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327.216 294.456 c 327.17 294.275 l 327.081 294.306 327.021 294.425 326.917 294.306 c 326.886 294.171 l 326.796 294.365 326.601 294.08 326.63 294.125 c 326.15 293.72 326.181 294.186 325.701 294.125 c 325.88 294.306 l 325.956 294.246 l 325.896 294.531 326.256 294.425 326.376 294.606 c 326.42 294.56 l 326.676 294.635 327.035 295.161 327.426 295.325 c 327.921 295.341 327.711 295.595 328.222 295.747 c 328.401 296 l 328.476 295.926 l 328.476 296.152 l 328.507 296.167 328.521 296.136 328.536 296.106 c 328.536 296.512 l 328.041 296.616 328.162 296.152 327.711 296.106 c 327.532 296.136 327.501 295.94 327.276 295.865 c 326.9 295.641 326.69 295.655 326.241 295.325 c 326.195 295.356 l 326.106 295.401 326.015 295.04 325.956 295.325 c 325.986 295.325 326 295.296 326.015 295.281 c 326.015 295.46 326.27 295.46 326.27 295.612 c 326.316 295.566 l 326.181 295.73 326.511 295.821 326.526 295.865 c 326.451 295.926 l 326.856 296.227 l 326.811 296.181 l 326.842 296.121 326.917 296.167 326.96 296.152 c 327.066 296.331 l 327.095 296.287 l 327.351 296.512 l 327.351 296.437 l 327.457 296.616 327.846 296.512 327.817 296.826 c 327.891 296.676 328.026 296.826 328.072 296.871 c 328.056 297.067 328.206 297.096 328.357 297.127 c 328.326 297.156 l 328.507 297.202 l 328.581 297.231 l 328.446 297.382 328.717 297.501 328.866 297.592 c 328.987 297.576 329.151 297.831 329.332 297.846 c 329.587 297.846 329.677 298.116 330.097 298.162 c 330.051 298.207 l 330.172 298.387 330.413 298.131 330.487 298.417 c 330.667 298.432 330.562 298.251 330.592 298.162 c f 326.06 296.616 m 326.241 296.362 325.88 296.661 325.986 296.406 c 325.88 296.406 l 325.88 296.256 l 325.805 296.362 325.701 296.181 325.73 296.152 c 325.761 296.256 325.551 295.971 325.445 295.926 c 325.416 295.612 l 325.416 295.865 l 325.37 295.836 325.341 295.581 325.341 295.537 c 325.31 295.581 l 324.95 295.431 325.085 295.266 324.875 295.115 c 324.68 295.266 324.875 294.905 324.62 294.936 c 324.35 294.77 324.456 294.651 324.125 294.531 c 323.93 294.275 323.9 294.321 323.689 294.036 c 323.765 293.961 l 323.585 294.036 l 323.539 293.915 l 323.51 293.961 l 323.254 293.735 l 323.225 293.78 l 323.18 293.631 l 323.074 293.675 l 323.119 293.465 322.805 293.631 322.864 293.421 c 322.849 293.3 322.67 293.269 322.564 293.269 c 322.61 293.24 l 322.444 293.346 322.309 293.18 322.279 293.09 c 322.249 293.134 l 322.144 293.015 l 322.205 292.955 l 321.843 292.924 321.889 292.82 321.604 293.015 c 321.619 293.24 322.069 293.315 322.205 293.525 c 322.444 293.556 322.67 293.976 322.97 293.961 c 322.909 294.246 323.165 294.246 323.329 294.425 c 323.645 294.666 324.005 294.965 324.26 295.146 c 324.229 295.115 l 324.651 295.011 324.304 295.416 324.516 295.581 c 324.364 295.655 324.229 295.581 324.05 295.506 c 324.005 295.401 l 323.944 295.476 l 323.9 295.385 323.795 295.431 323.795 295.325 c 323.87 295.25 l 323.795 295.236 323.539 295.356 323.539 295.115 c 323.42 295.266 323.344 294.965 323.36 295.04 c 323.285 295.071 323.044 294.786 322.895 294.786 c 322.924 294.816 l 322.984 294.741 l 322.97 294.71 l 322.924 294.755 l 322.864 294.681 l 322.924 294.606 l 322.789 294.381 322.61 294.786 322.504 294.456 c 322.458 294.246 l 322.325 294.35 l 322.279 294.215 l 321.874 294.321 322.009 293.961 321.529 293.885 c 321.558 293.855 l 321.348 293.826 321.363 293.57 321.124 293.706 c 321.228 293.87 321.348 294.051 321.348 294.215 c 321.379 294.171 l 321.469 294.23 321.334 294.635 321.604 294.5 c 321.664 294.425 l 321.739 294.635 l 321.785 294.635 321.799 294.531 321.889 294.575 c 321.92 294.786 l 321.92 294.755 l 322.294 295.175 322.745 295.161 323.225 295.537 c 323.404 295.476 l 323.435 295.506 323.375 295.612 323.51 295.581 c 323.539 295.537 l 323.645 295.595 323.464 295.956 323.645 295.971 c 323.614 295.926 l 323.674 295.865 l 323.56 295.48 324.053 296.127 324.185 296.227 c 324.154 296.181 l 324.169 296.121 324.246 296.167 324.29 296.152 c 324.335 296.256 l 324.364 296.227 l 324.335 296.241 l 324.41 296.316 l 324.439 296.287 l 324.395 296.256 l 324.56 296.092 324.53 296.42 324.695 296.362 c 324.68 296.316 324.74 296.287 324.755 296.256 c 324.845 296.241 324.905 296.287 324.98 296.331 c 324.875 296.406 l 324.95 296.331 325.04 296.331 325.115 296.406 c 325.1 296.376 l 325.055 296.406 l 325.085 296.437 l 325.16 296.362 l 325.22 296.391 325.175 296.466 325.19 296.512 c 325.416 296.406 l 325.416 296.541 l 325.58 296.556 325.776 296.676 325.986 296.616 c 326.06 296.616 l f 320.764 294.89 m 320.704 294.921 320.644 294.635 320.764 294.575 c 320.629 294.575 l 320.629 294.456 l 320.583 294.5 l 320.538 294.051 320.253 294.23 320.403 293.81 c 320.344 293.66 320.178 293.901 320.193 293.675 c 320.224 293.556 l 320.074 293.39 319.879 293.269 319.729 293.09 c 319.683 292.924 319.233 292.955 319.473 292.625 c 319.908 292.475 l 319.864 292.444 l 319.983 292.369 l 320.043 292.475 l 320.133 292.34 320.284 292.325 320.403 292.415 c 320.374 292.444 l 320.509 292.43 320.839 292.504 320.914 292.369 c 320.824 292.205 321.003 292.115 320.839 292.055 c 320.808 292.084 l 320.779 291.86 320.403 291.845 320.479 291.619 c 320.359 291.65 320.268 291.409 320.344 291.469 c 320.313 291.484 320.299 291.515 320.268 291.515 c 320.224 291.469 l 320.299 291.394 l 320.089 291.319 319.968 290.9 319.729 290.75 c 319.983 290.524 320.224 290.509 320.523 290.314 c 320.583 290.434 l 320.583 290.388 320.583 290.344 320.629 290.314 c 320.793 290.509 320.989 290.419 321.169 290.388 c 321.184 290.21 320.899 290.058 320.764 289.894 c 320.733 289.923 l 320.704 289.609 320.374 289.833 320.299 289.563 c 320.268 289.654 320.149 289.654 320.089 289.594 c 320.089 289.443 319.954 289.488 319.864 289.459 c 319.908 289.488 l 319.773 289.503 319.744 289.399 319.652 289.353 c 319.818 289.174 320.074 289.083 320.164 288.948 c 320.224 289.023 l 320.268 288.919 320.463 288.738 320.523 288.919 c 320.494 288.888 320.463 288.873 320.479 288.844 c 320.764 288.828 320.959 288.753 321.244 288.483 c 321.244 288.229 l 320.943 288.303 320.854 287.988 320.448 287.944 c 320.403 287.838 l 320.253 288.094 319.939 287.763 319.908 287.763 c 319.758 287.553 320.043 287.508 320.164 287.329 c 320.224 287.329 l 320.209 287.312 320.178 287.298 320.193 287.252 c 320.448 287.223 l 320.434 287.208 320.403 287.177 320.403 287.148 c 320.673 287.117 320.793 286.998 321.064 286.832 c 321.184 286.637 321.109 286.772 321.124 286.578 c 320.839 286.653 320.733 286.593 320.583 286.473 c 320.598 286.518 320.538 286.533 320.523 286.578 c 320.569 286.547 320.074 286.398 320.224 286.427 c 320.089 286.637 319.908 286.142 319.683 286.473 c 319.578 286.398 l 319.623 286.427 l 319.578 286.473 l 319.428 286.533 l 319.833 286.098 320.118 285.587 320.299 284.987 c 320.178 285.092 319.983 284.957 320.014 284.851 c 319.968 284.987 319.848 284.882 319.758 284.882 c 319.744 284.658 319.399 285.092 319.249 284.943 c 319.143 285.138 318.783 284.912 318.708 285.092 c 318.634 285.017 l 318.573 285.092 l 318.407 285.078 318.573 284.851 318.422 284.943 c 318.289 284.537 318.979 284.147 318.783 283.756 c 318.918 283.727 318.979 283.276 318.993 283.186 c 318.813 283.006 l 318.783 283.172 318.407 283.157 318.243 283.261 c 318.168 283.037 318.212 283.367 318.093 283.261 c 318.062 283.141 l 317.913 283.292 l 317.807 283.186 l 317.732 283.261 l 317.613 282.871 317.657 282.617 317.852 282.316 c 317.732 282.045 317.852 281.792 317.777 281.596 c 317.657 281.446 317.372 281.792 317.343 281.775 c 316.923 282.346 316.982 282.586 316.728 282.962 c 316.772 283.336 316.952 283.546 316.907 283.727 c 316.982 283.907 l 317.312 283.621 l 317.478 283.772 317.582 283.847 317.553 284.043 c 317.553 284.161 l 317.807 284.012 l 318.289 284.296 317.748 284.822 317.672 285.196 c 317.672 285.271 l 318.033 285.271 l 318.002 285.257 317.973 285.227 317.987 285.196 c 318.137 285.196 318.197 285.288 318.393 285.196 c 318.453 285.377 318.438 285.587 318.318 285.782 c 318.738 285.812 318.769 285.812 319.037 286.202 c 318.918 286.412 318.678 286.248 318.678 286.502 c 318.813 286.533 318.993 286.533 319.143 286.713 c 319.249 286.938 318.528 286.938 318.962 287.252 c 319.037 287.223 319.098 287.163 319.172 287.177 c 319.158 287.329 319.158 287.493 319.353 287.464 c 319.143 287.643 319.652 288.108 319.172 288.123 c 319.143 288.212 319.263 288.333 319.353 288.303 c 319.293 288.364 l 319.384 288.243 319.384 288.439 319.428 288.483 c 319.338 288.634 319.623 289.039 319.324 289.129 c 319.307 289.023 319.218 289.054 319.068 289.023 c 318.993 289.278 319.368 289.023 319.143 289.264 c 319.249 289.669 l 319.083 289.773 318.918 289.684 318.752 289.669 c 318.858 289.983 l 318.873 289.969 318.888 289.939 318.933 289.954 c 318.993 290.029 l 318.933 290.104 l 319.158 290.135 319.083 290.405 319.143 290.598 c 319.143 290.569 318.844 290.808 318.813 290.569 c 318.827 290.598 318.798 290.615 318.783 290.644 c 318.603 290.659 318.827 290.434 318.678 290.494 c 318.663 290.569 318.212 290.104 318.212 290.494 c 318.363 290.629 318.422 290.794 318.634 290.779 c 318.634 290.885 l 318.678 290.854 l 318.873 290.854 318.723 290.974 318.813 291.064 c 318.798 291.095 318.783 291.124 318.752 291.109 c 318.708 291.184 319.128 291.8 318.678 291.829 c 318.738 291.575 318.438 291.725 318.347 291.679 c 318.499 291.935 l 318.573 291.875 318.603 292.309 318.752 292.294 c 318.798 292.369 318.858 292.475 318.858 292.654 c 318.603 292.835 318.769 292.625 318.528 292.654 c 318.603 292.579 l 318.378 292.789 318.183 292.355 318.062 292.4 c 317.958 292.265 l 317.942 292.444 317.973 292.475 318.062 292.654 c 318.033 292.625 l 318.048 292.595 318.062 292.565 318.093 292.579 c 318.168 292.654 l 318.062 292.714 318.154 292.76 318.168 292.835 c 318.137 292.806 l 318.154 292.76 318.197 292.76 318.243 292.76 c 318.154 292.984 318.289 292.864 318.318 293.09 c 318.347 293.045 l 318.393 293.151 318.468 293.375 318.422 293.556 c 318.077 293.556 318.168 293.51 317.883 293.404 c 317.777 293.421 317.763 293.076 317.553 293.045 c 317.628 293.45 l 317.672 293.404 l 317.732 293.766 l 317.807 293.706 l 317.883 293.766 l 317.763 294.02 317.958 293.915 317.958 294.125 c 318.018 294.29 318.228 294.111 318.137 294.306 c 318.243 294.41 318.347 294.41 318.422 294.425 c 318.573 294.531 l 318.528 294.485 l 318.557 294.425 318.634 294.47 318.678 294.456 c 318.617 294.606 318.948 294.575 319.037 294.531 c 319.098 294.62 318.962 294.681 319.114 294.71 c 319.218 294.666 l 318.894 294.018 319.762 295.037 319.578 294.89 c 319.563 294.83 319.594 294.606 319.623 294.575 c 319.744 294.666 319.939 294.996 320.164 294.861 c 320.164 295.236 320.868 295.056 320.764 294.89 c f 330.203 293.915 m 330.068 293.841 329.932 293.735 329.766 293.585 c 329.841 293.525 l 329.587 293.614 329.602 293.375 329.482 293.3 c 329.407 293.346 l 329.407 293.269 329.361 293.105 329.257 293.165 c 329.122 293.03 328.927 292.895 328.837 292.731 c 328.792 292.76 l 328.552 292.49 328.567 292.55 328.297 292.369 c 328.357 292.294 l 328.266 292.294 328.251 292.294 328.147 292.265 c 328.072 292.19 327.996 292.205 327.966 291.935 c 327.667 292.055 327.937 291.769 327.607 291.86 c 327.607 291.785 l 327.561 291.785 327.501 291.875 327.457 291.785 c 327.457 291.725 l 327.201 291.785 327.201 291.635 326.991 291.5 c 326.811 291.5 326.825 291.409 326.555 291.365 c 326.48 291.365 326.436 291.349 326.42 291.214 c 326.241 291.319 325.85 291.334 325.626 291.5 c 325.761 291.619 326.031 291.725 326.06 291.65 c 326.226 291.664 326.166 291.92 326.345 291.785 c 326.495 291.935 l 326.526 291.904 l 327.006 292.19 327.231 292.43 327.786 292.579 c 327.861 292.731 l 327.996 292.654 l 328.041 292.835 l 328.147 292.806 l 328.147 292.924 328.162 292.97 328.176 293.12 c 328.012 293.151 327.846 293.165 327.786 292.984 c 327.636 293.059 327.636 292.91 327.501 292.91 c 327.501 292.864 l 327.156 292.895 327.201 292.579 326.706 292.625 c 326.555 292.685 l 326.54 292.55 326.21 292.639 326.241 292.475 c 326.015 292.384 326.091 292.535 325.986 292.325 c 325.805 292.4 l 325.821 292.46 325.821 292.625 325.956 292.685 c 325.986 292.67 326 292.61 326.06 292.625 c 326.06 292.806 l 326.091 292.76 l 326.166 293.015 l 326.241 292.941 326.285 293.015 326.345 293.015 c 326.195 293.165 326.316 293.03 326.376 293.269 c 326.376 293.375 326.676 293.539 326.917 293.525 c 326.991 293.45 l 327.035 293.465 327.021 293.51 327.035 293.556 c 327.095 293.479 l 327.17 293.556 l 327.141 293.585 l 327.351 293.496 327.231 293.78 327.457 293.735 c 327.457 293.706 l 327.592 293.841 327.861 293.706 328.147 293.841 c 328.311 293.855 328.116 294.065 328.297 294.02 c 328.357 293.945 l 328.581 294.065 328.536 294.155 328.792 294.065 c 328.866 294.125 l 328.837 294.171 l 328.897 294.306 329.107 293.901 329.047 294.171 c 329.226 294.094 329.257 293.976 329.436 294.125 c 329.377 294.246 l 329.587 294.005 329.692 294.456 329.947 294.246 c 329.887 294.456 330.186 294.275 330.232 294.381 c 330.743 294.125 330.142 294.23 330.203 293.915 c f 325.566 293.09 m 325.235 292.88 325.16 292.639 325.055 292.475 c 324.98 292.55 l 324.62 292.115 l 324.591 292.159 l 324.485 292.01 l 324.439 292.055 l 324.335 291.935 l 324.335 291.694 324.005 291.92 323.975 291.65 c 323.84 291.725 323.705 291.544 323.585 291.469 c 323.585 291.394 l 323.539 291.44 l 323.404 291.59 323.389 290.989 323.15 291.259 c 323.15 291.184 l 322.999 291.139 322.82 291.035 322.639 291.004 c 322.579 291.095 322.369 290.704 322.174 290.825 c 322.039 290.825 322.069 290.839 321.889 291.035 c 322.444 291.349 322.82 291.469 323.18 291.725 c 323.165 291.694 323.194 291.679 323.225 291.65 c 323.254 291.65 l 323.18 291.8 323.464 291.875 323.51 291.935 c 323.689 292.01 323.72 292.099 323.689 292.294 c 323.36 292.294 l 323.36 292.234 l 323.329 292.265 l 323.285 292.159 l 323.254 292.325 323.03 292.13 323.105 292.159 c 322.909 292.294 323.03 291.98 322.82 292.159 c 322.774 291.739 322.67 292.22 322.384 291.98 c 322.294 291.86 321.978 291.889 321.964 291.8 c 321.995 291.754 l 321.964 291.829 321.71 291.8 321.664 291.65 c 321.664 291.559 321.679 291.694 321.633 291.694 c 321.44 291.59 321.589 291.619 321.348 291.65 c 321.454 291.754 l 321.409 291.814 321.409 291.964 321.484 292.084 c 321.604 292.13 321.768 292.294 321.964 292.265 c 321.889 292.34 l 322.13 292.444 322.234 292.535 322.458 292.444 c 322.805 292.76 323.254 292.924 323.72 292.955 c 323.689 292.91 l 323.809 292.895 324.019 293.12 324.154 292.955 c 324.185 293.09 l 324.485 292.849 324.425 293.33 324.591 293.015 c 324.77 293.165 l 324.875 292.999 324.98 293.33 325.085 293.134 c 325.055 293.225 325.295 293.24 325.341 293.134 c 325.385 293.09 l 325.385 293.24 l 325.505 293.165 325.566 293.24 325.566 293.09 c f 324.439 290.854 m 324.41 290.825 l 324.456 290.779 324.485 290.733 324.545 290.75 c 324.62 290.825 l 324.591 290.854 l 324.801 290.794 l 324.77 290.75 l 324.98 290.825 325.055 290.644 325.31 290.569 c 325.476 290.615 325.266 290.719 325.445 290.615 c 325.566 290.284 325.206 290.584 325.266 290.284 c 325.19 290.494 324.98 290.193 325.025 290.253 c 325.055 290.058 324.651 290.029 324.545 289.894 c 324.516 289.923 l 324.439 289.819 l 324.425 289.833 324.41 289.864 324.364 289.848 c 324.32 289.833 324.335 289.789 324.335 289.744 c 324.41 289.698 324.185 289.879 324.154 289.713 c 323.9 289.534 l 323.975 289.459 l 323.689 289.654 323.78 289.368 323.539 289.414 c 323.51 289.384 l 323.404 289.278 323.344 289.368 323.254 289.204 c 323.209 289.218 323.18 289.158 323.15 289.129 c 323.074 289.204 l 322.835 288.994 322.384 289.054 322.354 288.873 c 322.34 289.068 322.159 288.678 322.174 288.738 c 322.4 288.468 322.82 288.769 323.074 288.483 c 323.45 288.634 323.99 288.212 324.41 288.048 c 324.41 288.123 l 324.574 288.138 324.77 287.867 324.801 287.793 c 324.665 287.688 l 324.635 287.763 324.56 287.718 324.516 287.732 c 324.47 287.703 324.485 287.657 324.485 287.613 c 324.154 287.749 324.246 287.387 323.944 287.553 c 323.765 287.597 323.855 287.478 323.72 287.372 c 323.539 287.478 l 323.464 287.372 l 323.404 287.433 l 323.344 287.312 323.254 287.358 323.15 287.404 c 323.074 287.433 323.044 287.372 322.999 287.329 c 323.044 287.372 l 322.909 287.478 322.88 287.163 322.82 287.404 c 322.564 287.387 322.159 287.358 321.71 287.372 c 321.619 287.268 321.768 287.283 321.633 287.252 c 321.575 287.372 321.305 287.343 321.348 287.553 c 321.604 287.913 321.71 287.433 321.964 287.688 c 321.964 287.657 l 322.069 287.613 322.174 287.809 322.249 287.583 c 322.745 287.539 322.82 287.853 323.36 287.688 c 323.375 287.853 323.464 288.048 323.329 288.198 c 323.225 288.303 322.895 288.364 322.895 288.229 c 322.624 288.364 322.789 288.063 322.564 288.303 c 322.354 288.198 l 322.354 288.273 l 322.099 288.108 322.099 288.543 322.024 288.513 c 321.92 288.844 321.724 288.753 321.484 289.054 c 321.498 289.174 321.65 289.204 321.785 289.233 c 321.843 289.129 l 321.934 289.293 322.039 289.218 322.144 289.278 c 322.279 289.204 l 322.205 289.503 322.624 289.158 322.564 289.414 c 322.745 289.353 l 322.745 289.459 l 323.044 289.488 l 323.044 289.563 l 323.09 289.578 323.105 289.519 323.15 289.488 c 323.059 289.684 323.36 289.669 323.435 289.638 c 323.389 289.654 323.404 289.698 323.404 289.744 c 323.45 289.759 323.464 289.698 323.51 289.669 c 323.539 289.819 l 323.689 289.744 l 323.749 290.029 324.574 290.014 324.26 290.463 c 323.99 290.405 323.915 290.449 323.795 290.388 c 323.645 290.284 l 323.645 290.314 l 323.57 290.388 323.389 290.193 323.285 290.21 c 323.329 290.164 323.105 290.299 323.074 290.135 c 323.044 290.164 323.015 290.224 322.97 290.21 c 322.97 290.074 l 322.835 290.284 322.76 289.954 322.639 290 c 322.564 290.074 l 322.4 290.193 322.415 289.819 322.174 290 c 321.934 290.118 322.325 290.178 322.205 290.314 c 322.34 290.299 322.265 290.509 322.429 290.388 c 322.429 290.569 l 322.745 290.555 323.119 290.869 323.435 290.75 c 323.404 290.794 l 323.554 290.629 323.63 290.974 323.824 290.825 c 323.824 290.9 l 324.169 290.808 324.169 290.9 324.439 290.854 c f 327.532 290.419 m 327.952 290.615 328.432 290.104 328.792 290.029 c 328.941 289.923 329.361 289.669 329.407 289.563 c 329.317 289.384 329.182 289.534 329.016 289.264 c 329.016 289.158 l 328.927 289.264 328.702 289.143 328.717 289.129 c 328.581 289.249 328.656 289.008 328.611 289.023 c 328.507 289.129 328.417 289.083 328.297 288.979 c 328.176 288.873 l 328.162 288.919 328.116 288.904 328.072 288.904 c 328.041 288.873 l 328.116 288.798 l 327.877 288.888 327.725 288.844 327.532 288.694 c 327.397 288.769 l 327.411 288.738 327.11 288.663 326.991 288.694 c 326.96 288.663 l 327.035 288.588 l 326.615 288.784 326.601 288.439 326.27 288.513 c 325.986 288.513 l 325.986 288.439 l 325.911 288.513 325.611 288.559 325.701 288.408 c 325.235 288.588 l 325.476 288.753 325.73 288.753 325.986 289.023 c 326.06 288.948 l 326.15 289.204 326.48 288.873 326.495 289.083 c 326.555 289.023 l 326.615 289.218 326.676 288.933 326.781 289.054 c 326.781 289.083 l 326.842 288.963 326.96 289.293 327.141 289.083 c 327.532 289.428 327.621 288.919 327.861 289.488 c 327.861 289.534 327.802 289.563 327.817 289.624 c 327.636 289.624 l 327.681 289.669 l 327.426 289.609 327.322 289.804 327.095 289.594 c 327.126 289.713 326.842 289.669 326.811 289.698 c 326.765 289.503 326.466 289.819 326.376 289.669 c 326.15 289.864 325.94 289.428 325.701 289.698 c 325.416 289.459 l 325.626 289.684 325.686 289.879 325.911 290.164 c 325.986 290.104 l 326.046 290.388 326.27 290.584 326.526 290.644 c 326.917 290.449 327.17 290.733 327.532 290.419 c f 326.736 287.508 m 326.721 287.522 l 326.781 287.597 l 326.811 287.583 l 326.781 287.539 l 326.856 287.464 l 327.066 287.674 327.245 287.418 327.501 287.404 c 327.861 287.058 328.176 286.863 328.357 286.383 c 328.326 286.427 l 328.251 286.263 327.966 286.398 327.891 286.173 c 327.817 286.337 327.742 286.127 327.636 286.173 c 327.636 286.098 l 327.532 286.173 l 327.457 286.022 l 327.397 286.098 l 326.917 285.917 l 326.856 286.022 l 326.721 285.932 326.451 285.978 326.316 286.067 c 326.091 286.053 325.73 285.903 325.626 286.202 c 325.611 286.188 325.551 285.963 325.566 285.932 c 325.445 285.932 l 325.476 285.992 325.416 286.022 325.385 286.067 c 325.235 285.917 325.25 286.173 325.055 286.067 c 325.055 286.113 l 324.919 286.202 324.936 285.978 324.845 286.173 c 324.77 285.992 324.709 286.383 324.591 286.142 c 324.545 286.308 324.26 286.368 324.335 286.578 c 324.574 286.713 324.68 286.292 324.845 286.533 c 324.95 286.398 l 325.085 286.502 l 325.22 286.188 325.22 286.637 325.385 286.533 c 325.385 286.502 l 325.836 286.608 326.21 286.682 326.601 286.637 c 326.526 286.562 l 326.601 286.502 326.706 286.578 326.781 286.608 c 326.571 286.653 326.946 286.743 326.96 286.892 c 326.781 287.058 326.706 287.058 326.555 287.073 c 326.601 287.102 l 326.331 287.073 326.21 287.223 325.956 287.223 c 325.79 287.464 325.67 286.818 325.566 287.117 c 325.535 286.967 325.416 287.148 325.31 287.148 c 325.281 287.193 325.22 287.208 325.235 287.252 c 325.445 287.372 325.491 287.597 325.73 287.718 c 326.091 287.823 326.451 287.703 326.736 287.508 c f 322.429 286.757 m 322.504 286.562 322.639 286.743 322.745 286.653 c 322.97 286.682 323.119 286.202 323.404 286.292 c 323.614 286.082 323.734 286.053 323.9 285.932 c 323.87 285.887 l 323.915 285.737 324.111 285.797 324.005 285.602 c 323.944 285.677 323.72 285.271 323.51 285.423 c 323.57 285.257 323.315 285.527 323.254 285.271 c 323.165 285.527 323.119 285.257 322.97 285.317 c 322.999 285.271 l 322.745 285.392 322.265 285.227 321.964 285.242 c 321.949 285.213 321.978 285.196 321.995 285.167 c 321.829 285.362 321.679 285.152 321.558 285.348 c 321.44 285.182 321.394 285.483 321.274 285.423 c 321.095 285.423 l 321.124 285.452 l 320.914 285.572 320.899 285.437 320.764 285.782 c 321.529 285.708 l 321.514 285.693 321.484 285.677 321.484 285.633 c 321.589 285.828 321.874 285.572 321.889 285.633 c 321.964 285.572 l 321.978 285.512 322.219 285.693 322.354 285.423 c 322.504 285.527 l 322.624 285.288 322.685 285.693 322.789 285.452 c 322.82 285.572 l 322.895 285.498 l 322.849 285.647 323.134 285.708 322.999 285.857 c 323.03 285.737 322.895 285.978 322.745 286.038 c 322.34 285.978 322.4 286.113 322.069 286.248 c 321.904 286.487 322.205 286.578 322.174 286.757 c 322.309 286.653 322.4 286.743 322.429 286.757 c f 325.266 285.392 m 325.341 285.452 l 325.896 285.392 326.345 285.362 326.811 285.242 c 326.991 285.092 327.322 284.807 327.397 284.627 c 327.245 284.477 l 327.035 284.672 327.187 284.417 326.96 284.477 c 326.842 284.402 326.825 284.402 326.676 284.402 c 326.615 284.402 326.555 284.432 326.526 284.371 c 326.526 284.296 l 326.451 284.371 l 326.42 284.311 326.301 284.282 326.345 284.192 c 326.195 284.296 l 326.135 284.192 l 326.075 284.252 325.805 284.117 325.626 284.192 c 325.43 284.012 325.1 284.026 324.801 283.907 c 324.845 284.012 324.635 284.012 324.591 283.982 c 324.62 284.012 l 324.275 284.192 323.66 284.147 323.329 284.598 c 323.599 284.791 323.855 284.612 324.154 284.523 c 324.125 284.492 l 324.185 284.417 l 324.304 284.523 l 324.304 284.432 324.41 284.267 324.516 284.371 c 324.665 284.641 324.709 284.086 324.875 284.417 c 324.861 284.221 325.206 284.506 325.341 284.267 c 325.655 284.523 l 325.655 284.552 l 325.52 284.552 325.94 284.402 325.805 284.627 c 325.655 284.672 325.88 284.552 325.956 284.581 c 326 284.762 326.195 284.957 325.956 285.061 c 325.836 284.943 325.776 285.078 325.701 285.092 c 325.385 285.092 325.131 285.017 324.875 285.032 c 324.89 284.987 324.861 284.972 324.845 284.957 c 324.591 285.032 324.801 285.392 324.845 285.527 c 325.04 285.542 325.16 285.527 325.266 285.392 c f 321.814 284.267 m 321.978 284.342 322.265 283.982 322.325 283.831 c 322.354 283.652 l 322.024 283.592 l 322.055 283.652 321.995 283.681 321.964 283.727 c 321.829 283.471 321.664 283.937 321.484 283.652 c 321.379 283.937 321.109 283.577 320.989 283.876 c 320.779 283.997 320.494 283.862 320.268 284.161 c 320.583 284.296 320.719 284.132 321.124 284.012 c 321.199 283.951 321.334 283.907 321.484 283.982 c 321.454 283.951 l 321.484 283.922 321.514 283.862 321.558 283.876 c 321.843 284.327 320.914 284.417 321.095 284.776 c 321.319 284.627 321.679 284.658 321.814 284.267 c f 323.795 283.592 m 323.765 283.546 l 323.975 283.546 l 323.944 283.517 l 324.111 283.531 324.364 283.486 324.516 283.411 c 324.56 283.351 324.83 283.307 324.845 283.081 c 324.875 283.112 l 325.445 282.6 325.715 282.346 326.06 281.671 c 326.106 281.565 325.956 281.611 325.836 281.596 c 325.611 281.731 325.385 281.401 325.19 281.596 c 325.16 281.64 l 325.16 281.49 l 325.071 281.625 324.95 281.64 324.83 281.565 c 324.83 281.521 l 324.545 281.565 l 324.545 281.521 l 324.335 281.551 323.87 281.446 323.585 281.717 c 323.464 281.611 l 322.94 281.881 322.835 282.286 322.458 282.511 c 322.34 282.721 322.294 282.465 322.279 282.721 c 322.458 282.752 l 322.429 282.721 l 322.504 282.646 l 322.475 282.827 322.67 282.871 322.789 282.827 c 322.745 282.796 l 322.82 282.691 322.909 282.827 322.97 282.796 c 322.97 282.827 l 322.999 282.721 l 323.105 282.752 l 323.375 282.465 323.749 282.316 323.975 282.255 c 324.185 282.001 l 324.335 282.076 324.499 281.835 324.695 281.85 c 324.801 281.896 324.801 282.137 324.695 282.211 c 324.545 282.39 l 324.485 282.332 l 324.215 282.781 324.246 282.586 323.689 283.051 c 323.464 283.097 323.329 283.276 323.18 283.367 c 323.015 283.502 323.119 283.712 323.044 283.907 c 323.315 283.847 323.614 283.592 323.795 283.592 c f 320.704 282.255 m 320.629 282.272 320.509 282.241 320.554 282.151 c 320.554 282.031 l 320.268 282.076 320.103 282.376 319.908 282.436 c 319.864 282.691 l 320.164 282.511 l 320.434 282.991 319.848 283.112 319.804 283.546 c 320.328 283.486 320.554 282.736 320.704 282.255 c f 322.849 281.386 m 323.225 281.16 323.45 280.306 323.614 279.765 c 323.614 279.51 l 323.539 279.54 323.479 279.63 323.435 279.51 c 323.074 279.855 323.15 279.391 322.849 279.765 c 322.144 280.156 321.633 280.47 321.095 281.311 c 321.454 281.311 321.799 280.831 322.205 280.561 c 322.219 280.26 322.458 280.53 322.458 280.26 c 322.429 280.291 l 322.504 280.366 l 322.535 280.335 l 322.489 280.306 l 322.624 280.26 322.789 280.125 322.955 280.231 c 322.984 280.815 322.564 280.8 322.415 281.101 c 322.19 281.206 321.693 281.7 321.484 281.927 c 321.558 282.151 321.409 282.166 321.484 282.332 c 322.099 282.001 322.504 281.596 322.849 281.386 c f 319.068 282.361 m 319.114 282.39 l 319.324 281.821 l 319.293 281.85 l 319.353 281.341 l 319.428 281.341 l 319.368 281.266 319.534 280.74 319.399 280.515 c 319.203 280.441 319.338 280.771 319.218 280.771 c 319.008 280.89 318.708 281.116 318.603 281.461 c 318.783 281.461 l 318.752 281.415 l 319.068 281.415 l 318.993 281.731 318.933 282.137 318.783 282.465 c 318.858 282.421 319.037 282.542 319.068 282.361 c f 317.987 278.325 m 318.243 278.385 l 318.093 278.745 318.183 278.894 318.093 279.179 c 317.852 279.48 317.973 280.006 317.852 280.306 c 317.898 280.38 317.987 280.035 318.168 280.05 c 318.137 280.021 l 318.528 279.225 319.114 278.16 319.037 277.425 c 318.993 277.425 l 318.962 277.275 319.054 277.034 319.068 276.914 c 318.528 276.87 318.289 277.664 317.852 277.919 c 317.087 278.969 316.817 280.366 316.547 281.64 c 317.027 280.605 317.462 279.405 317.987 278.325 c f 321.514 278.715 m 321.484 278.715 l 321.484 278.354 321.633 278.025 321.633 277.709 c 321.484 277.934 321.469 277.604 321.409 277.68 c 321.199 277.664 320.554 278.325 320.074 278.505 c 320.118 278.535 l 319.968 278.624 319.054 279.331 319.143 279.84 c 319.249 279.72 l 319.233 279.915 319.594 279.93 319.683 279.765 c 320.129 279.285 320.463 278.608 320.914 278.279 c 320.943 278.4 321.003 278.52 321.124 278.58 c 320.959 279.285 320.313 280.081 320.149 280.771 c 320.224 280.755 320.193 281.041 320.149 281.206 c 321.018 280.711 321.274 279.659 321.514 278.715 c f 315.828 278.354 m 316.127 278.16 315.963 277.604 316.292 277.275 c 316.337 277.304 316.352 277.364 316.412 277.35 c 316.472 277.275 l 316.545 277.459 316.703 277.574 316.518 277.784 c 316.547 277.739 l 316.593 278.025 316.366 278.294 316.443 278.715 c 316.757 278.46 316.742 277.814 316.728 277.604 c 316.803 277.529 l 316.728 277.454 l 316.967 277.35 316.518 277.379 316.803 277.244 c 316.757 277.229 316.728 277.289 316.697 277.319 c 316.923 277.065 316.397 276.974 316.653 276.734 c 316.562 276.66 316.487 276.988 316.366 276.779 c 316.292 277.14 315.167 278.055 315.466 278.684 c 315.437 279.044 315.662 278.88 315.693 279.225 c 315.842 279.015 315.842 278.58 315.828 278.354 c f 288.246 277.215 m 287.677 277.275 287.331 278.46 287.061 279.121 c 287.587 278.715 288.292 277.695 288.246 277.215 c f 297.279 264.64 m 297.25 264.534 l 297.205 264.565 l 296.995 264.384 l 296.71 264.55 296.379 264.97 296.244 265.494 c 296.56 265.165 296.89 264.985 297.279 264.64 c f 0 g 306.2 269.817 m f 306.397 288.622 m f 1 g 306.298 289.454 m f 306.298 289.454 m 309.514 287.483 312.945 287.001 316.116 288.758 c 316.791 280.354 312.219 272.921 306.213 269.101 c 299.986 272.027 295.709 280.506 296.855 288.891 c 299.69 287.001 302.96 287.316 306.298 289.454 c f 306.298 289.454 m f 0 g 306.397 288.622 m 