before we easily accept convincing rhetoric. Rhetoric is cheap. Talk is cheap. To suggest that innocent Americans surrender rights to preserve freedom is a false choice. It is also a slippery slope, one that is fraught with ever more secrecy and the certainty of egregious abuses of our Bill of Rights and of our laws over time. The commission that I propose would determine how to best protect the homeland, as well as the most effective ways of gathering needed intelligence. It will examine the procedures for the NSA's use and retention of intelligence obtained without warrants, and the method and scope of dissemination of such information to other agencies. It will investigate any questions raised by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court concerning the legality of the domestic spying program. It will examine the obligation of the President--do you get that? Do you hear that, Mr. President? Republican or Democrat. It will examine the obligation of the President to brief Members of Congress-- not just one or two or three or four--on warrantless surveillance of American citizens. It will lift the fog--lift the fog--of secrecy and clandestine government activity misaimed at law-abiding citizens and perhaps, most importantly, it will shed much needed sunshine--let the sunshine in--much needed sunshine on any unlawful or unconstitutional executive--executive, executive intrusions into the lives of ordinary Americans. ______
S 2362是
第109届国会 2D会话
S. 2362
To establish the National Commission on Surveillance Activities and the Rights of Americans.
在美国参议院
March 2, 2006 伯德先生提出了以下法案;这是两次阅读的,并转交给了司法委员会
A BILL
To establish the National Commission on Surveillance Activities and the Rights of Americans. 无论是由美国国会美国参议院和众议院颁布的
第1节。短标题。
该法可能被认为是《 2006年监视活动委员会法》。
秒2. DEFINITIONS.
在此行为中
(1) the term `Commission' means the National Commission on Surveillance Activities and the Rights of Americans established under section 3;
(2)“电子监视”一词的含义与1978年《外国情报监视法》第101条(U.S.C. 1801)的第101条相同;
(3)“外国情报监视法院”一词是指根据1978年《外国情报监视法》第103(a)条规定的法院(50 U.S.C. 1803(a));
(4) the terms `pen register' and `trap and trace device' have the same meaning as in section 3127 of title 18, United States Code;
(5)“物理搜索”一词的含义与1978年《外国情报监视法》第301条(U.S.C. 1821)的第301条相同;
(6) the term `surveillance' means any electronic surveillance, physical search, use of a pen register or trap and trace device, order for the production of any tangible item, or surveillance activity for which a Federal or State government agent is required to obtain a warrant, before or after engaging in the activity; and
(7)“无保证监视计划”一词是指任何联邦或州机构在美国在美国进行的无保证监视计划。
秒3.建立佣金。
在立法部门建立了国家监视活动委员会以及美国人进行调查和研究政府行动的权利,以了解美国在美国境内进行的无保证监视以及情报活动,以及任何程度(如果有任何程度)任何联邦,州或地方政府机构或联邦,州或地方政府雇用的任何人从事非法,不当或不道德的活动。
秒4.目的。
委员会的目的是 -
(1) examine and report upon the facts, causes, and use of executive authority relating to any warrantless surveillance conducted inside the United States that occurred after September 11, 2001, by the National Security Agency or any other Federal or State agency, and the extent to which any illegal, improper, or unethical activities were engaged in by any agency or by any person, acting either individually or in combination with others, in carrying out any surveillance activities;
(2)检查美国境内进行的任何无保证监视的起源和操作,包括收集,处理,分析,传播和保留情报信息;
(3)关于任何无权监视计划的任何宪法,法定和监管基础的报告,包括所有总统命令和授权,以及有关司法部所提供的任何无权监视计划的所有意见,指示或指导,中央中央局长情报,国家情报部主任,国家安全局,国防部,联邦政府的任何部门,办公室或机构及其任何下属办公室或官员,以书面形式或口头上;
(4)检查对任何无权监视计划的任何定期审查,包括国家安全局监察长,司法部或任何其他联邦机构进行的所有审查;
(5) gather any information regarding questions raised by any judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court regarding any warrantless surveillance program or the utilization of intelligence collected under such program, and any response by the Department of Justice to any such inquiries, including any temporary cessation of such surveillance activities;
(6) investigate any participation by, or use of the facilities or personnel of, United States electronic communications providers in warrantless surveillance conducted inside the United States, including the origin of certifications or representations provided to such providers concerning the legal authority for their cooperation;
(7) ascertain, evaluate, and report on the evidence developed by all relevant governmental agencies regarding any facts or circumstances that may have violated the separation of powers enumerated in the Constitution of the United States, including--
(A) article I, sections 1 and 8 of the Constitution of the United States; and
(b)第三条,《美国宪法》第1条和第2条;
(8)确定和评估任何潜在的违规行为,包括违反《美国宪法》第一,第四和第十四修正案;
(9)调查并报告任何违反《外国情报监视法》(美国法典第50卷第1801卷及以下)或任何其他适用法律的行为;
(10)审查总统有措施向所有国会议员介绍美国公民在美国境内进行的无权监视的职责;
(11)基于对其他实体的调查,并通过审查 -
(A) any investigation by a Committee of the Senate or the House of Representatives; and
(B) other executive branch, congressional, or independent commission investigations into the warrantless surveillance conducted inside the United States;
(12) make a full and complete accounting of the circumstances surrounding warrantless surveillance conducted inside the United States, including an assessment of its effectiveness in protecting the United States from terrorism;
(13)对任何联邦,州或地方政府机构或联邦,州或地方政府雇用的任何人使用任何拨款资金进行全面而完整的核算;和
(14) investigate and report to the President and Congress on its findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures that should be taken regarding any violations of any law dealing with intelligence gathering, and to prevent future violations.