303.219 286.585 300.105 286.285 297.403 288.085 c 296.503 280.358 300.574 273.118 306.2 269.817 c f 306.2 269.817 m f 306.397 288.622 m f 306.397 288.622 m 309.493 286.8 312.372 286.285 315.391 287.958 c 315.973 280.507 311.921 273.455 306.2 269.817 c f 1 g 294.835 279.256 m 294.625 279.239 294.654 278.759 294.504 278.535 c 294.548 278.4 l 294.473 278.46 l 294.444 278.339 294.413 278.115 294.324 278.04 c 294.399 277.949 294.355 277.874 294.263 277.859 c 294.294 277.814 l 294.114 277.724 294.054 277.724 293.964 277.5 c 293.904 277.56 l 293.499 277.35 l 293.544 277.319 l 293.199 277.41 293.228 276.809 292.883 277.14 c 292.808 277.68 292.688 278.37 293.184 278.684 c 293.184 278.775 293.243 278.88 293.289 278.94 c 293.318 278.894 l 293.394 278.969 l 293.318 279.044 l 293.544 279.15 l 293.499 279.121 l 293.679 278.969 293.544 279.225 293.679 279.15 c 293.424 278.73 293.049 278.489 293.243 277.965 c 293.184 278.04 l 293.184 277.934 293.139 277.784 293.318 277.784 c 293.619 277.874 293.453 278.175 293.754 278.219 c 293.844 278.354 294.085 278.595 294.22 278.759 c 294.263 278.715 l 294.294 278.94 l 294.28 278.894 294.309 278.88 294.324 278.865 c 294.399 278.94 l 294.324 279 l 294.444 278.94 l 294.669 279 294.594 279.239 294.76 279.36 c 294.835 279.256 l f 297.1 277.919 m 297.144 277.724 296.965 277.35 297.325 277.198 c 297.685 277.319 297.354 278.025 297.61 278.069 c 297.79 277.874 298.09 277.41 297.969 277.065 c 297.926 277.094 l 297.895 276.959 l 297.82 277.019 l 297.73 276.959 297.851 276.809 297.716 276.779 c 297.745 276.795 l 297.805 276.718 l 297.79 276.704 l 297.745 276.734 l 297.685 276.66 l 297.61 276.599 l 297.82 276.404 297.371 276.539 297.535 276.298 c 297.431 276.194 l 297.1 276.554 296.83 277.333 297.025 277.814 c 297.04 278.04 297.144 278.429 297.205 278.79 c 297.385 278.325 297.19 278.37 297.1 277.919 c f 295.375 278.219 m 295.269 278.1 l 295.344 278.04 l 295.269 278.069 l 295.24 277.799 295.089 277.545 295.194 277.198 c 295.24 277.094 295.299 276.899 295.479 276.809 c 295.66 276.884 l 295.525 276.93 295.629 277.229 295.704 277.319 c 295.735 277.275 l 295.824 277.319 295.704 277.485 295.704 277.425 c 295.735 277.439 295.749 277.41 295.764 277.379 c 295.839 277.965 l 295.914 277.965 l 295.885 278.175 l 295.899 278.16 295.914 278.129 295.945 278.144 c 295.764 278.279 296.155 278.339 296.095 278.429 c 296.215 278.46 296.29 278.385 296.379 278.535 c 296.5 278.37 296.514 278.1 296.529 277.919 c 296.485 277.965 l 296.425 277.695 296.394 277.529 296.305 277.35 c 296.244 277.35 l 296.244 277.244 l 296.2 277.275 l 296.305 277.109 296.095 277.094 296.065 276.959 c 295.99 277.019 l 295.824 276.809 295.839 276.87 295.839 276.704 c 295.675 276.779 295.749 276.508 295.585 276.479 c 295.87 276.223 295.39 276.404 295.479 276.238 c 295.089 275.939 295.105 276.569 295.014 276.809 c 294.954 277.229 294.804 277.755 295.089 278.04 c 295.014 278.144 295.089 278.37 295.194 278.354 c 295.089 278.549 295.375 278.4 295.299 278.58 c 295.51 278.52 295.315 278.325 295.375 278.219 c f 281.254 304.869 m 281.794 304.404 282.62 303.504 283.16 303.024 c 283.131 302.994 l 283.52 302.708 284.241 302.138 284.495 301.629 c 284.736 301.658 284.75 301.267 284.931 301.373 c 285.44 300.833 l 285.411 300.818 285.321 300.727 285.261 300.727 c 284.9 300.758 285.066 301.072 284.721 301.118 c 284.736 301.358 284.241 301.207 284.21 301.554 c 284.18 301.508 l 284.031 301.629 l 284.106 301.687 l 283.925 301.808 283.835 301.928 283.7 301.914 c 283.746 301.943 l 283.415 302.348 l 283.445 302.319 l 283.37 302.244 l 283.341 302.273 l 283.37 302.379 282.965 302.678 282.875 302.843 c 282.919 302.888 l 282.499 303.009 282.545 303.339 282.125 303.383 c 282.079 303.429 l 281.93 303.308 282.05 303.038 282.125 302.888 c 282.862 302.058 283.357 301.401 284.18 300.548 c 284.21 300.577 l 284.495 300.413 284.706 299.993 285.081 299.752 c 284.765 299.708 284.526 300.128 284.21 300.037 c 284.285 300.112 l 284.195 300.157 284.106 300.232 284.06 300.188 c 284.106 300.218 l 283.925 300.203 283.97 300.263 283.821 300.367 c 283.715 300.143 283.761 300.517 283.64 300.398 c 283.459 300.548 283.189 300.517 282.979 300.758 c 282.919 300.683 l 282.694 301.103 282.484 301.163 282.26 301.477 c 282.2 301.402 l 281.975 301.778 281.84 302.034 281.539 302.408 c 281.614 302.529 l 281.119 302.843 280.924 303.714 280.714 304.51 c 280.728 304.645 280.609 305.125 280.759 305.41 c 281.3 304.899 l 281.254 304.869 l f 281.435 300.502 m 281.539 300.548 l 281.539 300.502 l 282.32 300.323 282.979 300.082 283.775 299.708 c 284.465 299.318 l 284.42 299.287 l 284.511 299.272 284.675 299.257 284.6 299.137 c 284.646 299.122 284.661 299.151 284.675 299.168 c 284.81 299 285.284 298.922 285.5 298.596 c 285.592 298.582 285.621 298.447 285.681 298.417 c 285.65 298.387 l 285.802 298.343 l 285.771 298.326 285.741 298.312 285.756 298.266 c 285.937 298.266 l 286.236 297.952 286.926 297.501 287.197 297.081 c 287.812 296.616 288.562 296.302 289.071 295.865 c 289.071 295.506 288.697 295.776 288.427 295.641 c 288.292 295.865 288.171 295.805 288.022 296 c 287.961 295.926 l 287.481 296.376 286.897 296.661 286.446 296.871 c 286.236 297.052 285.667 297.426 285.29 297.622 c 285.245 297.711 285.17 297.997 284.96 297.906 c 284.81 298.312 284.436 298.131 284.361 298.492 c 284.18 298.478 284.15 298.671 284 298.777 c 283.956 298.746 l 283.7 298.898 283.7 299.062 283.341 299.212 c 283.341 299.062 l 283.28 299.062 l 283.175 298.732 283.595 298.522 283.669 298.387 c 284.031 298.087 l 284.06 298.131 l 284.436 297.727 284.81 297.276 285.396 296.871 c 285.575 296.616 l 285.621 296.647 l 285.951 296.406 286.596 295.94 286.881 295.641 c 286.941 295.716 l 287.001 295.612 287.226 295.445 286.986 295.356 c 286.837 295.371 286.492 295.821 286.296 295.686 c 286.326 295.882 286.041 295.73 286.012 295.865 c 285.981 296 285.756 296.092 285.65 295.971 c 285.471 296.302 285.006 296.42 284.6 296.466 c 284.6 296.541 l 284.42 296.541 l 284.465 296.586 l 284.21 296.767 l 284.135 296.691 l 283.91 296.857 283.52 297.412 283.206 297.771 c 282.74 298.312 281.855 299.407 281.36 299.962 c 281.285 300.218 280.924 300.353 280.94 300.727 c 281.119 300.577 281.314 300.698 281.435 300.502 c f 281.9 296.826 m 281.975 296.902 l 282.154 296.721 l 282.229 296.796 l 282.2 296.826 l 282.499 296.751 282.605 296.586 282.844 296.541 c 282.996 296.632 283.249 296.541 283.415 296.437 c 283.415 296.391 283.415 296.345 283.459 296.331 c 283.565 296.152 283.805 296.391 283.956 296.227 c 284.285 296.017 284.856 296.061 285.23 295.761 c 285.426 295.716 285.831 295.131 286.116 295.1 c 286.086 295.071 l 286.461 295.086 286.641 294.726 286.912 294.71 c 287.556 294.094 l 286.972 293.961 286.746 294.591 286.221 294.531 c 286.116 294.425 l 285.995 294.575 285.92 294.876 285.681 294.71 c 285.681 294.786 l 285.546 294.786 l 285.575 294.816 l 285.29 294.71 285.38 295.19 285.141 295.026 c 284.945 295.086 284.945 295.236 284.75 295.175 c 284.796 295.25 284.706 295.281 284.646 295.356 c 284.495 295.25 l 284.54 295.266 284.54 295.31 284.54 295.356 c 284.15 295.296 284.21 295.655 283.85 295.686 c 283.91 295.612 283.73 295.761 283.64 295.747 c 283.324 295.401 283.956 295.341 284 295.026 c 284.045 295.056 284.031 295.1 284.031 295.146 c 284.361 294.861 284.345 294.861 284.6 294.635 c 284.646 294.666 l 284.75 294.485 l 284.825 294.56 l 284.945 294.531 285.396 294.155 285.546 294.125 c 285.621 294.02 l 285.696 294.125 285.937 293.961 286.012 293.841 c 286.086 293.766 l 286.161 293.841 l 286.461 293.66 286.806 293.6 286.986 293.3 c 287.047 293.435 287.091 293.286 287.167 293.375 c 287.242 293.12 l 287.197 293.165 l 287.226 293.134 l 287.047 292.955 l 287.016 292.984 l 287.061 293.015 l 287.032 293.03 287.016 293.059 286.986 293.045 c 286.941 293.03 286.941 292.984 286.941 292.941 c 286.912 292.984 286.866 293.045 286.806 293.015 c 286.762 292.864 l 286.656 292.835 286.611 293.03 286.475 292.91 c 286.266 293.12 l 286.191 293.045 l 286.161 293.165 l 286.012 293.194 285.725 293.255 285.5 293.3 c 285.44 293.361 285.456 293.51 285.321 293.479 c 285.29 293.269 285.186 293.675 285.11 293.45 c 284.721 293.72 284.96 293.585 284.54 293.885 c 284.465 293.81 l 284.376 294.186 283.399 294.606 283.16 294.996 c 283.145 294.996 282.935 295.131 282.8 295.25 c 282.844 295.25 l 282.349 295.747 282.154 295.926 281.689 296.331 c 281.72 296.362 l 281.614 296.362 l 281.659 296.406 l 281.599 296.437 281.179 296.871 281.225 297.081 c 281.435 296.977 281.749 297.021 281.9 296.826 c f 289.582 294.741 m 289.762 294.876 290.137 294.531 290.408 294.71 c 290.859 294.425 291.653 294.396 291.563 293.585 c 291.488 293.45 l 291.414 293.585 291.248 293.57 291.204 293.706 c 291.158 293.691 290.738 293.99 290.618 293.945 c 290.512 293.976 290.183 294.335 289.942 294.171 c 289.687 294.23 289.792 294.425 289.537 294.425 c 289.327 294.381 l 289.298 293.99 289.672 294.051 289.897 293.735 c 289.942 293.766 l 289.897 293.75 290.198 293.645 290.077 293.631 c 290.227 293.675 290.362 293.479 290.512 293.346 c 290.543 293.375 l 290.572 293.165 290.873 293.194 290.902 293.045 c 291.173 293.134 291.368 292.76 291.563 292.76 c 291.428 292.654 291.624 292.67 291.667 292.625 c 291.684 292.639 291.713 292.654 291.698 292.685 c 291.742 292.625 l 291.848 292.685 l 291.923 292.55 l 291.428 292.49 291.293 292.46 290.798 292.835 c 290.618 292.864 l 290.663 292.91 l 290.588 292.984 l 290.543 292.941 l 290.002 293.346 l 289.973 293.3 l 290.198 293.139 288.092 295.387 288.352 294.816 c 288.487 294.98 288.502 294.591 288.682 294.845 c 288.637 294.89 l 288.712 294.816 l 288.861 294.996 289.057 294.861 289.223 294.845 c 289.342 294.921 289.493 294.89 289.582 294.741 c f 292.598 294.065 m 292.688 294.23 292.823 293.93 292.929 294.02 c 293.184 293.945 l 293.139 293.915 l 294.114 293.66 294.744 292.806 295.194 291.935 c 295.074 292.099 294.895 291.904 294.683 291.935 c 294.565 291.71 294.76 291.575 294.804 291.319 c 294.548 291.199 294.459 291.86 294.145 291.575 c 294.024 291.274 294.399 290.989 294.473 290.673 c 294.324 290.584 294.203 290.914 294.039 290.854 c 293.588 290.615 294.28 289.954 294.189 289.923 c 294.174 289.848 293.844 290.074 293.754 289.879 c 293.723 289.923 l 293.665 289.638 294.085 289.249 294.114 289.204 c 293.723 289.204 l 293.679 288.888 293.979 288.618 294.039 288.303 c 293.918 288.408 293.933 288.154 293.783 288.333 c 293.723 288.168 293.723 288.063 293.829 287.867 c 294.114 287.583 l 293.949 287.539 293.708 287.553 293.648 287.283 c 293.634 286.998 294.534 286.863 294.145 286.608 c 294.189 286.562 l 294.039 286.637 l 293.964 286.427 l 293.933 286.458 l 293.874 286.352 294.024 286.248 294.085 286.142 c 294.234 286.202 294.399 286.263 294.548 286.142 c 294.504 286.248 l 294.579 286.188 294.7 286.277 294.654 286.098 c 294.43 286.098 294.7 285.857 294.473 286.022 c 294.399 285.887 l 294.369 285.917 l 294.263 285.708 294.114 285.737 294.324 285.483 c 294.473 285.138 294.625 285.572 294.76 285.377 c 294.625 285.196 l 294.579 285.032 294.669 284.837 294.548 284.807 c 294.504 284.807 l 294.49 284.627 294.654 284.327 294.864 284.523 c 295.134 284.837 295.24 284.598 295.344 284.943 c 295.479 284.972 295.344 284.882 295.344 284.807 c 295.359 284.851 295.269 284.581 295.299 284.523 c 295.344 284.477 295.12 284.432 295.164 284.267 c 295.194 284.117 l 295.12 284.117 l 295.029 283.741 295.105 283.531 295.299 283.261 c 295.419 283.292 295.419 283.351 295.525 283.442 c 295.51 283.517 295.569 283.367 295.629 283.396 c 295.494 283.592 295.779 283.802 295.81 283.982 c 296.575 283.592 296.259 282.511 296.529 281.821 c 296.379 281.565 l 296.335 281.625 296.23 281.551 296.2 281.49 c 296.275 281.415 l 296.184 281.536 295.945 281.295 295.945 281.235 c 295.704 281.746 l 295.735 281.746 l 295.554 281.927 295.824 282.827 295.375 282.827 c 295.149 282.436 295.089 282.796 294.625 282.571 c 294.444 282.631 294.369 282.465 294.114 282.465 c 294.024 282.766 294.128 283.157 294.114 283.471 c 294.145 283.442 l 294.189 283.727 l 294.22 283.681 l 294.128 283.712 294.625 284.327 294.145 284.192 c 293.949 284.311 293.754 283.966 293.469 284.161 c 293.484 284.132 l 293.424 284.057 l 293.394 284.086 l 293.424 284.117 l 293.243 284.176 293.214 284.117 293.004 284.221 c 293.079 284.207 292.794 284.311 292.883 284.402 c 292.883 284.477 l 292.958 284.402 l 293.004 284.552 293.214 284.523 293.033 284.702 c 293.124 284.641 293.184 284.791 293.289 284.882 c 293.259 284.851 l 293.184 284.926 l 293.214 284.943 l 293.289 284.882 l 293.334 284.912 293.334 284.972 293.363 285.017 c 293.438 285.138 293.844 285.452 293.604 285.812 c 293.453 285.917 293.168 286.082 293.004 286.248 c 292.854 286.173 292.794 286.383 292.703 286.458 c 292.673 286.427 l 292.388 286.608 292.193 286.907 292.388 287.042 c 292.478 287.148 292.569 287.058 292.673 287.042 c 292.673 287.478 293.409 287.329 293.108 287.793 c 292.659 288.123 291.954 288.859 291.773 289.414 c 291.894 289.264 291.954 289.534 291.954 289.519 c 292.012 289.519 291.983 289.353 292.104 289.414 c 292.164 289.488 l 292.104 289.563 l 292.133 289.624 292.208 289.309 292.314 289.563 c 292.449 289.309 292.569 289.684 292.748 289.563 c 292.958 289.698 292.973 289.983 292.779 290.21 c 292.688 290.164 292.283 290.943 292.029 290.825 c 292.043 291.02 291.998 290.869 291.923 291.064 c 291.848 291.004 l 291.788 291.274 291.549 291.44 291.339 291.829 c 291.339 291.964 l 291.563 292.099 291.803 291.71 291.983 291.964 c 291.954 291.935 l 292.012 291.814 292.208 292.024 292.283 292.055 c 292.388 291.754 l 292.463 291.829 l 292.388 291.904 l 292.538 291.8 292.688 291.92 292.883 291.725 c 292.958 291.964 293.124 292.024 293.139 292.325 c 292.929 292.625 l 292.958 292.625 l 292.763 292.731 292.673 293.18 292.493 293.346 c 292.509 293.66 292.314 293.915 292.493 294.171 c 292.598 294.065 l f 283.595 293.404 m 283.595 293.479 l 283.551 293.435 283.7 293.255 283.775 293.375 c 283.91 293.269 284.405 293.479 284.571 293.015 c 284.675 293.12 l 284.69 293.09 284.661 293.076 284.646 293.045 c 284.825 293.045 l 284.825 292.91 l 284.9 292.835 284.931 292.924 285.006 292.941 c 284.96 292.941 l 284.96 292.984 l 285.006 292.984 l 285.006 292.864 l 285.095 292.941 285.411 292.775 285.5 292.685 c 286.012 292.714 286.116 292.22 286.581 292.22 c 286.762 292.039 l 286.552 291.904 l 286.521 291.949 286.536 292.055 286.446 292.039 c 286.266 291.875 286.191 292.159 285.981 292.115 c 285.845 292.234 285.471 292.234 285.29 292.369 c 285.141 292.294 l 285.155 292.34 285.095 292.369 285.081 292.4 c 285.006 292.43 284.976 292.369 284.931 292.325 c 284.931 292.4 l 284.796 292.519 284.586 292.294 284.465 292.579 c 284.361 292.475 l 284.27 292.654 284 292.835 283.881 292.654 c 283.925 292.685 l 283.805 292.849 283.715 292.67 283.595 292.731 c 283.85 292.174 284.465 292.084 284.9 291.785 c 284.991 291.739 285.321 291.739 285.365 291.544 c 285.471 291.664 285.592 291.544 285.681 291.424 c 285.741 291.529 285.995 291.409 286.086 291.394 c 286.041 291.365 l 286.147 291.154 286.13 291.455 286.221 291.365 c 286.357 291.23 286.521 291.38 286.552 291.184 c 286.627 291.245 l 286.806 291.274 286.897 290.9 286.986 291.109 c 286.941 291.064 l 287.001 291.124 287.182 290.794 287.271 291.064 c 287.242 291.035 l 287.346 291.004 l 287.302 290.779 287.377 291.035 287.242 290.825 c 287.167 290.644 l 286.972 290.463 286.656 290.825 286.446 290.598 c 286.357 290.69 286.282 290.825 286.012 290.704 c 285.981 290.825 l 285.681 291.004 285.486 290.75 285.396 290.96 c 285.29 290.825 284.991 291.305 284.781 291.004 c 284.465 291.424 284.045 291.38 283.64 291.679 c 283.22 291.814 282.965 292.039 282.515 292.369 c 282.2 292.294 282.125 292.61 281.869 292.864 c 281.689 293.12 l 281.9 293.45 282.065 292.984 282.125 293.269 c 282.154 293.255 282.32 293.51 282.41 293.269 c 282.395 293.404 282.455 293.404 282.59 293.45 c 282.8 293.18 282.919 293.675 283.054 293.404 c 283.189 293.614 283.43 293.24 283.595 293.404 c f 289.071 292.654 m 289.042 292.685 l 289.117 292.745 l 289.146 292.731 l 289.071 292.654 l 289.415 292.312 289.565 293.064 289.822 292.55 c 289.867 292.565 289.867 292.61 289.867 292.654 c 290.243 292.625 290.063 292.384 290.362 292.369 c 290.453 292.07 290.243 292.265 290.152 292.115 c 289.988 292.13 289.867 292.265 289.762 292.145 c 289.628 292.205 289.508 292.265 289.402 292.294 c 289.373 292.28 289.342 292.249 289.358 292.22 c 289.387 292.13 289.206 292.415 289.102 292.265 c 289.071 292.265 288.892 292.28 288.892 292.145 c 289.042 291.71 289.387 291.739 289.612 291.575 c 289.643 291.65 l 289.643 291.544 l 289.778 291.635 289.822 291.515 289.973 291.544 c 290.123 291.394 l 290.123 291.559 290.258 291.515 290.408 291.469 c 290.543 291.455 290.362 291.455 290.483 291.365 c 290.588 291.424 l 290.543 291.289 l 290.348 291.274 290.198 291.484 290.002 291.365 c 290.048 291.394 l 289.897 291.259 289.747 291.515 289.537 291.424 c 289.373 291.544 289.117 291.559 288.892 291.575 c 288.847 291.559 288.412 291.935 288.277 291.679 c 288.367 292.01 287.976 291.635 288.067 291.86 c 287.797 292.234 287.631 291.995 287.527 292.4 c 287.496 292.43 l 287.602 292.535 l 287.631 292.504 l 287.602 292.475 l 287.662 292.309 287.766 292.475 287.841 292.475 c 287.782 292.639 288.051 292.55 288.142 292.654 c 288.186 292.67 288.232 292.579 288.352 292.504 c 288.456 292.731 288.743 292.444 288.743 292.731 c 288.787 292.4 289.071 292.775 289.071 292.654 c f 286.34 292.294 m 286.506 292.444 l 286.492 292.249 l 286.475 292.22 l 286.34 292.294 l f 290.258 290.854 m 290.483 290.75 290.362 291.004 290.543 290.96 c 290.512 290.929 l 290.588 290.869 290.693 290.825 290.723 290.929 c 290.767 290.825 l 290.828 290.96 291.098 290.885 291.083 290.704 c 290.753 290.509 290.618 290.659 290.302 290.644 c 290.212 290.48 290.137 290.69 290.048 290.644 c 289.942 290.629 289.687 290.629 289.762 290.494 c 289.687 290.69 289.493 290.584 289.358 290.463 c 289.358 290.239 289.657 290.253 289.718 290.21 c 289.897 290.299 289.973 290 290.152 290.164 c 290.123 290.135 l 290.243 290.224 290.618 290.074 290.842 290.029 c 290.933 290.029 290.782 289.848 290.693 289.773 c 290.198 290.014 289.792 289.848 289.433 290.074 c 289.192 290.074 288.726 290 288.456 290.164 c 288.381 290.224 288.036 290.21 287.961 290.463 c 287.992 290.419 l 288.067 290.555 288.127 290.629 288.277 290.494 c 288.321 290.569 l 288.352 290.524 l 288.427 290.598 l 288.381 290.644 l 288.427 290.524 l 288.487 290.719 288.591 290.569 288.682 290.75 c 288.622 290.75 288.832 290.629 288.861 290.825 c 289.146 290.659 289.192 291.004 289.358 290.779 c 289.552 290.869 289.657 291.02 289.867 290.96 c 289.853 290.929 289.882 290.914 289.897 290.885 c 289.882 291.079 290.258 291.02 290.258 290.854 c f 284.825 290.21 m 284.931 290.135 l 285.035 290.284 l 285.126 290.118 285.186 290.328 285.29 290.284 c 285.456 290.014 285.546 290.328 285.725 290.239 c 286.296 290.164 l 286.296 290.135 l 286.446 290.178 286.716 290.178 286.837 290.104 c 286.926 289.908 286.941 290.164 287.016 290.104 c 287.286 289.954 287.662 289.848 287.782 289.519 c 287.553 289.781 287.345 289.389 287.197 289.669 c 287.047 289.503 286.897 289.713 286.762 289.624 c 286.581 289.654 286.492 289.744 286.296 289.624 c 286.055 289.773 286.147 289.654 285.831 289.698 c 285.725 289.624 285.575 289.759 285.5 289.624 c 285.38 289.804 285.201 289.744 285.081 289.698 c 285.11 289.669 l 284.945 289.684 285.11 289.428 285.186 289.339 c 285.411 289.278 285.771 289.098 285.981 289.158 c 285.981 289.129 l 286.147 289.054 286.251 289.233 286.4 289.023 c 286.475 289.083 l 286.475 289.054 l 286.702 289.023 l 286.702 288.979 l 286.897 289.068 287.076 288.859 287.242 288.948 c 287.662 288.813 287.346 288.813 287.812 288.873 c 287.917 288.528 287.587 288.963 287.602 288.723 c 287.571 288.798 287.496 288.753 287.452 288.769 c 287.421 288.663 l 287.452 288.694 l 287.136 288.723 286.702 288.574 286.552 288.663 c 286.475 288.543 l 286.475 288.588 l 286.311 288.559 286.236 288.649 286.086 288.588 c 286.086 288.618 l 285.906 288.649 285.621 288.663 285.44 288.798 c 285.471 288.603 285.216 288.723 285.081 288.769 c 284.96 288.873 l 284.856 288.769 284.781 288.888 284.721 288.904 c 284.555 289.054 284.316 289.068 284.106 289.158 c 284.135 289.204 l 284.06 289.264 l 284 289.204 l 283.91 289.414 283.91 289.339 283.7 289.414 c 283.746 289.443 l 283.52 289.789 282.965 289.399 282.919 290.029 c 283.054 290.014 283.249 290.21 283.341 290.058 c 283.415 290.164 l 283.79 289.638 283.896 290.659 284.316 290.135 c 284.39 290.135 l 284.39 290.21 l 284.48 290.21 284.586 290.104 284.646 290.239 c 284.571 290.314 l 284.856 290.239 l 284.825 290.21 l f 290.977 288.904 m 290.888 288.694 290.738 288.994 290.618 288.769 c 290.543 288.844 l 290.437 288.723 l 290.258 288.994 290.212 288.513 290.077 288.769 c 289.897 288.603 289.988 288.813 289.867 288.588 c 290.198 287.927 290.723 288.543 291.127 288.303 c 291.488 288.303 l 291.443 288.002 l 291.397 288.019 291.262 288.168 291.204 288.002 c 291.204 288.048 l 290.948 287.927 290.782 288.243 290.588 288.002 c 290.108 288.198 289.747 288.079 289.358 288.183 c 289.267 287.958 289.223 288.378 289.071 288.154 c 288.997 288.289 288.682 288.229 288.682 288.439 c 288.936 288.528 288.878 288.723 289.146 288.798 c 289.177 288.769 l 289.206 288.979 289.402 288.784 289.462 288.979 c 289.537 288.904 l 289.597 289.008 289.703 289.189 289.867 289.083 c 289.897 289.054 l 289.928 289.068 290.108 289.174 290.302 289.233 c 290.258 289.204 l 290.422 289.143 290.302 289.233 290.483 289.158 c 290.453 289.309 290.483 289.189 290.543 289.309 c 290.723 289.353 290.948 289.083 290.977 288.904 c f 286.806 288.048 m 287.151 287.973 287.421 288.094 287.737 287.718 c 287.782 287.749 287.782 287.793 287.782 287.823 c 287.887 287.688 l 287.992 287.927 288.111 287.628 288.277 287.718 c 288.157 287.493 288.007 287.613 287.782 287.464 c 287.706 287.539 l 287.556 287.283 287.331 287.553 287.061 287.329 c 286.881 287.464 286.702 287.237 286.552 287.404 c 286.431 287.418 286.282 287.283 286.266 287.252 c 286.282 287.117 286.431 287.027 286.475 286.892 c 286.461 286.923 l 286.521 286.983 l 286.552 286.967 l 286.521 286.923 l 286.702 286.863 286.687 286.878 286.837 286.818 c 286.972 286.998 287.211 286.772 287.346 286.923 c 287.421 286.863 l 287.737 286.967 287.992 286.863 288.277 286.967 c 288.246 286.923 288.246 286.863 288.277 286.818 c 288.516 286.788 288.262 287.117 288.502 286.892 c 288.533 286.923 288.547 286.983 288.608 286.967 c 288.562 286.878 288.622 286.757 288.427 286.788 c 288.502 286.713 288.202 286.863 288.277 286.682 c 288.246 286.743 288.186 286.697 288.142 286.713 c 288.096 286.682 l 287.961 286.697 287.901 286.622 287.812 286.562 c 287.782 286.622 287.706 286.502 287.602 286.533 c 287.481 286.593 287.496 286.412 287.481 286.427 c 287.286 286.713 287.016 286.173 286.806 286.458 c 286.521 286.323 286.251 286.533 285.981 286.427 c 285.981 286.383 l 285.561 286.562 285.592 286.547 285.186 286.608 c 285.11 286.533 l 285.051 286.593 284.991 286.668 284.9 286.637 c 284.916 286.622 l 284.841 286.547 l 284.825 286.562 l 284.841 286.593 284.871 286.608 284.856 286.637 c 284.39 286.788 l 284.42 287.042 l 284.465 287.042 284.48 287.013 284.495 286.998 c 284.436 287.117 284.6 287.193 284.675 287.283 c 284.706 287.237 284.75 287.252 284.781 287.252 c 284.825 287.404 l 284.9 287.329 l 285.035 287.613 l 285.141 287.583 l 285.23 287.703 285.44 287.867 285.681 287.898 c 285.756 287.823 l 285.802 287.973 l 285.756 287.944 l 285.981 287.973 286.4 288.123 286.656 288.002 c 286.837 287.884 286.641 288.123 286.806 288.048 c f 291.443 286.863 m 291.383 286.923 l 291.308 286.743 l 291.279 286.757 291.248 286.728 291.233 286.713 c 291.308 286.608 290.933 286.487 290.798 286.427 c 290.767 286.443 290.753 286.412 290.723 286.383 c 290.512 286.323 l 290.543 286.277 l 290.362 286.202 290.243 286.323 290.302 286.022 c 290.302 285.828 290.572 286.113 290.483 285.917 c 290.873 285.917 l 290.859 285.872 290.917 285.843 290.948 285.812 c 291.052 285.963 l 291.083 285.932 291.143 285.887 291.204 285.843 c 291.098 286.067 291.518 286.022 291.488 286.022 c 291.563 285.963 l 291.578 286.053 291.653 286.022 291.698 285.963 c 291.803 285.737 l 291.624 285.917 291.624 285.437 291.443 285.708 c 291.383 285.558 l 291.339 285.602 291.322 285.708 291.233 285.662 c 291.218 285.647 291.187 285.633 291.204 285.602 c 291.279 285.542 291.112 285.662 291.052 285.633 c 291.052 285.527 l 290.767 285.602 l 290.723 285.483 l 290.603 285.406 290.453 285.693 290.227 285.452 c 290.227 285.483 l 290.077 285.467 289.897 285.587 289.792 285.423 c 289.778 285.677 289.552 285.392 289.462 285.423 c 289.462 285.452 289.493 285.467 289.508 285.483 c 289.387 285.512 289.327 285.467 289.252 285.452 c 289.281 285.483 l 289.163 285.572 289.132 285.572 288.922 285.737 c 288.953 285.828 289.192 286.263 289.508 286.352 c 289.687 286.352 289.853 286.668 290.048 286.608 c 290.183 286.728 290.287 286.803 290.512 286.788 c 290.512 286.863 l 290.572 286.848 290.813 287.027 290.902 286.892 c 290.948 287.148 291.322 287.088 291.518 287.177 c 291.443 286.863 l f 288.022 285.887 m 288.022 285.633 l 287.992 285.662 l 287.992 285.452 l 287.917 285.527 l 287.857 285.498 287.901 285.423 287.887 285.377 c 287.812 285.483 l 287.722 285.437 287.616 285.452 287.556 285.348 c 287.556 285.271 l 287.331 285.331 287.302 285.348 287.167 285.242 c 286.986 285.302 287.167 285.182 286.986 285.196 c 286.972 284.987 286.596 285.196 286.627 284.912 c 286.687 284.807 286.506 285.003 286.475 284.837 c 286.506 284.868 l 286.581 284.791 l 286.552 284.762 l 286.536 284.791 286.506 284.822 286.475 284.807 c 286.446 284.762 l 286.552 284.432 286.776 284.641 286.941 284.581 c 286.986 284.612 286.986 284.658 286.986 284.702 c 287.271 284.537 287.467 284.972 287.706 284.762 c 287.722 284.943 287.961 284.882 288.067 284.987 c 288.067 284.943 l 288.082 284.987 288.398 285.196 288.381 285.017 c 288.381 285.061 l 288.516 284.851 288.772 285.061 288.861 284.882 c 288.697 284.747 288.608 284.747 288.381 284.702 c 288.381 284.492 288.036 284.492 287.887 284.371 c 287.631 284.371 l 287.631 284.342 l 287.361 284.432 287.496 284.267 287.302 284.267 c 287.047 284.236 286.941 284.282 286.627 284.221 c 286.581 284.117 l 286.371 284.192 l 286.34 284.086 l 286.236 284.161 286.101 284.086 286.012 284.161 c 285.845 284.207 285.785 284.043 285.621 284.192 c 285.575 284.342 l 285.621 284.296 l 285.681 284.371 l 285.621 284.446 l 285.756 284.552 l 285.741 284.566 285.71 284.598 285.725 284.627 c 285.86 284.627 l 285.876 284.672 285.816 284.702 285.802 284.733 c 285.831 284.747 285.845 284.716 285.86 284.702 c 286.041 284.733 285.831 284.897 285.906 284.837 c 286.101 285.047 286.266 285.271 286.581 285.527 c 286.552 285.483 l 286.627 285.423 l 286.837 285.498 286.912 285.828 287.167 285.887 c 287.452 285.843 l 287.452 285.917 l 287.722 285.708 287.841 286.022 288.022 285.887 c f 292.283 285.122 m 292.193 284.762 292.328 284.687 291.983 284.581 c 291.954 284.627 l 291.877 284.523 l 291.863 284.566 291.819 284.552 291.773 284.552 c 291.698 284.402 l 291.503 284.402 291.667 284.462 291.488 284.342 c 291.518 284.296 l 291.383 284.267 l 291.414 284.221 l 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B)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.3341 271.114 469 Tm 0 Tw (LINKEN)Tj 7 0 0 7 294.6557 469 Tm (, )Tj /F17 1 Tf 0.7189 0 TD 0.1629 Tw (Democratic Staff Director)Tj /F18 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 300.82 453 Tm 0 Tw (\(ii\))Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00002)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 2999 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 264.04 577 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0.165 Tc 0 Tw (CONTENTS)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 564.8 m 331 564.8 l S BT 6 0 0 6 451.4399 552.6 Tm 0 Tc (Page)Tj 8 0 0 8 147 542.6 Tm 0.0525 Tw [(Letter of Transmittal)-367.5(...............................................................................................)-2461(v)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(Executive Summary)-342.5(.................................................................................................)-1835.5(vii)]TJ T* (North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.8674 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.0525 Tw [(s Nuclear Program)-430(.............................................................................)-2442(1)]TJ -4.0714 -1.25 TD [(Yongbyon Key Findings)-555(...................................................................................)-2441.5(2)]TJ -2 -1.25 TD [(Humanitarian Issues)-420(...............................................................................................)-2442(3)]TJ 2 -1.25 TD [(Japanese Abductees)-607.5(.........................................................................................)-2440.5(4)]TJ T* [(U.S. Food Assistance to DPRK)-415(........................................................................)-2440.5(4)]TJ T* [(The Gulags)-470(........................................................................................................)-2445(6)]TJ -2 -1.25 TD [(Economic Reforms)-345(....................................................................................................)-2444(7)]TJ 2 -1.25 TD 0 Tw [(Background)-525(.......................................................................................................)-2444.5(7)]TJ T* 0.0525 Tw [(Markets Sprout)-417.5(.................................................................................................)-2444.5(8)]TJ T* [(Economic Prospects)-535(..........................................................................................)-2441(9)]TJ -2 -1.25 TD [(Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo)-355(.........................................................................................)-1884(10)]TJ T* [(Conclusions/Key Findings)-492.5(.......................................................................................)-1890.5(10)]TJ T* [(Key Interlocutors)-512.5(.....................................................................................................)-1887.5(11)]TJ 0 -2 TD 0.245 Tw (Prepared Statement of Dr. Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.0975 Tw (National Laboratory, University of California \(presented to the U.S. Senate)Tj T* 0.0525 Tw [(Committee on Foreign Relations, January 21, 2004\))-415(........................................)-1877.5(13)]TJ 18.07 -2 TD 0 Tw (\(iii\))Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00003)-1076.9(Fmt 5905)-1076.9(Sfmt 5905)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 255 >> stream BT /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00004)-1076.9(Fmt 5905)-1076.9(Sfmt 5905)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 3377 >> stream BT /F15 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 215.52 634 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.1533 Tw (LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 621.8 m 331 621.8 l S BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 367.08 601.6 Tm 0.052 Tw (February 23, 2004.)Tj /F18 1 Tf -22.008 -1.2 TD (The Honorable R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 226.7488 589.6 Tm 0 Tw (ICHARD)Tj 10 0 0 10 263.5203 589.6 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 270.1902 589.6 Tm (UGAR)Tj 10 0 0 10 294.4858 589.6 Tm (,)Tj /F17 1 Tf -14.7486 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (United States Senator,)Tj T* (Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 0 -1.5 TD (The Honorable Joseph R. Biden Jr.,)Tj /F17 1 Tf 0 -1 TD (United States Senator,)Tj T* (Ranking Member, Committee on Foreign Relations.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 0 -1.6 TD (Dear Senators Lugar and Biden:)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.35 Tw (In early January, we traveled to China, North Korea, South)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (Korea, and Japan, to assess the prospects for a peaceful negotiated)Tj T* 0.294 Tw (solution to the North Korean nuclear issue and to follow-up on)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (three earlier visits to North Korea focused on gaining more trans-)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (parency on food aid issues and encouraging greater North Korean)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (adherence to international norms in the area of human rights. We)Tj T* 0.264 Tw (met with foreign government officials as well as with professors)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (and think tank specialists concerned with developments on the Ko-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (rean Peninsula.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.19 Tw (While in North Korea, we visited the Yongbyon nuclear facility)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.168 Tw (along with Dr. John Lewis of Stanford University, Jack Pritchard)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (of the Brookings Institution, and Sig Hecker, former Director of Los)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (Alamos Nuclear Laboratories. We also requested of North Korean)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (officials and were granted meetings to afford us an opportunity to)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (engage in detailed discussions on a number of humanitarian issues,)Tj T* 0.198 Tw (including food aid, prison conditions, and the Japanese abduction)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (cases. We also traveled to Seoul and Tokyo to meet with key offi-)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (cials. We wish to acknowledge the efforts of officials at the State)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (Department in Washington and abroad who helped to facilitate our)Tj T* 0 Tw (travels.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.078 Tw (A report on our major activities and key findings, including some)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.28 Tw (thoughts about the next steps on the Korean Peninsula, follows)Tj T* 0 Tw (below.)Tj 2 -1 TD (Sincerely,)Tj 18.91 -1 TD (K)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 363.8799 268.6 Tm (EITH)Tj 10 0 0 10 388.2115 268.6 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 394.8814 268.6 Tm (USE)Tj 10 0 0 10 412.2172 268.6 Tm (,)Tj /F17 1 Tf -17.4217 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Professional Staff Member, Majority Staff,)Tj 7.256 -1 TD (East Asian and Pacific Affairs.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 2.836 -1.6 TD 0 Tw (F)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 345.5899 232.6 Tm (RANK)Tj 10 0 0 10 373.1855 232.6 Tm (J)Tj 8 0 0 7.6161 378.7454 232.6 Tm (ANNUZI)Tj 10 0 0 10 412.2249 232.6 Tm (,)Tj /F17 1 Tf -17.4765 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Professional Staff Member, Minority Staff,)Tj 7.31 -1 TD (East Asian and Pacific Affairs.)Tj /F18 1 Tf -1.058 -2.2 TD 0 Tw (\(v\))Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00005)-1076.9(Fmt 6602)-1076.9(Sfmt 6602)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F15 6 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 255 >> stream BT /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00006)-1076.9(Fmt 6602)-1076.9(Sfmt 6602)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 4808 >> stream BT /F15 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 229.6 634 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.1533 Tw (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 618.6 m 331 618.6 l S BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 598 Tm 0.53 Tw (Senate Foreign Relations Committee \(SFRC\) staff members)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.278 Tw (Keith Luse and Frank Jannuzi traveled to China, North Korea,)Tj T* 0.16 Tw (South Korea, and Japan January 3)Tj /F14 1 Tf 17.0078 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.556 0 TD 0.16 Tw (15 to assess the prospects for)Tj -17.5637 -1.04 TD 0.218 Tw (a peaceful negotiated solution to the North Korean nuclear issue)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (and to follow-up on earlier visits to North Korea designed to en-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (courage greater North Korean transparency on food aid and greater)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (adherence to international norms of behavior on a broad array of)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (human rights issues.)Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.134 Tw (While in North Korea, our delegation interacted with a group of)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.072 Tw (three private citizens)Tj /F14 1 Tf 9.9768 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.072 Tw (Dr. John Lewis of Stanford University, Jack)Tj -10.9768 -1.04 TD 0.134 Tw (Pritchard of the Brookings Institution, and Sig Hecker, former Di-)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (rector of Los Alamos Nuclear Laboratories)Tj /F14 1 Tf 19.9937 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.08 Tw (and accompanied them)Tj -20.9937 -1.04 TD 0.12 Tw (to the Yongbyon nuclear facility. This marked the first time North)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (Korea has allowed foreigners to enter its key nuclear facilities since)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (it expelled IAEA monitors in December, 2002. We have relied on)Tj T* 0.526 Tw (the observations of Dr. Hecker to convey key findings from)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (Yongbyon. Dr. Hecker)Tj /F14 1 Tf 10.4918 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.144 Tw (s testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations)Tj -10.6958 -1.04 TD 0.052 Tw (Committee is attached to this report. \()Tj /F17 1 Tf 17.9987 0 TD 0 Tw (See )Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.885 0 TD 0.052 Tw (page 13.\))Tj -18.8837 -1.04 TD 0.184 Tw (Over the course of five days in the North, we held a variety of)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.092 Tw (meetings with DPRK officials to discuss their nuclear program and)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (to encourage greater North Korean respect for human rights. The)Tj T* 0.354 Tw (delegation sought to clarify North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.4377 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.354 Tw (s December 9 offer to)Tj /F14 1 Tf -20.6417 -1.04 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (freeze)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.758 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.204 Tw [( its nuclear program, and urged North Korean officials to)]TJ -3.5739 -1.04 TD 0.118 Tw (abandon their pursuit of nuclear weapons and seek a peaceful, ne-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (gotiated solution to the crisis through multilateral dialogue.)Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.206 Tw (While at Yongbyon, Dr. Hecker was able to confirm that the 5)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.092 Tw (MWe nuclear reactor is running normally and that the 8,000 spent)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (fuel rods which had been stored under International Atomic Energy)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (Agency supervision under the terms of the 1994 Agreed Framework)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (have been removed from their canisters and are no longer in the)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (spent fuel storage facility. Our tour of the Radiochemical laboratory)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (also convinced Dr. Hecker that North Korea has the capability to)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (reprocess spent fuel and produce plutonium metal. North Korea did)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (not make available any DPRK personnel who may have expertise)Tj T* 0.458 Tw (in nuclear weapons design and manufacture, and Dr. Hecker)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (reached no conclusions about the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.8677 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.118 Tw (s ability to build a nuclear)Tj -19.0717 -1.04 TD 0 Tw (device.)Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.512 Tw (During a discussion with Foreign Ministry officials on the)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0 Tw (North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.759 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.098 Tw (s nuclear program following our time at Yongbyon, Vice For-)Tj -2.963 -1.04 TD 0.176 Tw (eign Minister Kim Gye-gwan claimed that unlike Iran and Libya,)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (North Korea actually has weapons of mass destruction. Kim said)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (that North Korea had provided us with evidence of their )Tj /F14 1 Tf 27.9006 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (nuclear)Tj -28.3086 -1.04 TD (deterrent.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.6289 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.276 Tw [( These were the most explicit statements we received)]TJ -5.0369 -1.04 TD 0.052 Tw (that North Korea has produced nuclear weapons.)Tj 14.984 -2.24 TD 0 Tw (\(vii\))Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00007)-1076.9(Fmt 6602)-1076.9(Sfmt 6602)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F15 6 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 4005 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 298.58 656 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (viii)Tj -14.158 -2 TD 0.17 Tw (As for U.S. allegations that North Korea has a clandestine pro-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.216 Tw (gram to produce highly enriched uranium \(HEU\), Kim Gye-gwan)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (and other DPRK officials stated categorically that the DPRK has)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (no program for enriching uranium.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.264 Tw (On the human rights front, Luse and Jannuzi had the oppor-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.13 Tw (tunity to engage in detailed discussions on a number of issues, in-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (cluding food aid, prison conditions, and the abduction of Japanese)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (nationals by North Korean intelligence agents. We emphasized that)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (the United States)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.3829 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.098 Tw [( concern for the human rights situation in North)]TJ -8.5869 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (Korea reflects the deeply held convictions of the American people.)Tj T* 0.35 Tw (SFRC staff encouraged DPRK officials to permit greater trans-)Tj T* 0.294 Tw (parency for food aid deliveries under the auspices of the World)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (Food Program and various non-governmental organizations, and we)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (discussed ways in which North Korea might reduce its dependence)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (on foreign food aid by adopting new methods of food production and)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (moving toward market-based distribution mechanisms. The delega-)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (tion pressed DPRK officials to allow outside access to its prison fa-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (cilities to assess food needs and humanitarian issues there. 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Officials with whom we met recognized that the)Tj T* 0 Tw (North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.759 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.122 Tw (s ability to expand trade and attract foreign investment and)Tj -2.963 -1 TD 0.248 Tw (receive loans from international financial institutions depends in)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (large measure on the peaceful resolution of the nuclear issue.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00008)-1076.9(Fmt 6602)-1076.9(Sfmt 6602)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 6704 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 301.12 111 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(1\))Tj /F15 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 193.66 587 Tm 0.1533 Tw (NORTH KOREA: STATUS REPORT)Tj 2.3033 -1.1 TD (ON NUCLEAR PROGRAM,)Tj 0.155 -1.1 TD (HUMANITARIAN ISSUES,)Tj -0.665 -1.1 TD (AND ECONOMIC REFORMS)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 536 m 331 536 l S BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 222.2 515.9 Tm 0 Tw (N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 230.3499 515.9 Tm (ORTH)Tj 10 0 0 10 257.6495 515.9 Tm (K)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 265.4294 515.9 Tm (OREA)Tj /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 288.981 515.9 Tm ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 8 0 0 7.6194 291.021 515.9 Tm (S)Tj 10 0 0 10 299.3609 515.9 Tm (N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 307.5108 515.9 Tm (UCLEAR)Tj 10 0 0 10 345.7703 515.9 Tm (P)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 352.4402 515.9 Tm (ROGRAM)Tj 10 0 0 10 157 500 Tm 0.18 Tw (Prior to our visit to Yongbyon, Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye-)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.164 Tw (gwan told us that North Korea had decided to permit our visit to)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (break through the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.9199 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (stalemate)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.5569 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.078 Tw [( at the six party talks and to provide)]TJ /F14 1 Tf -14.2928 -0.99 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.118 Tw (more transparency on our nuclear program that has been shroud-)Tj -0.408 -0.99 TD 0.19 Tw (ed in mystery.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9729 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.19 Tw [( Kim also said North Korea hoped to differentiate)]TJ -7.3809 -0.99 TD 0.154 Tw (its nuclear program from those pursued by Libya and Iran. )Tj /F14 1 Tf 29.0786 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (They)Tj -29.4866 -0.99 TD 0.068 Tw (claim they do not have weapons of mass destruction. We claim that)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (we do have weapons of mass destruction, and we leave the conclu-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (sions to your side.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.4529 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -7.4529 -0.99 TD 0.256 Tw (Kim said that North Korea had chosen to reprocess the 8,000)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.2 Tw (spent fuel rods from its nuclear reactor to )Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.0807 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.2 Tw (strengthen our deter-)Tj -21.4887 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (rence)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.499 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.228 Tw [( in response to the )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 9.8999 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.228 Tw (intensifying hostile policy)Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.3268 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.228 Tw [( of the U.S.)]TJ -25.9496 -0.99 TD 0.48 Tw (Government. He specifically cited the President)Tj /F14 1 Tf 24.4557 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.48 Tw (s reference to)Tj -24.6597 -0.99 TD 0.054 Tw (North Korea as a member of the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 15.5468 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.054 Tw (Axis of Evil,)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.7009 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.054 Tw [( as well as the inclu-)]TJ -22.0637 -0.99 TD 0.208 Tw (sion of North Korea in a list of countries subject to )Tj /F14 1 Tf 25.8266 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (pre-emptive)Tj -26.2346 -0.99 TD (strike)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.704 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.192 Tw [( by the United States. Kim told the delegation that he be-)]TJ -3.112 -0.99 TD 0.108 Tw (lieves only the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 10.0099 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.108 Tw (s nuclear deterrent has prevented the United)Tj -10.2138 -0.99 TD 0.056 Tw (States from launching a pre-emptive attack. )Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.0237 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.056 Tw (Once we lay down our)Tj -21.4317 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (gun, the United States would attack immediately.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.4096 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -22.4096 -0.99 TD 0.272 Tw (Nonetheless, Kim repeatedly stated that North Korea remains)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.208 Tw (interested in the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.5689 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.208 Tw (final goal)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.5239 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.208 Tw [( of a nuclear free Korean Peninsula,)]TJ -13.9088 -0.99 TD 0.07 Tw (and said, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.6229 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.07 Tw (If we are to reach the final goal, we need to become seri-)Tj -5.0309 -0.99 TD 0.078 Tw (ous about specific action steps, not just talk. A freeze of current ac-)Tj T* 0.116 Tw (tivities might be a first step. At Yongbyon, you will see the impor-)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (tance of a freeze. We are prepared to give up our nuclear activities,)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (have no transfer to other nations, and no testing of any kind. We)Tj T* 0.244 Tw (truly believe this is the right place to start.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.8437 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.244 Tw [( Kim later clarified)]TJ -22.2517 -0.99 TD 0.228 Tw (that the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.2159 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.228 Tw (s freeze proposal )Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.6649 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.228 Tw (only makes sense as a starting)Tj -16.4928 -0.99 TD 0.214 Tw (point to reach the objective of a non-nuclear peninsula. We don)Tj /F14 1 Tf 31.2146 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD (t)Tj -31.4186 -0.99 TD 0.12 Tw (want to stop at a freeze.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 11.6758 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.12 Tw [( He also emphasized that )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 12.5648 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.12 Tw (how to freeze)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.3319 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -31.3885 -0.99 TD (and )Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.085 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.066 Tw (what comes next)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.8549 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.066 Tw [( are issues the North hopes can be discussed)]TJ -10.7558 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (in detail at the next round of six party talks, and that North Korea)Tj T* 0 Tw (is )Tj /F14 1 Tf 1.108 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.052 Tw [(.)-168(.)-168(.)0( fully open to these kind of talks.)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 16.6478 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -17.1637 -1 TD 0.274 Tw (Our delegation raised the question of the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.8827 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.274 Tw (s alleged pro-)Tj -25.0867 -1 TD 0.234 Tw (gram to develop highly enriched uranium \(HEU\). Kim Gye-gwan)Tj T* 0.254 Tw (stated categorically that the DPRK )Tj /F14 1 Tf 17.7727 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.254 Tw (has nothing to do with any)Tj -18.1807 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (HEU program.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.0419 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.172 Tw [( Kim said, )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 5.5179 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.172 Tw (We have no program, no facilities you)Tj -13.3758 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (are talking about, or scientists trained for this purpose [enriching)Tj T* 0 Tw (uranium].)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.6479 0 TD ()Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00009)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F15 6 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Length 4949 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj -14.622 -2 TD 0.134 Tw (Kim Gye-gwan continued, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.6808 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.134 Tw (Our policy on nukes is based on nat-)Tj -14.0888 -1.03 TD 0.148 Tw [(ural uranium, not highly enriched uranium .)-168(.)-168(.)0( We don)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 26.4466 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.148 Tw (t have any)Tj -26.6506 -1.03 TD 0.132 Tw (plans for HEU or facilities for that purpose.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.0907 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.132 Tw [( Moreover, Kim flatly)]TJ -21.4987 -1.03 TD 0.076 Tw (denied that North Korea had ever admitted to having an HEU pro-)Tj T* (gram during the October, 2002 meeting with Assistant Secretary of)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (State James Kelly in Pyongyang.)Tj /F17 1 Tf 0 -1.63 TD (Yongbyon Visit)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.43 TD 0.342 Tw (On Thursday, January 8, we spent roughly six hours at the)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.056 Tw (Yongbyon nuclear facility. Yongbyon is about two hours by car from)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (Pyongyang, with much of the last hour spent on unpaved roads.)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (The Yongbyon nuclear complex is a city unto itself. DPRK officials)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (said that about 1,000 scientists and technicians work and reside at)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (the facility, and several thousand others provide support services,)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (grow food, etc. During our visit, we were at all times escorted by)Tj T* 0.114 Tw (senior officials at Yongbyon as well as by Ambassador Li Gun, our)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Foreign Ministry host.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.274 Tw (Of the five Americans who visited Yongbyon, only Dr. Hecker)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.402 Tw (possesses detailed understanding of the workings of a nuclear)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (power plant and the science connected with the extraction of pluto-)Tj T* 0.364 Tw (nium from spent reactor fuel and the production of plutonium)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (metal. Dr. Hecker)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.4889 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.096 Tw (s expertise allowed him to ask probing questions)Tj -8.6929 -1.03 TD 0.07 Tw (and to engage in expert level discussions with his counterparts. Ac-)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (cordingly, we have not tried to make any independent assessments)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (of the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.9199 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.136 Tw (s nuclear capabilities. We are relying on Dr. Hecker)Tj /F14 1 Tf 24.9966 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD (s)Tj -31.3245 -1.03 TD 0.144 Tw (findings, and will make only a few general observations about the)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tenor of our visit.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.124 Tw (North Korean officials at Yongbyon exhibited an easy confidence)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.112 Tw (during our tour, answering questions promptly and with thorough-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (ness. They seemed eager to showcase their facilities and what they)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (had accomplished. Yongbyon facility director Ri Hong-sop told us)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (that North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.1499 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.056 Tw (s nuclear program was developed indigenously. In)Tj -8.3539 -1.03 TD 0.194 Tw (response to a question, Ri denied that North Korea had provided)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (any nuclear technology to Burma or any other country.