秒5.佣金组成。
(a)成员 - 委员会应由14名成员组成,其中 -
(1)1名应担任委员会主席的成员应由参议院多数党领袖任命,并与众议院多数党领袖协商;
(2) 1 member, who shall serve as Vice Chairman of the Commission, shall be appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate, in consultation with the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives;
(3)1名成员应由参议院司法委员会主席任命;
(4) 1成员应当由排名Mem任命ber of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate;
(5)1名成员应由参议院情报精神委员会主席任命;
(6) 1 member shall be appointed by the Vice Chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate;
(7) 1 member shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives;
(8)1名成员应由众议院司法委员会的排名成员任命;
(9) 1 member shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives;
(10) 1 member shall be appointed by the Ranking Member of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives;
(11) 1 member shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;
(12) 1成员应当由排名我任命mber of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;
(13) 1 member shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and
(14)1名成员应由众议院拨款委员会等级成员任命。
(b)任命日期 - 委员会的所有成员的任命不得晚于本法颁布之日起3个月的日期。
(c)资格;初次会议 -
(1)非政府任命者 - 任命委员会的个人可能不是联邦政府或任何州或地方政府的官员或雇员。
(2)其他资格 - 任命为委员会的个人应该是著名的美国公民,在法律,情报聚会和外交事务等职业中,应有认可和丰富的经验。
(3) INITIAL MEETING- The Commission shall meet and begin the operations of the Commission as soon as practicable.
(d) Quorum; Vacancies- After its initial meeting, the Commission shall meet upon the call of the Chairman or a majority of its members. Six members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum. Any vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made.
秒6. FUNCTIONS OF COMMISSION.
The functions of the Commission are to--
(1) conduct an investigation that--
(a)调查与美国在美国境内进行的所有无权监视事件有关的相关事实和情况,包括任何相关立法,行政命令,法规,计划,政策,实践或程序;和
(b)可能包括与 -
(i) intelligence agencies and intelligence gathering;
(ii) the Authorization for Use of Military Force, (Public Law 107-40; 50 U.S.C. 1541 note), as a justification for warrantless surveillance conducted inside the United States;
(iii)在美国在联邦法律矛盾的情况下,任何使用拨款资金在美国境内进行的无权监视;
(iv)外国情报监视法院的管辖权是出于在美国境内进行监视的目的发布逮捕令;
(v)国会监督和资源分配的作用;
(vi) possible legislative initiatives that could strengthen the use of lawful surveillance conducted inside the United States in effectively protecting national security, while preserving constitutional checks and balances and liberties; and
(vii)由委员会询问的其他领域和私营部门的其他领域;和
(2)向总统和国会提交本法所要求的报告,其中包含此类调查结果,结论和建议,包括委员会确定,包ReportsReports括提议组织,协调,计划,管理安排,程序,规则和法规。
秒7. POWERS OF COMMISSION.
(a) In General-
(1)听证和证据 - 委员会或委员会的授权,任何小组委员会或其成员,可能是为了执行本法的目的 -
(A) hold such hearings and sit and act at such times and places, take such testimony, receive such evidence, administer such oaths; and
(B) subject to paragraph (2)(A), require, by subpoena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memoranda, papers, and documents, as the Commission or such designated subcommittee or designated member may determine advisable.
(2)子poenas-
(a)发行 -
(i)总体上 - 仅根据本小节发布传票 -
(I) by the agreement of the Chairman and the Vice Chairman; or
(ii)委员会8位成员的肯定投票。
(ii) SIGNATURE- Subject to clause (i), subpoenas issued under this subsection may be issued under the signature of the Chairman or any member designated by a majority of the Commission, and may be served by any person designated by the Chairman or by a member designated by a majority of the Commission.