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.26 Tw (The DPRK scientists confined their remarks and exchanges to)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.082 Tw (the science of running a nuclear reactor and fabricating plutonium,)Tj T* 0.16 Tw (generally avoiding political remarks or debate. Their tone and de-)Tj T* 0.114 Tw (meanor were professional. The North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 17.6787 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.114 Tw (s officials appeared open to a)Tj -17.8827 -1.03 TD 0.364 Tw (repeat visit by Dr. Hecker to help confirm what we had seen)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (through additional observations and scientific measurements.)Tj /F17 1 Tf 0 -1.63 TD (Yongbyon Key Findings)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.43 TD 0.286 Tw (Dr. Hecker)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.3779 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.286 Tw (s key findings based on our visit to Yongbyon are)Tj -6.5819 -1.03 TD 0 Tw (these:)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1 -1.43 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.144 Tw (The 5 MWe reactor has been restarted. It appears to be oper-)Tj -0.016 -1.02 TD (ating smoothly providing heat and electricity, while also accu-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (mulating approximately 6 kg of plutonium per year in its spent)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (fuel rods.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.22 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.108 Tw (The 50 MWe reactor construction site appears to have seen no)Tj -0.016 -1.02 TD 0.168 Tw (activity since the IAEA inspectors were instructed to leave in)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (2002. The reactor and the construction site look in a bad state)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (of repair. It would require a major construction program to fin-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00010)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 41 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 4681 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj -13.622 -2 TD 0.108 Tw (ish the reactor. North Korea reports the future of the 50 MWe)Tj 0 -1.03 TD 0.052 Tw (reactor is still )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.8419 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.052 Tw (under evaluation.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.2379 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf -16.4878 -1.23 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.058 Tw (The spent fuel pond is empty; the approximately 8000 fuel rods)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.052 Tw (have been moved.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.23 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.186 Tw (The DPRK claimed to have reprocessed all 8,000 fuel rods to)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.214 Tw (extract plutonium metal during one continuous campaign be-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (tween mid-January 2003 and end of June 2003. We could not)Tj T* 1.352 Tw (definitively substantiate that claim. However, the)Tj T* 0.342 Tw (Radiochemical Laboratory staff demonstrated that they had)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (the requisite facility, equipment and technical expertise, and)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (they appear to have the capacity to extract plutonium from the)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (spent fuel rods and fabricate plutonium metal. If all 8,000 fuel)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (rods were reprocessed, the IAEA estimates they would provide)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (25 to 30 kg of plutonium.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.23 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.084 Tw (It is possible that they moved the 8,000 fuel rods to a different)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.072 Tw (storage location. However, such storage would represent a seri-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ous health and safety hazard.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.23 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.08 Tw (We were shown what was claimed to be a sample of plutonium)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.164 Tw (metal product produced last year. Dr. Hecker was not able to)Tj T* 0.286 Tw (definitively confirm that the sample was actually plutonium)Tj T* 0.314 Tw (metal, but all observations he was able to make were con-)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (sistent with the sample being plutonium metal. However, Dr.)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (Hecker was not able to prove that the samples were from the)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.206 Tw (most recent reprocessing campaign. Such a determination re-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (quires more sophisticated measurements.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.22 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.084 Tw (In the foreseeable future, the DPRK can produce 6 kg of pluto-)Tj -0.016 -1.02 TD 0.118 Tw (nium per year in its 5 MWe reactor. It easily has the capacity)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (to reprocess the spent fuel at any time to extract the pluto-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (nium. It also has the capacity to reload the reactor with fresh)Tj T* 0.416 Tw (fuel for a second and subsequent reloading. Unless North)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (Korea has a clandestine nuclear reactor, it appears the DPRK)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (is not in a position to increase the rate of plutonium production)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (beyond 6 kg per year without a major construction project at)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the 50 MWe or 200 MWe reactor sites.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.22 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.114 Tw (Officials of the DPRK Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed that)Tj -0.016 -1.02 TD 0.102 Tw (the DPRK had weapons of mass destruction. They believe that)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (they provided us with evidence of their )Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.9967 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.108 Tw (nuclear deterrent.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.4959 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.108 Tw [( At)]TJ -28.3086 -1.02 TD 0.074 Tw (Yongbyon, they demonstrated that they most likely had the ca-)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (pability to make plutonium metal. However, Dr. Hecker saw)Tj T* 0.1 Tw (nothing and spoke to no one who could convince him that they)Tj T* 0.26 Tw (could build a nuclear device with that metal, and that they)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (could weaponize such a device into a delivery vehicle. We were)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (not able to arrange meetings with DPRK staff who may have)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (such expertise or visit related facilities.)Tj 8.64 -2.02 TD 0 Tw (H)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 261.7299 168 Tm (UMANITARIAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.0929 168 Tm (I)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 331.1628 168 Tm (SSUES)Tj 10 0 0 10 157 151.8 Tm 0.098 Tw (Upon arriving in Pyongyang, the staff delegation asked our host,)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.074 Tw (Ambassador Li Gun, to arrange meetings on the topics of the Japa-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (nese abductee issue, prison camps in North Korea and their condi-)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (tions, and food aid to the DPRK. These on-the-spot requests were)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (all accommodated.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00011)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 5483 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj /F17 1 Tf -15.622 -2 TD 0.052 Tw (Japanese Abductees)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.39 TD 0.178 Tw (In 2002, Kim Jong-il acknowledged to Japanese Prime Minister)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.154 Tw (Koizumi that North Korean agents had abducted 13 Japanese na-)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (tionals during the 1970)Tj /F14 1 Tf 11.0448 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw (s and 1980)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.1479 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw (s. Japanese officials contend the)Tj -16.6007 -0.99 TD 0.324 Tw (number could go much higher. \(South Korean officials estimate)Tj T* 0.262 Tw (that several hundred South Koreans have been abducted by the)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (North over the years, most never to return\). The Japanese were ab-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (ducted reportedly to teach Japanese language and culture to North)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (Korean spies. At least five of the Japanese abductees remain alive)Tj T* 0.208 Tw (and were returned to Japan last year following the Kim Jong-il)Tj /F14 1 Tf 31.2506 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -31.2506 -0.99 TD 0.15 Tw (Koizumi summit. North Korean and Japanese officials continue to)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (negotiate as to the fate of children and other relatives of these five,)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (as well as eight additional Japanese abductees reported dead by)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (North Korean authorities. North Korea has not provided evidence)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (convincing to the Japanese that the remaining eight are deceased.)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.232 Tw (The North Korean official with whom we met on the abductee)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.166 Tw (issue was Song Il-ho, Deputy Director of the Foreign Affairs Min-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (istry for Japan. We emphasized that the United States)Tj /F14 1 Tf 26.0196 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.09 Tw [( concern for)]TJ -26.2236 -0.99 TD 0.19 Tw (the human rights situation in North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.9567 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.19 Tw (including the fate of)Tj -21.9567 -0.99 TD 0.338 Tw (those abducted by North Korea and their families)Tj /F14 1 Tf 25.2947 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.338 Tw (reflects the)Tj -26.2946 -0.99 TD 0.17 Tw (deeply held convictions of the American people. We expressed our)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (hope that North Korea would promptly take steps to fully resolve)Tj T* 0.282 Tw (the issue, and explained the welfare of the abductees and their)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (families was a matter of international concern and of particular in-)Tj T* 0.196 Tw (terest to members of the Congress. We emphasized that we were)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (not in North Korea to negotiate, but only to exchange views.)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.248 Tw (Song gave his government)Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.8928 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.248 Tw (s perspective on the abductee issue,)Tj -14.0968 -0.99 TD 0.076 Tw (beginning with an overview of Japan-Korea relations from the colo-)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (nial period to the present. After this background, Song acknowl-)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (edged that North Korean secret agents did wrongly abduct Japa-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (nese nationals. )Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.4599 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.118 Tw ([They] did bring Japanese nationals to the DPRK.)Tj -7.8679 -0.99 TD 0.206 Tw (Thirteen were brought to the DPRK, some of whom have died of)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (accidents or illness. Those responsible for bringing them here were)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (charged under state law and punished.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.2797 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -17.2797 -0.99 TD 0.072 Tw (After conveying his government)Tj /F14 1 Tf 14.9368 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.072 Tw (s views, Song was forthcoming in)Tj -16.1408 -0.99 TD 0.202 Tw (answering questions we asked about the abductees and their rel-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (atives. He expressed his willingness to answer additional questions)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (in the future. Song reported that Japan has been provided with)Tj T* 0.278 Tw (videotapes and other information pertaining to the children and)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (other relatives of the abductees remaining in North Korea. Song)Tj T* 0.334 Tw (said that some of the abductees)Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.1908 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.334 Tw [( children only recently became)]TJ -16.3948 -1 TD 0.128 Tw (aware of the truth regarding their parents)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.3607 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.128 Tw [( origin, adding that the)]TJ -20.5647 -1 TD 0.094 Tw (children have close relationships in his country, \(including fiancees)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for some\), have never been outside North Korea, and should be able)Tj T* 0.332 Tw (to make individual decisions on whether they remain in North)Tj T* 0.08 Tw (Korea or go to Japan. \(Japanese officials counter that all abductees)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (and their immediate relatives should be able to travel to Japan to)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (live for a set amount of time before deciding on their own whether)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (they would remain in Japan or return to North Korea.\))Tj /F17 1 Tf 0 -1.6 TD (U.S. Food Assistance to DPRK)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.4 TD 0.184 Tw (As we did last August, we met again this year with Jong Yun-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.278 Tw (hyong, Director of the Flood Damage Reconstruction Committee,)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (who is working with American and European non-government or-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00012)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 5440 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.128 Tw (ganizations \(NGO)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.4439 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.128 Tw (s\) and universities to expand efforts toward sus-)Tj -8.6479 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (tainable agriculture. During our meeting, Jong for the first time)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (made reference to the topic of )Tj /F14 1 Tf 14.6388 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.122 Tw (rural development,)Tj /F14 1 Tf 8.9369 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.122 Tw [( indicating that)]TJ -24.3916 -1 TD 0 Tw (NGO)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.371 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.12 Tw (s may be designated to take charge of small to medium-sized)Tj -2.575 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (rural development projects in the areas of energy and agricultural)Tj T* 0 Tw (production.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.102 Tw (Poor farming practices are evident in DPRK. Soybeans, corn and)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.112 Tw (orchards planted vertically on mountainsides contribute to erosion.)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (Poorly-built levees break during heavy rains causing fields to flood.)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (There are often inadequate amounts of fertilizer, and the soil is)Tj T* 0.17 Tw (over-worked. Double-cropping is practiced throughout the country.)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (North Korea is interested in adopting better agricultural practices.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (Although anxious to achieve food production self-sufficiency, Jong)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.166 Tw (acknowledged emergency assistance will be needed for quite some)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (time given the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 9.9679 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.094 Tw (s shortage of arable land. He expressed grati-)Tj -10.1718 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (tude for the recent announcement from the U.S. of additional food)Tj T* 0.392 Tw (aid. When the staff delegation once again questioned Jong on)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (DPRK not allowing the World Food Program \(WFP\) to fully mon-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (itor food distribution and the lack of access to children, the elderly)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (and pregnant women in 43 counties, he responded by advocating a)Tj T* 0.278 Tw (shift away from food assistance and toward agriculture develop-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ment projects.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.282 Tw (Jong outlined the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 11.9578 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.282 Tw (s food production and distribution for)Tj -13.1618 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (2003. He reported that the North produced 4.5 million metric tons)Tj T* 0.2 Tw (of grain \(primarily rice, corn, wheat, and barley\). The DPRK cal-)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (culates that after making allowances for food grain consumption,)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (seed grain, livestock consumption, restaurant services, and spoil-)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (age, the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9299 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.122 Tw (s production will fall roughly one million tons short)Tj -7.1339 -1 TD 0.086 Tw (of its needs for 2004. The Public Distribution System \(PDS\) largely)Tj T* 0.268 Tw (broke down during the famine years of the mid-1990)Tj /F14 1 Tf 26.3876 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.268 Tw (s, and has)Tj -26.5916 -1 TD 0.334 Tw (never fully recovered. Most North Koreans reportedly receive a)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (meager allotment \(300 grams/day\) from the PDS, and must supple-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (ment their allotment with purchases of food from markets. Jong ex-)Tj T* 0.212 Tw (pressed his hope that the World Food Program and other donors)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (would help close the gap between the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.7797 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw (s production \(including)Tj -20.9837 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (imports\) and its actual food needs.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.222 Tw (Kim Jong-il maintains a )Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.4098 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (military-first)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.0369 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.222 Tw [( policy in terms of food)]TJ -20.2627 -1 TD 0.078 Tw (produced in North Korea, and Jong acknowledged that the military)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (gets preferential access to the harvest. Once its needs are met, re-)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (maining food production enters the PDS. Given the minimal moni-)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (toring of bilateral South Korean and Chinese food aid \(largely rice\),)Tj T* 0.154 Tw (we believe it is possible that North Korea may divert a portion of)Tj T* (the rice from those two countries to meet any unfulfilled needs in)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the military for 2004, as it likely has in the past.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.458 Tw (The United States provides food assistance to North Korea)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.192 Tw (through the World Food Program \(WFP\), which targets its aid to)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (the elderly, children up to the age of 10, and pregnant and nursing)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (women. In February, 2003, the U.S. Government announced its in-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (tention to provide 100,000 tons of food assistance in calendar year)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (2003, with 40,000 tons to be shipped immediately and 60,000 tons)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (to be shipped depending on circumstances inside North Korea and)Tj T* 0.382 Tw (on competing global demands for assistance. On December 24,)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (2003, the administration announced it would ship the last 60,000)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (metric tons. This assistance package will reportedly include 38,000)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00013)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 53 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 55 0 obj << /Length 4966 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.264 Tw (metric tons of corn, 4,000 metric tons of non-fat dry milk, 6000)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.222 Tw (metric tons of corn-soya blend, 6000 metric tons of vegetable oil,)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (with the remaining products including peas and beans. U.S. AID)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (officials believe these food items are more apt to reach the hungry)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (target groups than U.S. rice.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (Most of the recipients of WFP aid live in urban areas outside of)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.142 Tw (Pyongyang. WFP staff now conduct about 500 monitoring visits in)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (North Korea per month, although most visits must be scheduled)Tj T* 0.31 Tw (one week in advance and monitors are usually accompanied by)Tj T* 0.506 Tw (North Korean officials. WFP has five field offices outside of)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (Pyongyang. North Korea still does not permit WFP to feed the hun-)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (gry in 43 out of 206 counties, mostly due to national security con-)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (siderations. These off-limits counties are estimated to contain 15%)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (of North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.2299 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.152 Tw (s population. WFP has no good information on the)Tj -7.4339 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (food needs of these counties, most of which are in mountainous re-)Tj T* 0.292 Tw (gions of north-central DPRK or clustered along the border with)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (South Korea \(adjacent to the DMZ\).)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.24 Tw (Over time, the WFP)Tj /F14 1 Tf 9.9989 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.24 Tw (s ability to monitor its food aid deliveries)Tj -11.2029 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (has improved. WFP personnel are now able to obtain Korean-lan-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (guage training inside North Korea, and WFP has dramatically in-)Tj T* 0.062 Tw (creased the number of monthly inspection visits over the past three)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (years. WFP has also chosen to curtail food aid in Pyongyang. This)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (is appropriate, as Pyongyang residents are typically better off than)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (residents of other parts of North Korea. WFP has issued an appeal)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (for 485,000 tons of commodities for 2004, a decrease from 513,000)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (tons sought for 2003. Only 300,000 tons of the amount requested)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for 2003 was actually received and distributed.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.376 Tw (An extensive UN/DPRK nutrition survey conducted last year)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.272 Tw (showed significant reductions in malnutrition among young chil-)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (dren since 1998, a decrease due in large part to outside food assist-)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (ance. However, even with gains in nutrition standards, )Tj /F17 1 Tf 26.9406 0 TD (more than)Tj -26.9406 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (40% of North Koreas children under the age of seven are markedly)Tj T* 0.356 Tw (too short for their agestunteda condition largely irreversible)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (with an impact on mental growth yet to be measured.)Tj 0 -1.6 TD (The Gulags)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.4 TD 0.13 Tw (During our trip to North Korea last August, we raised the issue)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (of the prison system and the poor conditions and high levels of mal-)Tj T* 0.062 Tw (nutrition reported there with Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye-gwan.)Tj T* 0.182 Tw (An estimated 150,000)Tj /F14 1 Tf 10.4418 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.556 0 TD 0.182 Tw (200,000 North Koreans reportedly are held)Tj -10.9978 -1 TD 0.246 Tw (under harsh conditions in hundreds of political detention camps.)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (Last year, Kim Gye-gwan said that North Korean officials would)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (allow non-government organizations \(NGO\) access to prison camps)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (on a )Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.327 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.052 Tw (case by case)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.6789 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.052 Tw [( basis.)]TJ -7.8219 -1 TD 0.176 Tw (During our recent trip to Pyongyang, we once again raised this)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.296 Tw (issue with North Korean officials including Ambassador Li Gun)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (and Jong Yun-Hyong, Director of the Flood Damage Rehabilitation)Tj T* 0.31 Tw (Committee \(FDRC\). We advised North Korean officials that the)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (U.S. Senate would be considering legislation later this year related)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (to human rights conditions in North Korea and that deep concern)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (exists regarding human rights abuses inside North Korea. The staff)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (delegation also expressed concern about the status of North Korean)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (refugees in China and the harsh treatment they sometimes receive)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (upon returning to North Korea. We noted China)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.0197 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.106 Tw (s unwillingness to)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00014)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 56 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Length 5307 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.2 Tw (establish a formal structure of assistance for refugees, and urged)Tj 0 -0.99 TD 0.102 Tw (North Korean officials to cooperate with NGOs and other members)Tj T* 0.316 Tw (of the international community seeking to address the humani-)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (tarian needs of this vulnerable population. Given Kim Gye-gwan)Tj /F14 1 Tf 31.1385 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD (s)Tj -31.3425 -0.99 TD 0.152 Tw (initial willingness to engage in discussions on this sensitive issue,)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (the question of DPRK prisons and the conditions under which pris-)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (oners are held should be a matter for future discussions involving)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the United States and other countries.)Tj 11.162 -1.79 TD 0 Tw (E)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 265.8399 553.8 Tm (CONOMIC)Tj 10 0 0 10 310.4673 553.8 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 317.6871 553.8 Tm (EFORMS)Tj 10 0 0 10 157 537.9 Tm 0.068 Tw (North Korea launched a major economic reform initiative on July)Tj -1 -0.99 TD 0.174 Tw (1, 2002. These reforms hold both promise and peril for the North)Tj T* 0.262 Tw (Korean people generally and for the regime of Kim Jong-il. The)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (government of North Korea has taken several steps to implement)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (the reforms. Moreover, officials with whom we met recognize and)Tj T* 0.436 Tw (acknowledge that North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 15.5318 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.436 Tw (s economic performance is ulti-)Tj -15.7358 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (mately tied to the peaceful resolution of the nuclear crisis.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.59 TD 0 Tw (Background)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.39 TD 0.18 Tw (The main goals of the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.9018 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.18 Tw (s economic reform initiative are to)Tj -15.1058 -0.99 TD 0.102 Tw (boost production and improve living standards by introducing agri-)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (cultural price incentives and stimulating the production of light in-)Tj T* 0.314 Tw (dustrial goods. The first step of the reform process emphasized)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (raising wages and commodities prices to increase food production)Tj T* 0.266 Tw (and decrease dependence on foreign aid. Subsequent reforms in-)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (clude new laws governing foreign investment and trade and a re-)Tj T* 0.386 Tw (newed emphasis on the development of three special economic)Tj T* 0 Tw (zones)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.555 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.342 Tw (Sinuiju along the Chinese border, Najin-Sonbong on the)Tj -3.5549 -0.99 TD 0.388 Tw (east coast, and Kaesong Industrial Park, a joint venture with)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Hyundai located close to the DMZ and Seoul.)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.216 Tw (The 2002 reforms built on earlier initiatives)Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.6147 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.216 Tw (notably the 1998)Tj -23.6147 -0.99 TD 0.176 Tw (Constitutional revision which for the first time recognized private)Tj T* 0.114 Tw (ownership of )Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.4129 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.114 Tw (income obtained through legal economic activities)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.5716 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -30.3925 -0.99 TD 0.36 Tw (while introducing several new concepts. Farmer income is now)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (linked more closely to production, and small private plots are al-)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (lowed to be planted alongside those plots allocated to state-directed)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (food production. The state has taken steps to re-zone small plots)Tj T* 0.228 Tw (into larger, more efficient plots, and introduced a variety of new)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (seed technology and fertilizers. Similar initiatives in the industrial)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (sector allow factories to shift production of goods once state quotas)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (have been met)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.0729 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.184 Tw (a kind of dual track system similar to that tried)Tj -8.0729 -0.99 TD 0.058 Tw (by China 30 years ago. Although ostensibly able to pursue new pro-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (duction, factories have no obvious source of capital for inputs, and)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.16 Tw (they must still apparently maintain bloated work forces. In short,)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.9869 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.172 Tw (s antiquated industrial base is not well positioned to)Tj -6.1909 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (meet consumer demand for light industrial products.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.132 Tw (It is not clear how much productive capacity will be freed up by)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.158 Tw (reforms, or indeed, if North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.5118 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.158 Tw (s industrial sector is capable of)Tj -16.7158 -1 TD 0.06 Tw (producing items North Korean consumers want absent a significant)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (injection of capital and know-how. New small, family-size business)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (are beginning to provide services and produce goods, but it remains)Tj T* 0.28 Tw (unclear whether these grass-roots initiatives can compensate for)Tj T* 0.208 Tw (the lack of productivity from large, state-owned factories that re-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (main under utilized and largely dormant.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00015)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 62 0 obj << /Length 5595 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj -14.622 -2 TD 0.068 Tw (For years, China has tried to encourage North Korea to follow its)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.258 Tw (model of market socialism, but Pyongyang has proven reluctant,)Tj T* 0.288 Tw (constrained by national pride and the juche \(self reliance, inde-)Tj T* 0.336 Tw (pendence\) political philosophy. Since the launching of the July,)Tj T* 0.34 Tw (2002 economic reforms, however, DPRK officials have begun to)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (study China)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.8869 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.22 Tw (s success more closely. But even as it begins to em-)Tj -6.0909 -1 TD 0.336 Tw (brace market principles, the North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 17.4188 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.336 Tw (s economic prospects remain)Tj -17.6228 -1 TD 0.156 Tw (hampered by resource constraints. The North suffers from chronic)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (shortages of electricity, food, material resources \(especially timber)Tj T* 0.458 Tw (and coal\), capital, technology, and trained administrative per-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (sonnel. These constraints serve as a break on the pace of economic)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (growth. The net result is a reform package that remains inchoate,)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (but nonetheless significant.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.6 TD (Markets Sprout)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.4 TD 0.06 Tw (Perhaps the most significant aspect of the July 2002 economic re-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.192 Tw (form package was the introduction of )Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.5787 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.192 Tw (general markets)Tj /F14 1 Tf 7.7669 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.192 Tw [( at which)]TJ -27.1616 -1 TD 0.334 Tw (farmers could sell their produce and craftsman could sell their)Tj T* 0.526 Tw (wares. Until recently, these markets have been rather rudi-)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (mentary, consisting of large open-air stalls enclosed by some kind)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (of fencing, and they have been strictly off limits to foreigners. That)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (is changing. Farmers markets are evolving into general markets.)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (In recent months, the North has taken the concept of the market)Tj T* 0.272 Tw (to its next logical evolution)Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.5528 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.272 Tw (a large, covered, regulated market,)Tj -14.5528 -1 TD 0.138 Tw (complete with foreign exchange service, a cafe)Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.6892 0.051 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.4165 -0.051 TD 0.138 Tw (, and a wide variety)Tj -22.1057 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (of both domestic and imported consumer goods. The )Tj /F14 1 Tf 24.7806 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.072 Tw (fire wall)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.9059 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.072 Tw [( that)]TJ -29.5026 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (used to separate markets for food and markets for goods has been)Tj T* 0 Tw (breached.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.302 Tw (We visited Pyongyang)Tj /F14 1 Tf 10.8268 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD (s )Tj /F14 1 Tf 1.043 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (flagship)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.7039 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.302 Tw [( general market: the Tong-il)]TJ -17.5938 -1 TD 0.152 Tw (Street Market. It must be noted that the Tong-il Street market is)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (not typical, and that Pyongyang as a whole is not representative)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (of conditions elsewhere in North Korea. Therefore, one cannot draw)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (conclusions about market conditions throughout North Korea based)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (only on a visit to one market in Pyongyang. That said, the Tong-)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (il Street market, completed last summer, appears to be in the van-)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (guard of market reform in North Korea, and was presented to the)Tj T* 0.116 Tw (delegation as a clear indication of where North Korea wants to go.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (The Tong-il Street Market has more than 500 vendors, each rent-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.224 Tw (ing stall space from the Tong-il Street Market for 80 won a day)Tj T* 0.292 Tw (\(about $3 month\). Vendors sell a huge variety of food imported)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (from China, including pineapple, bananas, and melons. They also)Tj T* 0.302 Tw (sell Fuji apples from Japan)Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.8028 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.302 Tw (seven for one dollar)Tj /F14 1 Tf 9.9429 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.302 Tw (and Russian)Tj -25.7456 -1 TD 0.178 Tw (vodka. In addition to food, shoppers can find clothing, shoes, con-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (sumer electronics, major appliances, furniture, artwork, etc.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.06 Tw (Unlike the markets set aside for senior Korean Workers Party of-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.092 Tw (ficials, the Tong-il Street Market appears to be open to the general)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (public. There are no ID checks and no armed security guards. The)Tj T* 0.246 Tw (market was bustling when we visited. Pyongyang residents typi-)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (cally tend to be a better off than residents of other parts of the)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (country, but given the prices for most goods, there is no reason to)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (believe that similar markets would not attract shoppers elsewhere)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (in urban North Korea. We saw vendors accepting a variety of cur-)Tj T* 0 Tw (rencies)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.2769 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.708 Tw (Chinese Renminbi, Japanese Yen, American Dollar,)Tj -4.2769 -1 TD 0 Tw (Euros)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.74 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.16 Tw (and gladly taking the opportunity to negotiate a favorable)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00016)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 63 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Length 5764 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj -15.622 -2 TD 0.132 Tw (exchange rate with an unwary shopper. Vendors appeared to have)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.076 Tw (the ability to provide change in several currencies. One dollar trad-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (ed for 1,000 DPRK Won at the stalls, slightly above the official rate)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (of 900 Won/dollar, but below the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.7378 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (floating)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.5559 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.252 Tw [( black market rate of)]TJ -21.1097 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (roughly 1,200 Won/dollar. Vendors bargained with enthusiasm and)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (exhibited considerable entrepreneurial spirit.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (Are these kinds of markets the future for North Korea? It is too)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.256 Tw (soon to say. The Tong-il Street market was opened last August,)Tj T* 0.296 Tw (and plans call for similar markets to be constructed in each of)Tj T* 0 Tw (Pyongyang)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.0929 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.224 Tw (s 21 districts and then throughout the country. These)Tj -5.2969 -1 TD 0.246 Tw (covered, climate-controlled markets are intended gradually to re-)Tj T* 0.222 Tw (place the open-air markets that continue to cater to buyers with)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (more limited income. Large markets are part of the story of North)Tj T* 0 Tw (Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.778 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.194 Tw (s market reform initiative. In Pyongyang, we also observed)Tj -2.982 -1 TD 0.098 Tw (new small vendor stalls launched since last summer. We saw simi-)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (lar stalls last summer in Nampo and in Yongbyon city this year.)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (These street stalls, selling a variety of small snacks, cigarettes, and)Tj T* 0.248 Tw (liquor, appear popular, and have grown steadily in number over)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (the past two years. For the first time, we were able to make a pur-)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (chase at one of these street stalls)Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.1438 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.144 Tw (five Chinese chocolate bars for)Tj -17.1437 -1 TD 0.078 Tw (a dollar. The vendor smiled as she took our one dollar bill, but also)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (seemed a bit wary of making a sale to a foreigner.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.6 TD (Economic Prospects)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.4 TD 0.106 Tw (North Korea has a shortage of economic expertise at all levels of)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.264 Tw (government, but is beginning to take steps to remedy that defi-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (ciency. Interestingly, China has begun training programs for DPRK)Tj T* 0.248 Tw (economic officials under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of)Tj T* 0.16 Tw (Social Sciences. Chinese officials and think tank specialists report)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (a new willingness on the part of their DPRK counterparts to learn)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (from China)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.4329 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.174 Tw (s experiences with economic reform and the privatiza-)Tj -5.6369 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (tion of state-owned enterprises.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.346 Tw (North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.1609 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.346 Tw (s economic reforms are not without risk. In the)Tj -7.3649 -1 TD 0.146 Tw (short run, price adjustments could increase inequality and exacer-)Tj T* 0.314 Tw (bate existing social differentiation. North Korea has long main-)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (tained an elaborate system of preferences, and the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 24.2136 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (haves)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.667 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.082 Tw [( are now)]TJ -27.6966 -1 TD 0.142 Tw (even more distant from the )Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.5438 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.142 Tw (have nots.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.8649 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.142 Tw [( Inflation has also become)]TJ -19.2247 -1 TD (a major concern. Some initiatives)Tj /F14 1 Tf 15.9768 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.142 Tw (such as a zero interest 10-year)Tj -16.9767 -1 TD 0.276 Tw (bond with lucky lottery winners eligible for )Tj /F14 1 Tf 22.1377 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.276 Tw (bonus interest)Tj /F14 1 Tf 6.9059 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.408 0 TD (at)Tj -30.8596 -1 TD 0.262 Tw (first blush seem ill-considered or downright Orwellian. However,)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (bonds could in the long run provide a vehicle for privatizing state)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (assets through debt-equity swaps as occurred in the former Soviet)Tj T* 0 Tw (Union.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (If North Korea is able to stimulate agricultural production and)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.194 Tw (create functioning markets, it may not be enough to turn around)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (its ailing economy. North Korea is primarily an industrial society,)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (with roughly 70 percent of the population residing in cities. Build-)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (ing a viable light industrial sector in North Korea and making ob-)Tj T* 0.128 Tw (solete heavy industries productive will require major restructuring)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (and large infusions of capital and technology.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (In sum, reforms in North Korea may create as many )Tj /F14 1 Tf 25.8616 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (losers)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.685 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.136 Tw [( as)]TJ /F14 1 Tf -30.3626 -1 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (winners,)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.9999 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.144 Tw [( at least in the short run, and this could eventually un-)]TJ -4.8159 -1 TD 0.436 Tw (dermine social stability. Reforms designed to boost commodity)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (prices may be good for farmers and those with access to hard cur-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00017)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 66 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Length 5195 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (10)Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.172 Tw (rency, but for urban dwellers on fixed income, the price increases)Tj 0 -1.03 TD 0.122 Tw (for food and the devaluation of the North Korean Won against the)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (dollar exact a heavy toll. The Won has gone from 150 Won/dollar)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (in 2002 to 900 Won/dollar in October, 2003, with unofficial )Tj /F14 1 Tf 28.9236 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (black)Tj -29.3316 -1.03 TD (market)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.3709 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.376 Tw [( rates reaching as high as 1200 Won/dollar. The state)]TJ -3.7789 -1.03 TD 0.174 Tw (seems aware of this problem, and has boosted salaries for miners)Tj T* 0.188 Tw (and members of the armed forces)Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.2918 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.188 Tw (presumably two sectors of the)Tj -17.2917 -1.03 TD 0.074 Tw (work force the government must keep happy to avoid major unrest.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.104 Tw (While it is too soon to judge whether North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.8816 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.104 Tw (s economic re-)Tj -25.0856 -1.03 TD 0.158 Tw (forms will kick-start its economy, there is no doubt that the state)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (is committed to the reforms and is pursuing them with gusto. Suc-)Tj T* 0.25 Tw (cess may depend in large measure on whether North Korea can)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (solve the nuclear crisis and gain access to foreign capital, invest-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ment, and trade.)Tj 9.448 -1.83 TD 0 Tw (B)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 248.6999 488.8 Tm (EIJING)Tj 10 0 0 10 278.1794 488.8 Tm 0.052 Tw (, S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 290.5592 488.8 Tm 0 Tw [(EOUL)-412.5(AND)]TJ 10 0 0 10 339.5346 488.8 Tm (T)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 346.2045 488.8 Tm (OKYO)Tj 10 0 0 10 157 472.5 Tm 0.32 Tw (Upon departing Pyongyang, and en route back to the United)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.112 Tw (States, we met with U.S. and respective country officials in China,)Tj T* 0.2 Tw (South Korea, and Japan to answer questions regarding details of)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (our visit to the DPRK. While all the parties to the six party talks)Tj T* 0.332 Tw (share the goal of a non-nuclear Korean Peninsula, each nation)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (brings its own priorities to the talks. Officials in Beijing, Seoul, and)Tj T* 0.316 Tw (Tokyo, each shared their country)Tj /F14 1 Tf 16.5048 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.316 Tw (s particular concerns with the)Tj -16.7088 -1.03 TD 0.064 Tw (staff delegation. We gained a deeper appreciation for the special re-)Tj T* 0.28 Tw (sponsibility China feels as host and facilitator of the talks, and)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (were reminded of the priority Seoul attaches to the maintenance of)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.324 Tw (peace and stability on the peninsula as this diplomatic process)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (moves forward. In Tokyo, we gained insights into the incredibly im-)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (portant issue of the abductees, and how it informs Japanese policy)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (making as Tokyo participates in the talks.)Tj 9.268 -1.82 TD 0 Tw (C)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 246.8999 320.8 Tm (ONCLUSIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 303.355 320.8 Tm (/K)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 313.9149 320.8 Tm (EY)Tj 10 0 0 10 328.6227 320.8 Tm (F)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 335.2926 320.8 Tm (INDINGS)Tj 10 0 0 10 162.56 302.6 Tm 0.188 Tw [(1.)-556(DPRK officials believe the United States will launch a pre-)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (emptive attack on their country.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.428 Tw [(2.)-556(North Korea has restarted its Yongbyon nuclear reactor)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.21 Tw (which has the potential to produce 5)Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.0577 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.556 0 TD 0.21 Tw (6 kilograms of pluto-)Tj -18.6137 -1.02 TD 0.102 Tw (nium per year. The North could at any time easily reprocess)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (spent fuel from the reactor to harvest plutonium for use in)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (nuclear bombs.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.11 Tw [(3.)-556(North Korea is in the midst of a significant economic reform)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.138 Tw (movement, the full implications of which remain to be seen.)Tj T* 0.286 Tw (North Koreans intimately involved with the reform initia-)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (tives appear to be among those in the DPRK pushing the)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (hardest for resolution of the nuclear issue.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.3 Tw [(4.)-556(DPRK officials are interested in reducing the nation)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 27.5836 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.3 Tw (s de-)Tj -26.3436 -1.02 TD 0.286 Tw (pendence on food aid and want outside help developing a)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (more productive agriculture sector.