(b)执法 - 在征服或未能遵守传票的情况下,向美国地方法院颁发了司法区的美国地方法院,该地区被传票居住,送达或可能被发现或可能被发现,或者传票是可返回的,可能会发行要求该人出现在任何指定地点的命令,以作证或制作纪录片或其他证据。任何未能遵守法院命令的人都可以被法院惩罚,以蔑视该法院。
(b)签约 - 委员会可以在拨款法中规定的范围内并以此类款项签订合同,以使委员会能够根据本法履行其职责。
(c)联邦机构的信息 -
(1)总体上 - 委员会被授权直接从任何执行部门,机构,董事会,委员会,办公室,办公室,独立机构或工具中获得联邦政府,信息,建议,估计和统计的目的这种行为。每个部门,局,机构,董事会,委员会,办公室,独立机构或工具应在法律授权的范围内,根据主席,直接向委员会提供此类信息,建议,估计和统计信息,并由主席,由大多数委员会或大多数委员会指定的任何成员创建的小组委员会主席。
(2)收据,处理,存储和传播 - 仅应由委员会成员及其工作人员及其所有适用的法规,法规和执行命令收到,处理,存储和传播。
(d)联邦机构的协助 -
(1) GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION- The Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission on a reimbursable basis administrative support and other services for the performance of the Commission's functions.
(2)其他部门和机构 - 除了第(1)款规定的援助外,美国的部门和机构还可以向委员会提供此类服务,资金,设施,员工和其他支持服务正如法律授权的那样。
(e)邮政服务 - 委员会可以在与美国部门和机构相同的条件下使用美国邮件。
秒8. NONAPPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT.
(a) In General- The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Commission.
(b) Public Meetings and Release of Public Versions of Reports- The Commission shall--
(1) hold public hearings and meetings to the extent appropriate; and
(2)发布第12节(a)和(b)所需的报告的公共版本。ReportsReports
(c) Public Hearings- Any public hearings of the Commission shall be conducted in a manner consistent with the protection of information provided to or developed for or by the Commission as required by any applicable statute, regulation, or Executive order.
秒9. STAFF OF COMMISSION.
(a) In General-
(1)任命和赔偿 - 主席与副主席协商并根据委员会同意的规则,可以任命并确定工作人员董事的赔偿和其他人员,以使委员会能够使委员会能够执行其职能,而无需考虑标题5的规定,美国法典,竞争服务中的任命,也不考虑第51章和第53章的规定,该标题的第53章与分类和一般时间表付费有关费率除外,根据本款规定的固定固定率可能会超过该职位根据美国法典第5条第5316条的第五级在第V级的职位上应支付的费用。
(2)作为联邦雇员的人员 -
(a)总的来说 - 委员会的执行董事和任何雇员的人员应为美国法典第5条第2105条,出于第63、81、81、83、84、85、87、87、89,89a,89b和90个标题。
(b)委员会成员(a)委员会不得解释为委员会成员。
(b)细节 - 任何联邦政府雇员都可以在委员会的情况下向委员会详细介绍,而该详细信息应保留其正常工作的权利,地位和特权而不会中断。
(c)顾问服务 - 委员会被授权根据美国法典第5条第3109条采购专家和顾问的服务美国法典第5条第5315条的执行时间表。
秒10. COMPENSATION AND TRAVEL EXPENSES.
(a)薪酬 - 委员会的每个成员都可以以不超过每日同等的基本工资税率的赔偿金对于该成员实际履行委员会职责的每一天。
(b) Travel Expenses- While away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Commission, members of the Commission shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in the same manner as persons employed intermittently in the Government service are allowed expenses under section 5703(b) of title 5, United States Code.
秒11. SECURITY CLEARANCES FOR COMMISSION MEMBERS AND STAFF.
The appropriate Federal departments or agencies shall cooperate with the Commission in expeditiously providing to the Commission members and staff appropriate security clearances to the extent possible under the relevant procedures and requirements, except that no person shall be provided with access to classified information under this Act without the appropriate security clearances.
秒12.佣ReportsReports金报告;终止。
(a) Interim Reports- The Commission shall submit to the President and Congress interim reports containing such findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures as have been agreed to by a majority of Commission members.
(b) Final Report- Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall submit to the President and Congress a final report containing such findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures as have been agreed to by a majority of Commission members.
(c)分类信息 - 根据第(a)或(b)款提交的每个报告应为未分类的形式,但可能包括一个分类的附件。
(d) Termination-
(1)总体 - 委员会和本法的所有当局应在根据(b)款提交最终报告的日期后60天终止。
(2)终止前的行政活动 - 委员会可以使用第(1)款中提到的60天期间为目的进行活动,包括向国会委员会提供有关其报告的证词并分发最终报告。ReportsReports
秒13. FUNDING.
(a)授权授权 - 有权拨款进行此法案所必需的款项。
(b)委员会根据(a)款提供的可用额 - 应在委员会终止之前可用。
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