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.326 Tw [(5.)-556(Eliminating North Korea)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 13.7098 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.326 Tw (s gulags and addressing the hu-)Tj -12.4698 -1.02 TD 0.142 Tw (manitarian needs of North Korea)Tj /F14 1 Tf 15.9398 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.142 Tw (s prison population should)Tj -16.1438 -1.02 TD 0.13 Tw (become a priority for the United States government and the)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (entire international community.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00018)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 69 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Length 4093 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (11)Tj -13.788 -2 TD 0.248 Tw [(6.)-556(Significant communications and coordination problems con-)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.086 Tw (tinue to hamper the six party talks. The talks are more like-)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (ly to make progress if multi-party working groups are estab-)Tj T* 0.126 Tw (lished to define terms, discuss verification protocols, and ex-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (change views on how any deal might be phased.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.322 Tw [(7.)-556(China and South Korea place a premium on maintaining)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.088 Tw (peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula. Both seem pre-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (pared to go to great lengths to avoid either a war on the pe-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ninsula or an abrupt collapse of the Kim Jong-il regime.)Tj -1.444 -1.22 TD 0.224 Tw [(8.)-556(China, on whom we rely as key facilitator in the six-party)]TJ 1.444 -1.02 TD 0.28 Tw (talks, shares our goal of a non-nuclear Korean Peninsula.)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (Nonetheless, China will always place its own interests first)Tj T* 0.248 Tw (in this process, and Beijing)Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.5108 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.248 Tw (s interests are not identical to)Tj -13.7148 -1.02 TD 0.074 Tw (our own. DPRK officials are not certain that China has accu-)Tj T* 0.726 Tw (rately transmitted messages between Washington and)Tj T* 0 Tw (Pyongyang.)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 468.6 m 331 468.6 l S BT 10 0 0 10 195.74 446.2 Tm (K)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 203.5199 446.2 Tm (EY)Tj 10 0 0 10 218.2277 446.2 Tm (I)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 222.2976 446.2 Tm (NTERLOCUTORS)Tj 10 0 0 10 295.2366 446.2 Tm (I)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 299.3065 446.2 Tm [(NCLUDE)-412.5(THE)]TJ 10 0 0 10 359.8337 446.2 Tm (F)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 366.5036 446.2 Tm (OLLOWING)Tj 10 0 0 10 413.4709 446.2 Tm (:)Tj /F19 1 Tf -26.6471 -1.62 TD (People)Tj /F17 1 Tf 2.962 0 TD ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.052 Tw (s Republic of China)Tj /F18 1 Tf -2.166 -1.62 TD (John Aloisi, Political Counselor, U.S. Embassy)Tj 0 -1.22 TD (Donald Steel, Political Officer, U.S. Embassy)Tj T* 0.268 Tw (Wang Shenghong, Director, Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Na-)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.082 Tw (tional Committee of the Chinese People)Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.6897 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw (s Political Consultative)Tj -18.8937 -1.01 TD 0 Tw (Conference)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.26 Tw (Xia Jihui, Deputy Director, Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Na-)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.082 Tw (tional Committee of the Chinese People)Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.6897 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw (s Political Consultative)Tj -18.8937 -1.01 TD 0 Tw (Conference)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.052 Tw (Cao Huayin, Deputy Secretary-General, China Reform Forum)Tj T* (Ding Kuisong, Vice Chairman, China Reform Forum)Tj T* (Dai Fengning, Program Officer, China Reform Forum)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (Yu Meihua, Director of East Asia Studies, China Reform Forum)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (Maj. Gen. Pan Zhenqiang \(Ret.\), Professor, Institute for Strategic)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (Studies, National Defense University)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.076 Tw (Ning Fukui, Ambassador for Korean Peninsula Issue, Ministry of)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.336 Tw (Li Yang, Deputy Director, Office for Korean Peninsula Issue,)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.432 Tw (Tu Jingchang, Deputy Director, Office for Korean Peninsula)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (Issue, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.21 TD 0.196 Tw (Liu Xuecheng, Director of American Studies, China Institute of)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0.052 Tw (International Studies)Tj /F19 1 Tf -2 -1.61 TD (North Korea)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.61 TD (The Honorable Paul Beijer, Ambassador, Embassy of Sweden)Tj 0 -1.21 TD (The Honorable Wojciech Katuza, Embassy of Poland)Tj T* 0.206 Tw (The Honorable Doris Hertrampf, Ambassador, Embassy of Ger-)Tj 1 -1.01 TD 0 Tw (many)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00019)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 72 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Length 3487 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.072 Tw (The Honorable David Slinn, Ambassador, Embassy of Great Brit-)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (ain)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.286 Tw (Ri Hak-gwon, Vice President, Committee for the Promotion of)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (International Trade)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.318 Tw (Professor Doctor Ri Mun-ho, Head of Counsellors for Science,)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (Academy of Sciences DPRK)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.2 Tw (Dr. Jong Hun-il, Senior Officer, Bureau of International S & T)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (Cooperation, Academy of Sciences)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.29 Tw (Jong Yun-hyong, Director, Flood Damage Reconstruction Com-)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (mittee)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.256 Tw (Kim Gye-gwan, Vice Foreign Minister, Ministry of Foreign Af-)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (fairs)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.294 Tw (Ambassador Li Gun, Deputy Director General, North America)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.116 Tw (Dr. Ri Hong-sop, Director, Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (Center)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.15 Tw (Choi Kil-man, Deputy Director, Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Re-)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0.052 Tw (search Center)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.108 Tw (Sung Il-ho, Deputy Director, Japan Division, Ministry of Foreign)Tj 1 -0.99 TD 0 Tw (Affairs)Tj -1 -1.19 TD 0.052 Tw (Col. General Li Chol Bok, Korean People)Tj /F14 1 Tf 19.1667 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.052 Tw (s Army)Tj /F19 1 Tf -20.3707 -1.6 TD (South Korea)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.6 TD (The Honorable Thomas Hubbard, U.S. Ambassador)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (Sangmin )Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.4789 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (Simon)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.945 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.052 Tw [( Lee, Control Officer, U.S. Embassy)]TJ -8.2399 -1.2 TD (Scott Snyder, Asia Foundation)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (Rhee Bong-Jo, Chief, Policy Coordination Bureau, National Secu-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (rity Council)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.116 Tw (Park Sun-won, Ph.D., Senior Director, National Security Council)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Park Ro-byug, Senior Director, National Security Council)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (Park Chan-bong, Ph.D., Deputy Assistant Minister for Unifica-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (tion Policy, Ministry of Unification)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.106 Tw (Wi Sung-lac, Director General, North American Affairs, Ministry)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.482 Tw (Yang Chang-seok, Director, International Cooperation Office,)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Ministry of Unification)Tj -1 -1.2 TD (Jun Bong-geun, Policy Advisor, Ministry of Unification)Tj /F19 1 Tf -1 -1.6 TD 0 Tw (Japan)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.6 TD 0.052 Tw (The Honorable Howard Baker, U.S. Ambassador)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.128 Tw (Torkel Patterson, Minister-Counselor, Senior Advisor to the Am-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (bassador \(U.S.\))Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.152 Tw (Richard A. Christenson, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy)Tj 1 -1 TD 0 Tw (Tokyo)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.272 Tw (Daniel L. Shields, Political Section Deputy and Foreign Policy)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Unit Chief, U.S. Embassy Tokyo)Tj -1 -1.2 TD (Ken Moskowitz, Director, Tokyo American Center)Tj T* 0.288 Tw (David Jonathan Wolff, Embassy Control Officer, Bilateral and)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Foreign Policy Unit, Political Section, U.S. Embassy Tokyo)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00020)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 75 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 5429 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (13)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.142 Tw (Yasumasa Nagamine, Deputy Director General, North American)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.2 Tw (Kazuhiro Suzuki, Senior Policy Coordinator, Foreign Policy Bu-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (reau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.326 Tw (The Honorable Shinzo Abe, Secretary General, Liberal Demo-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (cratic Party)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.206 Tw (Mikio Mori, Director for Multilateral Nuclear Cooperation, For-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (eign Policy Bureau)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.14 Tw (Naoki Ito, Director, Northeast Asia Division, Asian and Oceania)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.278 Tw (Mitoji Yabunaka, Director General, Asian and Oceania Affairs)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.178 Tw (Akitaka Saiki, Deputy Director General, Asian and Oceania Af-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (fairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.18 Tw (Koji Tsuruoka, Deputy Director General, Foreign Policy Bureau)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (Nobuyuki Takakura, Director, Economic Affairs Division, Health)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (Policy Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare)Tj -1 -1.2 TD 0.294 Tw (Kaoru Manabe, M.D., Deputy Director, Economic Affairs Divi-)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.286 Tw (sion, Health Policy Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and)Tj T* 0 Tw (Welfare)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 281 415.2 m 331 415.2 l S BT 10 0 0 10 147 393 Tm (P)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 153.6699 393 Tm (REPARED)Tj 10 0 0 10 198.7093 393 Tm (S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 205.0092 393 Tm [(TATEMENT)-575(OF)]TJ 10 0 0 10 273.1763 393 Tm (D)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 280.9562 393 Tm (R)Tj 10 0 0 10 286.7321 393 Tm 0.182 Tw (. 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Lewis of Stanford)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (University. Professor Lewis is an Asian scholar at Stanford, spe-)Tj T* 0.082 Tw (cializing in China and North Korea. Professor Lewis)Tj /F14 1 Tf 24.7426 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.082 Tw [( visit was part)]TJ -24.9466 -1 TD 0.292 Tw (of his ongoing dialog with officials of the DPRK concerning the)Tj T* 0 Tw (North)Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.759 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.1 Tw (s nuclear program. He has visited the DPRK ten times since)Tj -2.963 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (he began this dialog in 1987. He last visited the DPRK just before)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (the official six-party talks in Beijing last August. DPRK officials in-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (vited him to return. When they indicated that they may allow him)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (to visit the nuclear facilities at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Re-)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (search Center, he contacted me to accompany him to provide sci-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (entific expertise. Since I work for the Los Alamos National Labora-)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (tory, which is operated by the University of California for the De-)Tj T* 0.218 Tw (partment of Energy, I requested and received the necessary U.S.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00021)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 78 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Length 5360 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (14)Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.194 Tw (Government approvals for travel to China and the DPRK. I have)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.244 Tw (known Prof. Lewis for approximately 15 years. We have collabo-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (rated on other global security issues.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.168 Tw (Joining our delegation at Prof. Lewis)Tj /F14 1 Tf 17.9167 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.168 Tw [( invitation was Charles L.)]TJ -19.1207 -1.02 TD 0.24 Tw (\(Jack\) Pritchard, Visiting Scholar at the Brookings Institute and)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (formerly the U.S. special envoy for DPRK negotiations. In addition,)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (two Senate Foreign Relations Committee experts on Asian affairs,)Tj T* 0.348 Tw (Mr. W. Keith Luse and Mr. Frank S. Jannuzi, had separately)Tj T* 0.292 Tw (planned a trip to the DPRK. They joined our delegation in the)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (DPRK and participated in our visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Sci-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (entific Research Center.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.252 Tw (The host organization for our visit was the DPRK Ministry of)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.056 Tw (Foreign Affairs. Ambassador Li Gun accompanied us during the en-)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (tire visit. Vice Minister Kim Gye Gwan met with us on three sepa-)Tj T* 0.1 Tw (rate occasions. In addition to the visit to the Nuclear Scientific Re-)Tj T* 0.432 Tw (search Center, Prof. Lewis had arranged other meetings with)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (DPRK officials to cover economic, military, and science issues. Mr.)Tj T* 0.118 Tw (Luse and Mr. Jannuzi arranged some additional meetings on their)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (own. I will restrict my written statement to the areas of my exper-)Tj T* 0.222 Tw (tise, namely the nuclear issues. More specifically, I will focus on)Tj T* 0.294 Tw (what we learned during the visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Sci-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (entific Research Center.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.62 TD 0.21 Tw (DPRK Statements and Motivation to Set the Context for the Visit)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.42 TD 0.11 Tw (Vice Minister Kim [Gye Gwan] indicated that they were very in-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.206 Tw (terested in resuming the six-party talks. The DPRK made a pro-)Tj T* 0.19 Tw (posal on Dec. 9, 2003 to freeze its nuclear activities and received)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (no response from the United States. Vice Minister Kim indicated)Tj T* 0.1 Tw (that they have just repeated this proposal, and this time Secretary)Tj T* 0.262 Tw (Powell responded positively. [The following quote from Secretary)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (Powell appeared in AFP, January 7, 2004: )Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.9697 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.172 Tw (This is an interesting)Tj -21.3777 -1.02 TD 0.174 Tw (step on their part, a positive step, and we hope that it will allow)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (us to move more rapidly to six-party framework talks. I am encour-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (aged, I am encouraged by the statement the North Koreans made.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 31.0605 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (])Tj -30.4685 -1.02 TD 0.09 Tw (Vice Minister Kim stated, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.5648 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.09 Tw (The most reasonable way [to proceed])Tj -13.9728 -1.02 TD 0.134 Tw [(is to have simultaneous action steps. .)-168(.)-168(.)0( The U.S. says it will give)]TJ T* 0.176 Tw (us a security assurance if we dismantle our nuclear program. We)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (say it differently. The first step would be a freeze of the present)Tj T* 0.084 Tw ([DPRK] nuclear activities. You will see how important a freeze will)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (be when you are at Yongbyon. This means there will be no manu-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (facturing, no testing, and no transferring of nuclear weapons.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 28.8236 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -27.8236 -1.02 TD 0.368 Tw (Vice Minister Kim stated, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.6768 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.368 Tw (We view the delegation)Tj /F14 1 Tf 11.8458 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.368 Tw (s visit to)Tj -27.1346 -1.02 TD 0.23 Tw (Yongbyon as a way to help contribute to breaking the stalemate)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (and opening up a bright future. We will not play games with you.)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (We have invited you to go to Yongbyon. The primary reason for)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (this is to ensure transparency. This will reduce the assumptions)Tj T* 0.052 Tw [(and errors. .)-168(.)-168(.)0( This visit can have great symbolic significance.)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 29.0106 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj -28.0106 -1.02 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.218 Tw (We want you to take an objective look, and we will leave the)Tj -1.408 -1.02 TD 0.372 Tw (conclusions to your side. This is why the inclusion of Dr. Sig)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (Hecker is so significant.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 11.5478 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.164 Tw [( Mr. Pritchard stated that we are unoffi-)]TJ -11.9558 -1.02 TD 0.41 Tw (cial and that we are not an inspection team. Kim continued,)Tj /F14 1 Tf 0 -1.01 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (Hecker)Tj /F14 1 Tf 3.314 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.158 Tw (s presence will allow us to tell you everything. This is an)Tj -3.9259 -1.01 TD 0.154 Tw [(extraordinary approval by us. .)-168(.)-168(.)0( We, too, emphasize that you are)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00022)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 82 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Length 5339 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.144 Tw (not making an inspection. But, because we are allowing this visit,)Tj 0 -1.04 TD 0.052 Tw (we will provide you enough access to have good knowledge.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 27.6926 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -26.6926 -1.04 TD 0.238 Tw (Vice Minister Kim indicated that based on the U.S. actions in)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.29 Tw (November 2002, the DPRK decided that the Agreed Framework)Tj T* 0.274 Tw (was no longer in its interest, so it terminated the IAEA [Inter-)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (national Atomic Energy Agency] inspections and withdrew from the)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (NPT. The DPRK decided to operate the 5 MWe reactor and resume)Tj T* 0.07 Tw (reprocessing of plutonium for peaceful nuclear activities. He stated,)Tj /F14 1 Tf T* 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.094 Tw (It is the only way to keep the spent fuel rods safe.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 23.9627 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.094 Tw [( He added, )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 5.5049 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (At)Tj -30.6916 -1.04 TD 0.126 Tw (the same time, the hostile U.S. policy had been intensified. So, we)Tj T* 0.286 Tw (changed our purpose and informed the U.S. that the plutonium)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (that was to have been used for peaceful purposes would now be)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (used for weapons. Originally, we had wanted to keep the reproc-)Tj T* 0.402 Tw (essed plutonium in a way we could store it safely. Then, we)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (changed the purpose in order to strengthen our deterrent.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 27.1546 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -26.1546 -1.04 TD 0.056 Tw (Vice Minister Kim added that the DPRK wants a peaceful resolu-)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.138 Tw (tion of the nuclear crisis. They want a denuclearization of the Ko-)Tj T* 0.064 Tw (rean Peninsula. He emphasized that the DPRK has been very flexi-)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (ble and very patient, adding, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 14.1068 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.106 Tw (I should note that the time that has)Tj -14.5148 -1.04 TD 0.194 Tw (been lost [in dealing with us] has not been beneficial to the U.S.)Tj T* 0.208 Tw (side. With an additional lapse in time, our nuclear arsenal could)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (grow in quality and quantity. The outcome has not been a success)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (for the U.S.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 5.4379 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -4.4379 -1.04 TD 0.07 Tw (I provide this political background to set the context for potential)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.1 Tw (motivations for the DPRK decision to invite us to visit the Nuclear)Tj T* 0.32 Tw (Scientific Research Center. They have publicly stated that they)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (have reprocessed the fuel rods to extract plutonium and strengthen)Tj T* 0 Tw (their )Tj /F14 1 Tf 2.713 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrent.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 4.6289 0 TD ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.176 Tw [( It appears they were concerned that the United)]TJ -8.1579 -1.04 TD 0.278 Tw (States \(and perhaps others\) did not believe them. So, they may)Tj T* 0.496 Tw (have invited us to provide independent confirmation of their)Tj T* 0 Tw (claims.)Tj 1 -1.04 TD 0.068 Tw (However, Vice Minister Kim also expressed a concern about their)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.096 Tw (decision to invite us to Yongbyon. He stated: )Tj /F14 1 Tf 21.5487 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.096 Tw (If you go back to the)Tj -21.9567 -1.04 TD 0.054 Tw (United States and say that the North already has nuclear weapons,)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (this may cause the U.S. to act against us.)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.2677 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.144 Tw [( At a later meeting, he)]TJ -20.6757 -1.04 TD 0.262 Tw (returned to this concern by stating, )Tj /F14 1 Tf 18.1647 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.262 Tw (We are concerned that the)Tj -18.5727 -1.04 TD 0.178 Tw (U.S. Government will use what you conclude [as a pretext] to at-)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (tack us. The U.S. might claim that this visit proves that the DPRK)Tj T* 0.24 Tw (has crossed a red line when it restarted the reactor. Can we be)Tj T* 0.226 Tw (sure that the U.S. will refrain from action if it declares that we)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (have gone beyond its red line)Tj /F14 1 Tf 13.7358 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.058 Tw (such as finishing of the reprocessing)Tj -14.7358 -1.04 TD 0.196 Tw (and the change in the purpose of the reprocessing [from peaceful)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (safety-related reasons to making weapons]?)Tj /F14 1 Tf 20.3947 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -19.3947 -1.04 TD 0.072 Tw (So, I believe the DPRK wanted to show us the Yongbyon Nuclear)Tj -1 -1.04 TD 0.086 Tw (Scientific Research Center to verify that they had taken significant)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (actions since December 2002 and to impress us with their nuclear)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (capabilities. The Center leadership and its specialists were very co-)Tj T* 0.226 Tw (operative within the boundaries of what they were authorized to)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (show us. Nevertheless, DPRK officials had reservations about our)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (visit and they recognized the risks involved. They obviously decided)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the potential benefits of our visit justified taking the risks.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00023)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 85 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 87 0 obj << /Length 4579 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (16)Tj /F19 1 Tf -15.344 -2 TD 0.052 Tw (My Motivations for Going to the DPRK)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1.43 TD 0.086 Tw (I explained to our DPRK hosts my decision to accept Prof. Lewis)Tj /F14 1 Tf 30.5965 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf -31.5965 -1.03 TD 0.09 Tw (invitation to join him on this trip. I have been concerned about the)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (ambiguities associated with the DPRK nuclear program. I realize)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (that some of the ambiguities may be deliberate. However, ambigu-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (ities often lead to miscalculations, and in the case of nuclear weap-)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (ons related matters, such miscalculations could be disastrous. So,)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (I had hoped that as a scientist I could help to bring some clarity)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (to the DPRK nuclear situation by visiting the Yongbyon Nuclear)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Scientific Research Center.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.06 Tw (I also stated that I believe the role of scientists \(and I should add)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.15 Tw (engineers\) is very important to the diplomatic process. I see three)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (important roles. First, to bring clarity to the issues so as to facili-)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (tate a diplomatic solution to the nuclear crisis. Second, if a diplo-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (matic solution is found, scientists must help to implement any solu-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (tion such as a freeze or eventual denuclearization. Third, scientists)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (will be crucial to help verify any such solution. So, it is my hope)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (that my visit might be a small step in this direction.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.63 TD 0.218 Tw (Logistics of the Visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research)Tj 2 -1.03 TD 0 Tw (Center)Tj /F18 1 Tf -1 -1.43 TD 0.186 Tw (On Thursday, January 8, 2004, all five members of our delega-)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.068 Tw (tion visited the Center, which is near the town of Yongbyon, rough-)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (ly 100 km north of the DPRK capital of Pyongyang. We were ac-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (companied by Ambassador Li Gun, an official from the General Bu-)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (reau of Atomic Energy and a security escort. We were greeted by)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (Professor Dr. Ri Hong Sop, Director of the Nuclear Scientific Re-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (search Center. The Center reports to the General Bureau of Atomic)Tj T* 0.284 Tw (Energy. Also present at our introductory briefing were Choi Ku)Tj T* 0.182 Tw (Man, assistant director of the center, Li Yong ho, safeguards sec-)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (tion head, Kim Haik Soon, senior center researcher, Pak Chang Su,)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (center researcher.)Tj 1 -1.03 TD 0.112 Tw (At the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, Director Ri)Tj -1 -1.03 TD 0.052 Tw ([Hong Sop] toured us through the following facilities:)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1 -1.43 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.214 Tw (The Experimental Nuclear Power Plant \(the DPRK name for)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.276 Tw (what we call the 5 MWe [5 megawatt electric] reactor\). We)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (were toured through the control room and the observation area)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (for the reactor hall. This facility is inside the first security area)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (of the Yongbyon facility. Our guide was Chief Engineer of the)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (facility, Li Song Hwan.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.23 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.052 Tw (The spent fuel storage pool building next to the 5 MWe reactor,)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD (also guided by Chief Engineer Li Song Hwan.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.23 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.128 Tw (Drive by \(twice\) of the 50 MWe reactor site. Inside the second)Tj -0.016 -1.03 TD 0.052 Tw (high-security area of the Yongbyon facility.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.22 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.19 Tw (Radiochemical Laboratory)Tj /F14 1 Tf 12.3578 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.19 Tw (3rd floor corridor that allowed for)Tj -13.3738 -1.02 TD 0.168 Tw (viewing of the hot cell operations through shielded glass win-)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (dows and a conference room. \(This facility is also inside the)Tj T* 0.248 Tw (second high-security area\). Our guide was Chief Engineer of)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (the Radiochemical Laboratory, Li Yong Song.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.22 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.318 Tw (Guest House for introductory and wrap-up discussions with)Tj -0.016 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (Center facility leadership.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00024)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 88 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 90 0 obj << /Length 4872 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (17)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.096 Tw (Our hosts drove us from Pyongyang to the Yongbyon facility. We)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (left the hotel at 8:30 a.m. and returned shortly before 7:00 p.m. We)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (spent from 10:30 a.m. to 5:15 p.m. at the facility,)Tj /F19 1 Tf 0 -1.6 TD 0.282 Tw (Observations From the Visit: What We Were Told and What We)Tj 2 -1 TD 0 Tw (Saw)Tj /F18 1 Tf -1 -1.4 TD 0.148 Tw (I will present my observations for each facility. I will first sum-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.338 Tw (marize what we were told by the Center leadership \(shown in)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (italics\) and then summarize my observations \(in regular font\). The)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (director and the two chief engineers each stated that it was U.S.)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (actions that forced the DPRK to take steps to resume nuclear oper-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ations.)Tj 1 -1 TD (T)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 163.6699 520.9999 Tm (HE)Tj 10 0 0 10 180.4497 520.9999 Tm 0.156 Tw (5 MW)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 209.5993 520.9999 Tm 0 Tw (E)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.7152 520.9999 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 226.9351 520.9999 Tm (EACTOR)Tj 10 0 0 10 261.5985 520.9999 Tm (. )Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.712 0 TD 0.156 Tw (They stated that they have restarted only)Tj -12.1718 -1 TD 0.274 Tw (the Experimental Nuclear Power Plant \(the 5 MWe reactor\). The)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (plant was restarted in February 2003. It now is operating smoothly)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (at 100% of its rated thermal power. They are producing electricity)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (and heat from the reactor now for their town. The reactor is the)Tj T* 0.198 Tw (main source of heat for the town now that the 10,000 metric tons)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (\(tonnes\) of heavy fuel oil supplied annually to their region \(as part)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (of the 500,000 tonnes agreed to in the Agreed Framework\) has been)Tj T* 0 Tw (cutoff.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.08 Tw (We confirmed that the 5 MWe reactor is operating now. We were)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.182 Tw (shown the control room and the reactor hall. All indications from)Tj T* 0.228 Tw (the display in the control room are that the reactor is operating)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (smoothly now. The steam plume emanating from the cooling tower)Tj T* 0.256 Tw ([visible both in the morning and afternoon] confirmed operation.)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (However, we have no way of assessing independently how well the)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (reactor has operated during the past year.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (The length of time the reactor is expected to operate with the cur-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.31 Tw (rent load of fuel depends on how the situation with the United)Tj T* 0.072 Tw (States develops. They do not have safety concerns about running the)Tj T* 0.202 Tw (reactor for a long time [implying years]. They stated that some of)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (the operational problems experienced previously have been corrected.)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (However, they are prepared to reprocess the current fuel at any time.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.208 Tw (We commented to our hosts that in addition to producing elec-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (tricity and heat the reactor is also producing new plutonium. Best)Tj T* (estimates are that under current reactor operations approximately)Tj T* 0.128 Tw (6 kg of plutonium is produced annually in the spent fuel.)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 422.046 273.7093 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 430.4317 270.9999 Tm 0.128 Tw (The re-)Tj -28.3432 -1 TD 0.054 Tw (actor may currently contain approximately 6 kg of plutonium in the)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (spent fuel rods, and it will continue to produce an additional 6 kg)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (each year assuming the reactor operates efficiently.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.108 Tw (They stated that have one more charge of fuel for the reactor fab-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.306 Tw (ricated now. The fuel fabrication facility is partially operational)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (and partially under maintenance. They are in no hurry to fabricate)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (more fuel since the two bigger reactors under construction are not)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (close to operation.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.06 Tw (We did not have the opportunity to visit the fuel fabrication facil-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.082 Tw (ity. However, these comments are consistent with previous U.S. es-)Tj T* 0.296 Tw (timates. In previous years, the fuel fabrication complex was re-)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (ported to be making fuel elements containing about 100 tonnes per)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (year of uranium. The complex is believed to have produced enough)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (fuel for the initial loading of the core for the 50 MWe reactor under)Tj T* 0.534 Tw (construction. Moreover, the nominal capacity was appreciably)Tj T* 0 Tw (larger.)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 177.7395 113.7093 Tm (1)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00025)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 91 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Length 5369 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (18)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.35 Tw (50 MW)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 193.6495 641 Tm 0 Tw (E)Tj 10 0 0 10 205.7054 641 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 212.9253 641 Tm (EACTOR)Tj 10 0 0 10 247.5888 641 Tm (. )Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.906 0 TD 0.35 Tw (They told us that construction stopped in)Tj -10.9649 -1 TD 0.148 Tw (1994. They stated that at that time it was within one year of com-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (pletion. Nothing has been done since. They are currently evaluating)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (what to do with the reactor.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.09 Tw (We drove past the 50 MWe reactor site twice. We confirmed that)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.236 Tw (there is no construction activity at this site. There were no con-)Tj T* 0.258 Tw (struction cranes on site. The reactor building looks in a terrible)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (state of repair. The concrete building structure showed cracks. The)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (steel exhaust tower was heavily corroded, as was other steel equip-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (ment on the site. The building was not closed up and resembled a)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (deserted structure. The NSC director expressed his great dismay)Tj T* 0.324 Tw (about the deterioration of the facility because of the eight-year)Tj T* 0.196 Tw (freeze. This reactor is much more than one year from completion)Tj T* 0.314 Tw (now. It is not clear how much of the current structure can be)Tj T* 0 Tw (salvaged.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.07 Tw (200 MW)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 196.4094 490.9999 Tm 0 Tw (E)Tj 10 0 0 10 205.6653 490.9999 Tm (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 212.8852 490.9999 Tm [(EACTOR)-435(AT)]TJ 10 0 0 10 265.6205 490.9999 Tm (T)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 272.2904 490.9999 Tm (ACHEON)Tj 10 0 0 10 309.0258 490.9999 Tm 0.07 Tw (. \(This reactor site is 20 km from)Tj -16.2026 -1 TD 0 Tw (Yongbyon.\) )Tj /F19 1 Tf 5.5049 0 TD 0.06 Tw (They stated that construction also stopped in 1994. They)Tj -5.5049 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (are also evaluating what to do with the reactor.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.188 Tw (This reactor location is at a different site. We were not able to)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (assess the current situation.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0 Tw (S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 163.2999 441 Tm (PENT)Tj 10 0 0 10 191.1475 441 Tm (F)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 197.8174 441 Tm (UEL)Tj 10 0 0 10 220.3292 441 Tm (S)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 226.6291 441 Tm (TORAGE)Tj 10 0 0 10 266.6205 441 Tm (B)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 273.8404 441 Tm (UILDING)Tj 10 0 0 10 311.1759 441 Tm (. )Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.766 0 TD 0.21 Tw (They stated that they removed)Tj -17.1836 -1 TD 0.27 Tw (all 8,000 fuel rods from the spent fuel storage pool and shipped)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (them to the Radiochemical Laboratory \(plutonium reprocessing fa-)Tj T* 0.306 Tw (cility\) and reprocessed them [to extract the plutonium]. The fuel)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (rods were taken out of the pool in Korean containers \(metal baskets\))Tj T* 0.064 Tw (and placed in specially shielded shipping casks. During the removal)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (of the fuel rods they found that about half of the U.S. canisters had)Tj T* 0.294 Tw (leaked during storage. But they claimed not to have experienced)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (major problems getting the spent fuel rods out of the pool and trans-)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (porting them in special casks by truck daily to the Radiochemical)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Laboratory for reprocessing.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.134 Tw (These are the spent fuel rods that the DPRK had removed from)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.124 Tw (the 5 MWe reactor after it ceased operation in 1994 as part of the)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (Agreed Framework. In 1995, a few months after the Agreed Frame-)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (work was signed, preparations for the canning began. The process)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (turned out to be quite involved and was not finished until June)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (2000. During this time, the United States Department of State and)Tj T* 0.318 Tw (Department of Energy \(supported by the Pacific Northwest Na-)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (tional Laboratory and the Nuclear Assurance Corporation\) worked)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (jointly with the DPRK to package these rods in 400 U.S. supplied)Tj T* 0.212 Tw (stainless steel canisters to store safely \(with dry inert gas inside)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (the canisters\) in a deep pool of water \(for radiation shielding\) to)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (allow the radioactivity level of the rods to decrease with time. This)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (facility was fitted with various devices and seals by IAEA inspec-)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (tors to ensure that the fuel rods would not be tampered with. How-)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (ever, the IAEA inspectors were dismissed by the DPRK in Decem-)Tj T* 0.242 Tw (ber 2002. Only DPRK personnel have had access to the Nuclear)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Scientific Research Center since that time.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (Our initial look into the spent fuel pool showed that the locking)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.264 Tw (plates and associated structures that the U.S. Spent Fuel Team)Tj T* 0.272 Tw (had put in place after the canisters \(loaded with the 8,000 fuel)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (rods\) were inserted into the pool were gone. We immediately con-)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (firmed the fact that all fuel rods were no longer in the pool because)Tj T* 0.33 Tw (many of the canisters were missing and many were open. The)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00026)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 94 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Length 5118 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (19)Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.18 Tw (building was not heated, and we found a thin sheet of ice on the)Tj 0 -1 TD 0.146 Tw (pool surface. When I expressed concern that some of the canisters)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (were still closed, they took the extraordinary step of allowing me)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (to pick one at random and open it [all done under water in the)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (pool] to demonstrate that there are no fuel rods remaining, even)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (in the closed canisters. The randomly selected canister did not con-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (tain any fuel rods \(it initially contained 20\). This and other obser-)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (vations convinced me that the spent fuel pool is empty; the fuel)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (rods are gone. It is possible that they moved the 8,000 fuel rods)Tj T* 0.226 Tw (to a different storage location. However, such storage would rep-)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (resent a serious health and safety hazard. [During the tour of the)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (Radiochemical Laboratory, I asked if we could visit the Dry Storage)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (Building, which serves as the port of entry for the fuel rods into)Tj T* 0.182 Tw (that laboratory; they said that it was not available for a tour be-)Tj T* 0.324 Tw (cause their was no activity, and there were no workers in the)Tj T* 0 Tw (building.])Tj 1 -1 TD (R)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 164.2199 480.9999 Tm (ADIOCHEMICAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 236.7909 480.9999 Tm (L)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 243.4608 480.9999 Tm (ABORATORY)Tj 10 0 0 10 295.756 480.9999 Tm (. )Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.796 0 TD 0.24 Tw (They stated that they reprocessed)Tj -15.6716 -1 TD 0.234 Tw (all 8,000 spent fuel rods in the Radiochemical Laboratory in one)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (continuous campaign, starting in mid-January 2003 and finishing)Tj T* 0.29 Tw (by the end of June 2003. They stated that their capacity in the)Tj T* 0.266 Tw (Radiochemical Laboratory is 375 kg uranium per day \(they said)Tj T* 0.254 Tw (they worked four 6-hr shifts around the clock\). They later added)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (that the reprocessing capacity of the facility under normal operating)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (conditions is 110 tonnes of spent uranium fuel per year. Therefore,)Tj T* 0.13 Tw (they were able to finish the current campaign of 50 tonnes of spent)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (fuel rods in less than six months. They told us that we would tour)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (the corridor next to the hot cells in which the reprocessing occurs.)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (The campaign is complete; the facility is not operating now. Every-)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (thing has been cleaned up, and there is no radiation hazard in the)Tj T* 0 Tw (corridor.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.292 Tw (At the Radiochemical Laboratory we confirmed that they pos-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.356 Tw (sessed an industrial scale reprocessing facility. The facility ap-)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (peared in good repair. They demonstrated the requisite facilities,)Tj T* 0.106 Tw (equipment, and technical expertise required for reprocessing pluto-)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (nium at the scale in question. They use the standard PUREX \(plu-)Tj T* 0.128 Tw (tonium uranium extraction\) process for separating plutonium from)Tj T* 0.094 Tw (the fission products and uranium fuel. They answered all our tech-)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (nical questions about the reprocessing chemistry very competently.)Tj T* 0.19 Tw (We were not able to see the glove boxes used for the final pluto-)Tj T* 0.192 Tw (nium purification and production. They indicated that these were)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (downstairs and not part of today)Tj /F14 1 Tf 15.3358 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.052 Tw (s tour. In his book, Albright stated)Tj -15.5398 -1 TD 0.106 Tw (that five glove boxes were used during this process to produce plu-)Tj T* 0.292 Tw (tonium dioxide product. He also reported that one or two glove)Tj T* 0.11 Tw (boxes may have been removed before inspectors were permitted on)Tj T* 0 Tw (site.)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 166.4497 203.7093 Tm (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 174.3754 200.9999 Tm 0.082 Tw (These boxes could presumably have been used to process plu-)Tj -2.7375 -1 TD 0.162 Tw (tonium dioxide [the typical plutonium product from the reprocess-)Tj T* 0.25 Tw (ing operation] into metal and to cast or shape plutonium metal.)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (Based on our tour we are not able to confirm or deny that the facil-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ity operated during the first half of 2003.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (They stated that the Radiochemical Laboratory was built through)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.242 Tw (their own efforts. They began construction in 1986 and the main)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (parts were completed by 1990. At that time they ran a )Tj /F17 1 Tf 26.2736 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.136 Tw (hot test)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.4689 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.136 Tw [( of)]TJ -30.5586 -1 TD 0.172 Tw (the facility with 80 fuel rods and natural uranium rods to extract)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (60 grams of plutonium.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00027)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 97 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 5615 >> stream BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (20)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.18 Tw (Albright reported that the hot test involved 86 fuel rods irradi-)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.158 Tw (ated in the 5 MWe reactor combined with 172 fresh fuel rods. He)Tj T* 0.244 Tw (also reported that in 1992 the DPRK presented plutonium oxide)Tj T* (containing about 62 grams of plutonium to the IAEA inspectors.)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (However, the total amount of plutonium actually processed by the)Tj T* 0.152 Tw (DPRK before IAEA inspections began in 1992 is still strongly dis-)Tj T* 0 Tw (puted.)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 176.2595 583.7094 Tm (1)Tj /F19 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 157 571 Tm 0.082 Tw (When asked about the disposition of the waste stream, they stated)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.324 Tw (that the waste from the most recent reprocessing campaign was)Tj T* 0.092 Tw (mixed in with the waste from the )Tj /F17 1 Tf 15.9568 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.092 Tw (hot test)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.425 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.092 Tw [( of the 80 fuel rods proc-)]TJ -20.1977 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (essed in spring of 1990.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.136 Tw (We were not able to visit the waste facilities and, hence, cannot)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.064 Tw (confirm this statement. Even if we had toured the facility, we could)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (not make a judgment without sophisticated sampling and measure-)Tj T* 0.17 Tw (ments of the nuclear wastes. However, this type of information is)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (important for tracing the reprocessing history of the facility.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.192 Tw (They stated that they initially intended to run the fuel cycle for)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.212 Tw (civilian purposes \(which means they would have stored the pluto-)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (nium product as plutonium dioxide\) but because of the hostile U.S.)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (actions, they reprocessed the entire campaign to plutonium metal.)Tj T* 0.304 Tw (They stated that this processing was done in the Radiochemical)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (Laboratory by installing some glove boxes that were not present dur-)Tj T* 0.054 Tw (ing IAEA inspections. It took them three months to install the equip-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ment and prepare it for the plutonium metal processing step.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.15 Tw (We were not able to see the glove boxes for the final plutonium)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.092 Tw (operations. However, their comments indicated that they had glove)Tj T* 0.222 Tw (boxes for plutonium metal production ready to go. This indicates)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (that they had experience making plutonium metal before the IAEA)Tj T* 0.398 Tw (inspections began in 1992. Albright)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 328.3375 363.7093 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 339.4232 360.9999 Tm 0.398 Tw (estimated that the 8,000)Tj -19.2423 -1 TD 0.058 Tw (spent fuel rods in question could yield between 25 and 30 kg of plu-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tonium metal.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.262 Tw (Although we could not see the plutonium glove box operations,)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.202 Tw (they took the extraordinary step of showing us the )Tj /F17 1 Tf 24.7957 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (product)Tj /F17 1 Tf 3.5359 0 TD ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.202 Tw [( from)]TJ -29.1476 -1 TD 0.072 Tw (what they claimed to be their most recent reprocessing campaign. In)Tj T* (a conference room following the tour, they brought a metal case that)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (contained a wooden box with a glass jar they said contained 150)Tj T* 0.162 Tw (grams of plutonium oxalate powder and a glass jar they said con-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tained 200 grams of plutonium metal for us to inspect.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 1 -1 TD 0.236 Tw (The glass jars were fitted with a screw-on metal lid and were)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.212 Tw (tightly taped with transparent tape. \(The plutonium)Tj /F14 1 Tf 25.4786 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.212 Tw (s alpha-radi-)Tj -25.6826 -1 TD 0.092 Tw (ation is easily stopped by the glass jar\). The green color of the plu-)Tj T* 0.234 Tw (tonium oxalate powder is consistent with plutonium oxalate that)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (has been stored in air for some time. The plutonium metal was a)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (thin-walled \(approximately )Tj 7.78 0 0 6 278.718 213.8899 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 283.0438 210.9999 Tm ()Tj 7.78 0 0 6 284.7137 210.9999 Tm (8)Tj 10 0 0 10 289.0395 210.9999 Tm 0.15 Tw (-inch thick\) funnel \(approximately 2-)Tj -14.204 -1 TD 0.116 Tw (inch diameter at the base and 1-inch diameter at the top, approxi-)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (mately 1)Tj 7.78 0 0 6 188.2394 193.8899 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 192.5651 190.9999 Tm ()Tj 7.78 0 0 6 194.2351 190.9999 Tm (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 202.3809 190.9999 Tm 0.104 Tw (inches high\) that they claimed to have been scrap from)Tj -5.5381 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (a casting from this reprocessing campaign. When asked about its)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (density, they responded, between 15 and 16 g/cubic centimeter and)Tj T* 0.116 Tw (that it was alloyed [a practice common in plutonium metallurgy to)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (retain the )Tj /F9 1 Tf 5.1469 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F18 1 Tf 0.494 0 TD 0.138 Tw (-phase of plutonium which makes it easier to cast and)Tj -5.6409 -1 TD 0.33 Tw (shape]. The metal surface and color were consistent with mod-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (erately oxidized plutonium metal from a casting \(I believe it could)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (not have been in the jar for a period of many weeks because it did)Tj T* 0.122 Tw (not show any loose oxide powder\). I tried to get a feel for the den-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00028)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 100 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F14 5 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 5436 >> stream BT /F20 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (21)Tj -15.344 -2 TD 0.058 Tw (sity and heat content of the alleged plutonium metal by holding the)Tj 0 -1.02 TD 0.206 Tw (glass jar in a gloved hand. The glass jar \(very thick walled\) was)Tj T* 0.14 Tw (reasonably heavy and slightly warm \(importantly, however, it was)Tj T* 0.068 Tw (definitely not cold as was everything else in this building\). The bot-)Tj T* 0.15 Tw (tom line is that with the rather primitive tools at hand I was not)Tj T* 0.1 Tw (able to definitively identify the purported metal and the powder as)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (plutonium. It was radioactive, however, because a radiation probe)Tj T* 0.232 Tw (\(which appeared to be a Geiger counter [Geiger-Mu)Tj /F18 1 Tf 24.8366 0.02 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.472 -0.02 TD 0.232 Tw (ller detector]\))Tj -25.3086 -1.02 TD 0.094 Tw (registered a count when turned on near the wooden box containing)Tj T* (the glass jars. With a few relatively simple tests, we would be able)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (to positively identify the product as plutonium metal, but that was)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (not possible to do during this visit.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.12 Tw (Furthermore, even if we could confirm that the product we were)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.152 Tw (shown is plutonium, we would not have been able to confirm that)Tj T* 0.224 Tw (it came from the most recent campaign without additional, more)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (sophisticated isotopic measurements that would let us identify the)Tj T* 0.214 Tw (age of the plutonium. The director of the NSC confirmed this by)Tj T* 0 Tw (stating, )Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.0039 0 TD ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.188 Tw (you would have to measure the americium to plutonium-)Tj -4.4119 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (241 ratio to determine its age.)Tj /F17 1 Tf 13.9068 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD ( )Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.33 0 TD 0.052 Tw (He was correct.)Tj /F19 1 Tf -13.6448 -1.02 TD 0.19 Tw (When asked about the isotopic content of the plutonium, specifi-)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.268 Tw (cally its Pu)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.6829 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD 0.268 Tw (240 content, they stated, )Tj /F17 1 Tf 12.4058 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.268 Tw (the plutonium)Tj /F17 1 Tf 6.7669 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD 0.268 Tw (240 content)Tj -26.2636 -1.02 TD 0.212 Tw (from this campaign is low, but we are not authorized to tell you.)Tj T* 0.1 Tw (The IAEA knows, you can ask them.)Tj /F17 1 Tf 17.0997 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD ( )Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.378 0 TD 0.1 Tw (We were in no position to as-)Tj -17.8857 -1.02 TD 0.146 Tw (sess the isotopic content of the plutonium produced or that shown)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to us.)Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 -1.02 TD 0.166 Tw (They also stated that the plutonium metal was alloyed, but they)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.104 Tw (were not authorized to tell us what alloying element was used [they)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (did add, you know what it is, and we do it the same]. )Tj /F20 1 Tf 26.3306 0 TD (We were in)Tj -26.3306 -1.02 TD 0.092 Tw (no position to tell whether or not the plutonium metal shown to us)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (was alloyed. However, the fact that it was not cracked and that)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (their specialists claimed that the plutonium had a density between)Tj T* 0.34 Tw (15 and 16 grams/cubic centimeter is consistent with plutonium)Tj T* 0.326 Tw (alloyed with approximately 1 weight percent of gallium or alu-)Tj T* 0.188 Tw (minum. A calculation of the rough dimensions and weight is also)Tj T* 0.198 Tw (consistent with these values. However, the uncertainty in my ob-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (servations is very large.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.126 Tw (Mr. Luse asked about a concern of yours Mr. Chairman; that is,)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.152 Tw (the security of their nuclear materials. Director Ri responded, )Tj /F17 1 Tf 30.2196 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (Be)Tj -30.6276 -1.02 TD 0.078 Tw (at ease with this problem. I am not authorized to give you an expla-)Tj T* 0.168 Tw (nation on this, but we feel certain that the protection and safety)Tj /F17 1 Tf 30.8056 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf -30.8056 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (the security)Tj /F17 1 Tf 5.3089 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.052 Tw (are good.)Tj /F17 1 Tf 4.2179 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf -9.5268 -1.02 TD 0.148 Tw (We were also told that the effects of another freeze or decision to)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.192 Tw (denuclearize would have devastating effects on the work force. Di-)Tj T* 0.136 Tw (rector Ri indicated that all of his people, including he, would have)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (to look for new jobs.)Tj 0 -1.62 TD (Other observations and comments related to the nuclear issues)Tj /F15 1 Tf 1 -1.42 TD 0.082 Tw (The DPRK deterrent. )Tj /F20 1 Tf 12.5158 0 TD 0.09 Tw (During follow-up discussions with Am-)Tj -13.5158 -1.02 TD 0.266 Tw (bassador Li and Vice Minister Kim in Pyongyang, they stressed)Tj T* 0.134 Tw (that the DPRK now has a nuclear deterrent and that U.S. actions)Tj T* 0.252 Tw (have caused them to strengthen their deterrent)Tj /F18 1 Tf 23.4747 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.252 Tw (both in quality)Tj -24.4746 -1.01 TD 0.278 Tw (and in quantity. Ambassador Li inquired if what I had seen at)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (Yongbyon convinced me that they had this deterrent.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00029)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 103 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F15 6 0 R /F17 8 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R /F20 104 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 106 0 obj << /Length 5684 >> stream BT /F20 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (22)Tj -14.344 -2 TD 0.11 Tw (I explained to both of them that there is nothing that we saw at)Tj -1 -1.02 TD 0.118 Tw (the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center that would allow)Tj T* 0.142 Tw (me to assess whether or not the DPRK possessed a nuclear deter-)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (rent if that meant a nuclear device or nuclear weapon. We found)Tj T* 0.174 Tw (that both in our visit and in previous declarations by the govern-)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (ment of the DPRK that the term )Tj /F18 1 Tf 16.7498 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrent)Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.3509 0 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.21 Tw [( was used in a very)]TJ -21.9167 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (ambiguous manner.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.124 Tw (I explained that I view a )Tj /F18 1 Tf 12.3388 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrent)Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.3509 0 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.124 Tw [( to have at least three com-)]TJ -18.5057 -1.02 TD 0.096 Tw (ponents: \(1\) The ability to make plutonium metal, \(2\) the ability to)Tj T* 0.17 Tw (design and build a nuclear device, and \(3\) the ability to integrate)Tj T* 0.5 Tw (the nuclear device into a delivery system. What we saw at)Tj T* 0.19 Tw (Yongbyon was that they apparently have the capability to do the)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (first. However, I saw nothing and talked to no one that allowed me)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (to assess whether or not they have the ability to design a nuclear)Tj T* 0.176 Tw (device. And, of course, we were not able to assess the integration)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (into a delivery vehicle. Moreover, during additional discussions I)Tj T* 0.066 Tw (cautioned that )Tj /F18 1 Tf 7.1329 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrence)Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.9059 0 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.066 Tw [( might have worked between the United)]TJ -12.8548 -1.02 TD 0.3 Tw (States and the Soviet Union, two equally armed nuclear super-)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (powers under rather predictable circumstances. The concept of nu-)Tj T* 0.084 Tw (clear deterrence may have little meaning for the U.S.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 25.2666 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.556 0 TD 0.084 Tw (DPRK situa-)Tj -25.8226 -1.02 TD 0.126 Tw (tion. I asked Ambassador Li in the late morning of the last day of)Tj T* 0.146 Tw (our visit if I could meet individuals who could talk to me in some)Tj T* 0.056 Tw (detail about their )Tj /F18 1 Tf 8.5219 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrent)Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.3509 0 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.056 Tw [( in the spirit that I had just described.)]TJ -13.6888 -1.02 TD 0.138 Tw (He said he would try, but that evening told me that the time was)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (insufficient to make such arrangements.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0 Tw (H)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 165.3299 386 Tm (IGHLY)Tj 10 0 0 10 192.4415 386 Tm (-E)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 202.9913 386 Tm (NRICHED)Tj 10 0 0 10 247.6227 386 Tm (U)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 255.7726 386 Tm (RANIUM)Tj 10 0 0 10 295.812 386 Tm (I)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 299.882 386 Tm (SSUE)Tj 10 0 0 10 322.2576 386 Tm 0.186 Tw (. In the Foreign Ministry, we)Tj -17.5258 -1.02 TD (discussed the contentious issue of DPRK)Tj /F18 1 Tf 19.6897 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.186 Tw (s supposed admission on)Tj -19.8937 -1.02 TD 0.166 Tw (October 4, 2002, to having a clandestine highly enriched uranium)Tj T* 0.284 Tw (\(HEU\) program in violation of the letter and spirit of the 1994)Tj T* 0.41 Tw (Agreed Framework. There is a controversy about whether the)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (DPRK admitted to having such a program at a meeting with U.S.)Tj T* 0.378 Tw (officials. The disagreement concerns a difference between what)Tj T* 0.304 Tw (DPRK officials believe they said and what U.S. officials believe)Tj T* 0.154 Tw (they heard. DPRK officials provided us with a copy of the Korean)Tj T* 0.164 Tw (text of what Vice Foreign Minister Kang Sok-ju said at the meet-)Tj T* 0.23 Tw (ing. Regardless of how this issue is eventually clarified, one will)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (still have to deal with the facts.)Tj 1 -1.02 TD 0.144 Tw (During our meeting, Mr. Pritchard stated, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 20.6607 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.144 Tw (The key issue is the)Tj -22.0687 -1.02 TD 0.194 Tw (intelligence that makes the United States believe that the DPRK)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (has an HEU program. In the U.S., there is the widespread view)Tj T* 0.216 Tw (that the complete, verifiable resolution of this HEU issue is now)Tj T* 0.098 Tw (mandatory. This is a practical issue, and there must be a multilat-)Tj T* 0.18 Tw (eral discussion to resolve it.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 13.5358 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.18 Tw [( In response, Vice Minister Kim Gye)]TJ -13.9438 -1.02 TD 0.176 Tw (Gwan stated that the DPRK had no HEU program. Upon further)Tj T* 0.26 Tw (questioning he stated that the DRPK had chosen the plutonium)Tj T* 0.27 Tw (path to a deterrent. It had no facilities, equipment or scientists)Tj T* 0.262 Tw (dedicated to an HEU program, adding, )Tj /F18 1 Tf 19.7587 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.262 Tw (We can be very serious)Tj -20.1667 -1.02 TD 0.052 Tw (when we talk about this. We are fully open to technical talks.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 28.8736 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F19 1 Tf -28.8736 -1.62 TD 0.052 Tw (Concluding Remarks)Tj /F20 1 Tf 1 -1.42 TD 0.088 Tw (Mr. Chairman, I would like to summarize my observations based)Tj -1 -1.01 TD 0.254 Tw (on our visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (and discussions in Pyongyang.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00030)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 107 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R /F20 104 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 109 0 obj << /Length 4488 >> stream BT /F20 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (23)Tj /F9 1 Tf -14.344 -2 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.144 Tw (The 5 MWe reactor has been restarted. It appears to be oper-)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD (ating smoothly providing heat and electricity, while also accu-)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (mulating approximately 6 kg of plutonium per year in its spent)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (fuel rods.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.108 Tw (The 50 MWe reactor construction site appears to have seen no)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.168 Tw (activity since the IAEA inspectors were instructed to leave in)Tj T* 0.108 Tw (2002. The reactor and the construction site look in a bad state)Tj T* 0.074 Tw (of repair. It would require a major construction program to fin-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ish the reactor.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.284 Tw (The spent fuel pond is empty; the approximately 8,000 fuel)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.052 Tw (rods have been moved.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.186 Tw (The DPRK claimed to have reprocessed all 8,000 fuel rods to)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.214 Tw (extract plutonium metal during one continuous campaign be-)Tj T* 0.096 Tw (tween mid-January 2003 and end of June 2003. The 8,000 fuel)Tj T* 0.178 Tw (rods are estimated to contain up to 25 to 30 kg of plutonium)Tj T* 0.124 Tw (metal. We could not definitively substantiate that claim. How-)Tj T* 0.346 Tw (ever, the Radiochemical Laboratory staff demonstrated that)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (they had the requisite facility, equipment and technical exper-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (tise, and they appear to have the capacity to do so.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.084 Tw (It is possible that they moved the 8,000 fuel rods to a different)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.072 Tw (storage location. However, such storage would represent a seri-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ous health and safety hazard.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.08 Tw (We were shown what was claimed to be a sample of plutonium)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.098 Tw (metal product. I was not able to definitively confirm that what)Tj T* 0.22 Tw (we saw was actually plutonium metal, but all observations I)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (was able to make are consistent with the sample being pluto-)Tj T* 0.402 Tw (nium metal. However, even if the sample were plutonium)Tj T* 0.154 Tw (metal, I would not have been able to substantiate that it was)Tj T* 0.198 Tw (plutonium from the most recent reprocessing campaign. Such)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (a determination requires more sophisticated measurements.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.084 Tw (In the foreseeable future, the DPRK can produce 6 kg of pluto-)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.118 Tw (nium per year in its 5 MWe reactor. It easily has the capacity)Tj T* 0.238 Tw (to reprocess the spent fuel at any time to extract the pluto-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (nium. It also has the capacity to reload the reactor with fresh)Tj T* 0.12 Tw (fuel for a second and subsequent reloading. It is not, however,)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (in a position to increase the rate of plutonium production much)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (beyond 6 kg per year without a major construction project at)Tj T* 0.172 Tw (the 50 MWe or 200 MWe reactor sites, something that would)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (be difficult to do clandestinely.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -1 -1.24 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.114 Tw (Officials of the DPRK Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed that)Tj -0.016 -1.04 TD 0.102 Tw (the DPRK had weapons of mass destruction. They believe that)Tj T* 0.59 Tw (they provided us with evidence of their )Tj /F18 1 Tf 22.3707 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD (deterrent.)Tj /F18 1 Tf 4.6289 0 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.59 Tw [( At)]TJ -27.8156 -1.04 TD 0.074 Tw (Yongbyon, they demonstrated that they most likely had the ca-)Tj T* 0.076 Tw (pability to make plutonium metal. However, I saw nothing and)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (spoke to no one who could convince me that they could build)Tj T* 0.616 Tw (a nuclear device with that metal and that they could)Tj T* 0.184 Tw (weaponize such a device into a delivery vehicle. We were not)Tj T* 0.104 Tw (able to arrange meetings with DPRK staff who may have such)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (expertise or visit related facilities.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g 0 Tw [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00031)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 110 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F20 104 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 113 0 obj << /Length 3031 >> stream BT /F20 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (24)Tj /F9 1 Tf -14.344 -2 TD ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 1.016 0 TD 0.206 Tw (Officials of the DPRK Ministry of Foreign Affairs also stated)Tj -0.016 -1 TD 0.084 Tw (categorically that the DPRK has no program for enriching ura-)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (nium. Moreover, they claim to have no equipment and no sci-)Tj T* 0.286 Tw (entific expertise to do so. We were not able to substantiate)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (these claims.)Tj -1 -1.4 TD 0.122 Tw (Let me close by stating that I shared these conclusions with our)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.074 Tw (DPRK hosts before my departure. I told them that my observations)Tj T* 0.09 Tw (still have uncertainties. I may be able to reduce some of the uncer-)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (tainties through discussions with other U.S. specialists, with addi-)Tj T* 0.28 Tw (tional analysis, and through peer review. I intend to do so and)Tj T* 0.112 Tw (write a more comprehensive technical report in the future. The re-)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (sponse of the DPRK officials was quitc positive although they had)Tj T* 0.228 Tw (hoped that my conclusions would be more definitive. They asked)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (me to report my observations as I presented them.)Tj 1 -1 TD 0.21 Tw (Finally, Mr. Chairman, I found the trip to be remarkable. Our)Tj -1 -1 TD 0.164 Tw (DPRK hosts were most courteous and cooperative. I would like to)Tj T* 0.236 Tw (acknowledge the Albright/O)Tj /F18 1 Tf 13.3808 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.236 Tw (Neil book, )Tj /F19 1 Tf 5.3999 0 TD (Solving The North Korean)Tj -18.9847 -1 TD 0.196 Tw (Nuclear Puzzle, )Tj /F20 1 Tf 7.8719 0 TD (the Report from the Department of State/Depart-)Tj -7.8719 -1 TD 0.224 Tw (ment of Energy Spent Fuel Canning Team, and discussions with)Tj T* 0.144 Tw (several of my colleagues at Los Alamos, all of which helped me to)Tj T* 0.23 Tw (prepare for this visit. I hope that our findings will contribute at)Tj T* 0.062 Tw (least in some small way to a resolution of the current nuclear crisis)Tj T* 0.114 Tw (and the eventual denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Thank)Tj T* 0.166 Tw (you for giving me the opportunity to share our findings with you.)Tj 0 -1.8 TD 0 Tw (N)Tj 8 0 0 7.6194 155.1499 389 Tm (OTE)Tj 10 0 0 10 172.4856 389 Tm (:)Tj 7.78 0 0 6.5 147 379.7094 Tm (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 153.0057 377 Tm 0.102 Tw (David Albright, Kevin O)Tj /F18 1 Tf 11.5858 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.204 0 TD 0.102 Tw (Neill, editors. )Tj /F18 1 Tf 6.7609 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.102 Tw (Solving the North Korean)Tj -19.5593 -1 TD (Nuclear Puzzle,)Tj /F18 1 Tf 7.3979 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F20 1 Tf 0.408 0 TD 0.102 Tw [( ISIS Reports, The Institute for Science and Inter-)]TJ -7.8059 -1 TD 0.052 Tw (national Security, Washington, D.C., 2000.)Tj /F21 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.64 335 Tm 0 Tw ()Tj /F5 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 60 20 Tm 1 g [(VerDate 11-MAY-2000)-1076.9(12:35 Mar 08, 2004)-1076.9(Jkt 000000)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00032)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(KLUSE.TXT)-1076.9(SFRELA2)-1076.9(PsN: SFRELA2)]TJ ET endstream endobj 114 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 4 0 R /F9 42 0 R /F18 17 0 R /F19 60 0 R /F20 104 0 R /F21 115 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP false /BG 12 0 R /UCR 13 0 R /TR /Identity >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA true /SM 0.02 /OP false /BG 12 0 R /UCR 13 0 R /TR /Identity >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 737 /CapHeight 722 /Descent -205 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [-195 -250 1000 965] /FontName /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 92 /XHeight 464 /FontFile3 117 0 R >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 19580 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream HtTiPSYN I["/++%[3 (=QB!lad_I ΰ@C*LEOuLCwO/z)'8c[W|VK$x"%G2"3xA MbsRy3nFHn?ޤQo/7{1kߕK #V?7H4./@&S͛lܼ9cGDŽORTvFN ;: `D|A0?RG;vC K"P Yn"BċIJ~FYNN(< )I367an{?+]i]nꅒEE/i3?[-DF",u+]_,F m@YԲW(\IXٺrzwZڢukؐap zPlЍћ7}fK[mmCopG';..fn_MȪ!=!C^ - K 3DGL|)|?kꨉ<8ߣmob|tѶXs+.0.d n^XoYB]nBwah&(-AϢ]9@_џw,l6-lۉc1aL010 ֎`U6Δ` ':W\Iw䖁AzJ3!<D䃔MiΏ;Cg ). 7|袙4H9;0=kxg A *5 Z3Fbq.Lbɔ] }J7QS5}86Da,Kr*8VWo{IȊ:&!_ޜXF]!>{׫"CGD /=xzs L({w/O\t<=%@3|Xc1@fQu<#)y2E׎9S`5 6$Y]jcM-Nf=/{_ԡpBz 79<?0 M:'M`$WdrTq "҃CX^6򛌇cט[_Х'mϟ f؅O!yBpo.IDD pv:IdRDjw${) XJBqKUs_\ծk-VNb#rT#ז5Vd54*邭"fꙦ暶RL'HiIŠ2qYuADOvP5}K5r{nQee 96 QŲrD/3jE%*\&KRER"7IJBh(ZdyF1dPWTy T(K%rŌV.VˍZNR+w6d]ɥe08z!:?ULyΕlN] Τ5z=Y+)D!4}|N):{:~7o7C KHs 4ʕ:Zz l6N$46'/RabuFHETi׶.8/3 ;OӻE;lȢѼyjw5#2 g3sj^Ԛ)%,jBKf`-7R(4daW5} $G3r"<}tRsHma4fT̗R<_.p9U")J(zLg,S~pb'dBjve>$k6MW1ccx |-KDJqd T3ㆩ@:W 򨵢܁~8>J;&v׉xF]C?3/ ggFUAc~Uo bJ &HSAaMu-/5d2)݂܅MQ^jeΩ2f},yd4PՌXMmhs~PWwZJ&$眍6+.&.9IkS'lwz8Mmav2`2;LR^#e^CO!hH,Z^vC~ z8g9z8)kPf" 5$B7-2=jk>Ψ*[W;s۲8vOxJM0/} S=8j(j{V<lC@d` q[~m uY3 jmv&%3j{LƩArK:aY\H e0 ~oLPn5a`Eq^TQZÔ, IG/QyyFU)3:eTm{7Z%A nnWwম3JZfߛ-MZJ4!$1KH0 X%ݖlK'YKeal`Hj  C $:%L>U;bix{sONtiUVZ@m!:-3u,ƒݾD̷X$ u;5] R&bD}3$(lcy=t?k)VL딪$sVM%3g̙% _&^rFg֣m+gJ ԲzE_ɜ|97д Wr:VP/.*feKub߽gN.Op!ArLm"K%,۪ZuH OJN>-9Gy9 K }F4Ep>/*3WwV.p'{-i#k,[ocXBUo=uLvQ/8s#9qOǶ*mgu2QTd2UM/oXăbVC(l*;!E+pMJN,> ;s/3}W^'g%5Vׄ@n)pXNxG+8)2P{8WV5a2S0 pן$Oُz֞$ 坜)cWI!aupy`Jf =QP,"#2-Rei:V뾻\%vt) Ay"5KDY]8" a&!me 7TM|9Xl.[=1tmN_\񻡹C3jy(É$A{bZ@TIBT2~¶p#1ڥv)FB`I܉v[2HMau=ς@ V+j%k3OMX4M>B8UP%nšx@{y$v1" I2`_}&I4V'ח9htrNCLqtC3 9K])y{?VOЗr Φ._=(K{1 Mf:QL'L-5L&cPQy*[w={rq܃;<́!j:4j0-;;>y18x"`7 )&<{;pd8)+ٺ:M,W[E?͡`O\}zhb7W`}b6=z#&f,>9}0v_j'`QbyP @2,& Zl&8L-f n@XIpVmXzEajHyVGx,§1 AEޛ<̚ VZNEkt+쭥>i%w X}:n/-6hjs¢lS29V:4ڮm]cdZȡo7G\*r`v>W\'L;kRi%*X9dPZ-:'sN]N$7H](̩ʥ'B:ؿq1h ~48>sЬ;Eóe3q=L^$))SiV0!X?d2M|Ea/]Alpg b^kG(`g8q1x d:wlMM:b'| 6-玢Ou`jE-YozYX1S==~_@TmO 4 n_K##dt*%:,-j?OhKRmсa2,D]'(<=x&?19ob\ a Q)YCVz:X;NL^.QH1Ԗiϒ3S@@*W>ϓ Kmݫ5B5c6#OX`[ܠ$E+4{v8]ꦨ3#o` Y<3%4 kp+r%WʫltvǛbM? 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